Ivabradine

Overview

Description
A medication used to reduce the risk of heart failure.
Description
A medication used to reduce the risk of heart failure.
DrugBank ID
DB09083
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
YES
Other Approved
YES
Clinical Trials
Phase 0
0
Phase 1
3
Phase 2
16
Phase 3
22
Phase 4
32
Therapeutic Categories
  • Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channel Blocker

Identification

Summary

Ivabradine is a HCN channel blocker used to reduce the risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure in adult patients and for treatment of stable symptomatic heart failure as a result of dilated cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients.

Brand Names
Corlanor, Lancora, Procoralan
Generic Name
Ivabradine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09083
Background

Ivabradine is a novel heart rate lowering medicine for the symptomatic management of stable angina pectoralis and symptomatic chronic heart failure. Ivabradine, brand name Corlanor, was approved by the FDA in April 2015 for the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with an ejection fraction of ≤35%, in sinus rhythm with resting heart rate ≥70 beats per minute, who are not on beta-blockers due to contraindications or already receiving maximum beta-blocker dose. Recently a new indication was added to treat symptomatic heart failure from dilated cardiomyopathy for patients 6 months or more in ageLabel. Ivabradine acts by selectively inhibiting the "funny" channel pacemaker current (If) in the sinoatrial node in a dose-dependent fashion, resulting in a lower heart rate and thus more blood to flow to the myocardium. Although non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and beta blockers also effectively lower heart rate, they exhibit adverse events due to their negative ionotropic effects. Therefore, as ivabradine is designed as a "pure" heart rate-lowering drug by selectively acting on the If channels, it may offer a more favorable side effect profile due to its lower likelihood of causing serious adverse effects.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 468.594
Monoisotopic: 468.262422267
Chemical Formula
C27H36N2O5
Synonyms
  • 3-[3-({[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-2-one
  • Ivabradin
  • Ivabradina
  • Ivabradine
  • Ivabradinum
External IDs
  • S 16257

Pharmacology

Indication

Ivabradine is indicated by the FDA to reduce the risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure in adult patients with stable, symptomatic chronic heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%, who are in sinus rhythm with resting heart rate ≥70 beats per minute and either are on maximally tolerated doses of beta-blockers or have a contraindication to beta-blocker use. It is also indicated for treatment of stable symptomatic heart failure as a result of dilated cardiomyopathy for pediatric patients 6 months of age or moreLabel.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to manageChronic heart failure (chf)Combination Product in combination with: Carvedilol (DB01136)••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••••••••• •• •••••••• •••• •••••••••••••• •••• ••••••
Used in combination to manageChronic stable angina pectorisCombination Product in combination with: Carvedilol (DB01136)••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••• •••••• •••••••••• •• •••••••• •••• •••••••••••••• •••• ••••••
Used in combination to manageChronic stable angina pectorisCombination Product in combination with: Metoprolol (DB00264)••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• •••••••• •••• •••••••••••••• •••• ••••••
Management ofLeft ventricular dysfunction•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Treatment ofStable, symptomatic chronic heart failure•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

The funny channels (If) open during repolarization and close during depolarization, making ivabradine's activity dependent on heart rate or the closing and opening of the channels. Therefore ivabradine exhibits use-dependence and is more pharmacologically active at higher heart rates. Ivabradine exhibits a linear dose-dependent heart-rate lowering activity (bradycardic effect) until a maximum dose of 30-40mg. At higher doses, the concentration of ivabradine tends to plateau, reducing risk of serious sinus bradycardia. It has been shown that the metabolite of ivabradine lowers heart rate as well, contributing to ivabradine's overall effect.

Mechanism of action

Ivabradine lowers heart rate by selectively inhibiting If channels ("funny channels") in the heart in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting any other cardiac ionic channels (including calcium or potassium). Ivabradine binds by entering and attaching to a site on the channel pore from the intracellular side and disrupts If ion current flow, which prolongs diastolic depolarization, lowering heart rate. The If currents are located in the sinoatrial node and are the home of all cardiac pacemaker activity. Ivabradine therefore lowers the pacemaker firing rate, consequently lowering heart rate and reducing myocardial oxygen demand. This allows for an improved oxygen supply and therefore mitigation of ischemia, allowing for a higher exercise capacity and reduction in angina episodes.

TargetActionsOrganism
UPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

It is recommended to take ivabradine with food to reduce variability in systemic exposure. Administration with food slows absorption by 1 hour, but increases systemic absorption by 20-30%. Ivabradine's oral bioavailability is about 40%.

Volume of distribution

~100 L.

Protein binding

70% bound to plasma proteins.

Metabolism

Ivabradine is extensively metabolized by oxidation in the gut and liver by cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. Its active metabolite, N-desmethylated derivative, is also metabolized by CYP 3A4. Ivabradine's affinity for CYP 3A4 is low, making it unlikely to affect the metabolism of other drugs; however potent inhibitors or inducers of CYP 3A4 may affect ivabradine's plasma concentration and pharmacodynamic effects and should not be co-administered.

Route of elimination

Metabolites are equally excreted in feces and urine.

Half-life

2 hours.

Clearance

Total clearance is about 400ml/min; renal clearance about 70ml/min. About 4% is excreted unchanged in urine.

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Ivabradine may cause fetal toxicity when administered to pregnant women. Animal studies in pregnant rats have shown embryo-fetal toxicity and cardiac teratogenic effects. Effective contraception in women is recommended while using ivabradine.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Ivabradine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AcebutololAcebutolol may increase the bradycardic activities of Ivabradine.
AcrivastineThe risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Acrivastine is combined with Ivabradine.
AdagrasibThe serum concentration of Ivabradine can be increased when it is combined with Adagrasib.
AdenosineIvabradine may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Adenosine.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid grapefruit products.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Ivabradine hydrochlorideTP19837BZK148849-67-6HLUKNZUABFFNQS-ZMBIFBSDSA-N
Ivabradine oxalateK6SGA5L3AB1086026-42-7BOHZBFAHOBOJOS-ZMBIFBSDSA-N
International/Other Brands
Bradia (Biocon) / Ivabid
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
CorlanorTablet, film coated7.5 mg/1OralAmgen Europe B.V.2015-04-20Not applicableUS flag
CorlanorTablet, film coated5 mg/1OralREMEDYREPACK INC.2021-12-24Not applicableUS flag
CorlanorTablet, film coated5 mg/1OralAmgen Europe B.V.2015-04-20Not applicableUS flag
CorlanorSolution5 mg/5mLOralAmgen Europe B.V.2019-04-19Not applicableUS flag
CorlentorTablet, film coated5 mgOralLes Laboratoires Servier2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
IvabradineTablet, film coated5 mg/1OralIngenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC2024-07-15Not applicableUS flag
IvabradineTablet, film coated7.5 mg/1OralCamber Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2022-10-05Not applicableUS flag
IvabradineTablet7.5 mg/1OralZydus Lifesciences Limited2024-07-02Not applicableUS flag
IvabradineTablet, film coated5 mg/1OralGolden State Medical Supply, Inc.2021-12-30Not applicableUS flag
IvabradineTablet7.5 mg/1OralZydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.2024-07-02Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
IMPLICOR 25MG/5MG FILM-COATED TABLETSIvabradine hydrochloride (5 mg) + Metoprolol tartrate (25 MG)Tablet, film coatedOralSERVIER MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.2020-09-082024-02-24Malaysia flag
IMPLICOR 25MG/7.5MG FILM-COATED TABLETSIvabradine hydrochloride (7.5 mg) + Metoprolol tartrate (25 MG)Tablet, film coatedOralSERVIER MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.2020-09-082024-02-24Malaysia flag
IMPLICOR 50MG/5MG FILM-COATED TABLETSIvabradine hydrochloride (5 mg) + Metoprolol tartrate (50 MG)Tablet, film coatedOralSERVIER MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.2020-09-082024-02-24Malaysia flag
IMPLICOR 50MG/7.5MG FILM-COATED TABLETSIvabradine hydrochloride (7.5 mg) + Metoprolol tartrate (50 MG)Tablet, film coatedOralSERVIER MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.2020-09-082024-02-24Malaysia flag
IMPLICOR FILM-COATED TABLET 25 mg/5 mgIvabradine hydrochloride (5 mg) + Metoprolol tartrate (25 mg)Tablet, film coatedOralSERVIER (S) PTE LTD2017-10-19Not applicableSingapore flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C01EB17 — IvabradineC07FX05 — Metoprolol and ivabradineC07FX06 — Carvedilol and ivabradine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzazepines. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring (unsaturated seven-membered heterocycle with one nitrogen atom replacing a carbon atom).
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Benzazepines
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Benzazepines
Alternative Parents
Anisoles / Azepines / Aralkylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / Tertiary carboxylic acid amides / Trialkylamines / Lactams / Amino acids and derivatives / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds
show 3 more
Substituents
Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Anisole / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azepine / Benzazepine / Benzenoid
show 15 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
tertiary amino compound, aromatic ether, benzazepine, carbobicyclic compound (CHEBI:85966)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
3H48L0LPZQ
CAS number
155974-00-8
InChI Key
ACRHBAYQBXXRTO-OAQYLSRUSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C27H36N2O5/c1-28(17-21-11-20-14-25(33-4)26(34-5)16-22(20)21)8-6-9-29-10-7-18-12-23(31-2)24(32-3)13-19(18)15-27(29)30/h12-14,16,21H,6-11,15,17H2,1-5H3/t21-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
3-[3-({[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-2-one
SMILES
COC1=C(OC)C=C2[C@@H](CN(C)CCCN3CCC4=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C4CC3=O)CC2=C1

References

General References
  1. DiFrancesco D: The role of the funny current in pacemaker activity. Circ Res. 2010 Feb 19;106(3):434-46. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.208041. [Article]
  2. Sulfi S, Timmis AD: Ivabradine -- the first selective sinus node I(f) channel inhibitor in the treatment of stable angina. Int J Clin Pract. 2006 Feb;60(2):222-8. [Article]
  3. DiFrancesco D, Camm JA: Heart rate lowering by specific and selective I(f) current inhibition with ivabradine: a new therapeutic perspective in cardiovascular disease. Drugs. 2004;64(16):1757-65. [Article]
  4. Nawarskas JJ, Bowman BN, Anderson JR: Ivabradine: A Unique and Intriguing Medication for Treating Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiol Rev. 2015 Jul-Aug;23(4):201-11. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000070. [Article]
  5. Rosa GM, Ferrero S, Ghione P, Valbusa A, Brunelli C: An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ivabradine for the treatment of heart failure. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014 Feb;10(2):279-91. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2014.876005. Epub 2013 Dec 31. [Article]
  6. hERG potassium channel inhibition by ivabradine may contribute to QT prolongation and risk of torsades de pointes [Link]
  7. FDA Approved Drug Products: CORLANOR (ivabradine) oral [Link]
KEGG Drug
D07165
PubChem Compound
132999
PubChem Substance
310265010
ChemSpider
117373
BindingDB
50326992
RxNav
1649480
ChEBI
85966
ChEMBL
CHEMBL471737
ZINC
ZINC000003805768
PharmGKB
PA166123415
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Ivabradine
FDA label
Download (1.43 MB)
MSDS
Download (23.8 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableAtrial Fibrillation / Heart Failure1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableBradycardia1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableChronic Heart Failure (CHF)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableHeart Failure1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedTreatmentAtrial Fibrillation / Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) / Sinus Arrhythmia1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral
Tablet, coatedOral5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral7.5 mg
Tablet, coatedOral7.5 mg
SolutionOral5 mg/5mL
Tablet, film coatedOral5 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral7.5 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral5.39 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral8.085 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral7.5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral2.5 MG
TabletOral5 mg/1
TabletOral7.5 mg/1
TabletOral5 mg
TabletOral7.5 mg
TabletOral5.39000 mg
TabletOral8.085 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US7879842Yes2011-02-012026-08-22US flag
US7361650Yes2008-04-222026-08-22US flag
US7867996Yes2011-01-112026-08-22US flag
US7361649Yes2008-04-222026-08-22US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0202 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.17ALOGPS
logP2.72Chemaxon
logS-4.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.37Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area60.47 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity133.51 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability54.56 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0000900000-03ca5deccd6b39beb343
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0000900000-31f9a3b5b64e8d7b0450
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0131900000-6d3ccc0351f75f81d1d8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0010900000-a797e752779013045001
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0400-0951500000-ec1bb5c38ab9f4f02df2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ht9-0242900000-bff20c42b68274b872ad
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-208.75462
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+211.1502
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+217.16338
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Hyperpolarization-activated ion channel that is permeable to sodium and potassium ions. Displays lower selectivity for K(+) over Na(+) ions (PubMed:10228147, PubMed:22006928). Contributes to the native pacemaker currents in heart (If) and in neurons (Ih) (PubMed:10228147, PubMed:10524219). Can also transport ammonium in the distal nephron (By similarity). Involved in the initiation of neuropathic pain in sensory neurons (By similarity)
Specific Function
cAMP binding
Gene Name
HCN2
Uniprot ID
Q9UL51
Uniprot Name
Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2
Molecular Weight
96949.43 Da
References
  1. hERG potassium channel inhibition by ivabradine may contribute to QT prolongation and risk of torsades de pointes [Link]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Rosa GM, Ferrero S, Ghione P, Valbusa A, Brunelli C: An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ivabradine for the treatment of heart failure. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014 Feb;10(2):279-91. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2014.876005. Epub 2013 Dec 31. [Article]

Drug created at September 14, 2015 15:24 / Updated at June 02, 2024 21:54