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Arginine and Proline Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000020MetabolicIn particular, the amino acid citrulline is first synthesized from several other amino acids (glutamine, glutamate, and proline) in the mitochondria of the intestinal enterocytes (PMID: 9806879). … The arginine and proline metabolism pathway illustrates the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids including arginine, ornithine, proline, citrulline, and glutamate in mammals.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ademetionine · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · Adenosine phosphate +21 moreEnzymes: D-amino-acid oxidaseValine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000032MetabolicThe catabolism of all three amino acids starts in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilized for ATP generation. … As a result, three different α-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD), yielding the three different CoA derivatives.
Enzymes: Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic, Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialThreonine and 2-Oxobutanoate Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000452Metabolic2-oxobutanoate, also known as 2-Ketobutyric acid, is a 2-keto acid that is commonly produced in the metabolism of amino acids such as methionine and threonine. … , and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) with a flavin cofactor.
Enzymes: Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialApoptotic DNA Fragmentation and Tissue Homeostasis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0063772SignalingICAD and CAD exist in the nucleus in normal cells and is a major endonuclease in apoptosis. Its activation is normally caspase dependent. … EndoG resides in mitochondria in normal cells and travels to the nucleus, where it fragments chromosomal DNA upon activation of apoptosis.
Drugs: ZincMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Creatinine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123283MetabolicFirst, it forms guanidinoacetic acid in a reaction catalysed by glycine amidinotransferase, then undergoes a reaction catalysed by guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase to form creatine. … Arginine from the diet is absorbed into systemic circulation and enters hepatocytes through an amino acid transporter, where it undergoes a series of metabolic reactions.
Enzymes: Y+L amino acid transporter 2Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124865MetabolicAdenosine then reacts with water to form inosine and ammonia using the enzyme adenosine deaminase. Inosine goes on to form hypoxanthine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. … The purines are guanine and adenine. These undergo metabolism in the liver to form xanthine. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125524DiseaseIn the blood it travels to the liver and is transported into a hepatocyte by an amino acid transporter. … Tryptophan is consumed through foods such as milk, eggs, chicken, turkey, and oats. Tryptophan is then transported from the small intestine into the blood by an amino acid transport.
Enzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT, Neutral amino acid transporter AMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Isovalerylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126748Metabolicand its isomer, pivaloylcarnitine; pivaloylcarnitine is derived from pivalate-generating antibiotics, and has caused many false-positive results. … Isovalerylglycine (IVG) is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Tiglylglycine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126840MetabolicIn certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. … Tiglyglycine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese.
Enzymes: Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial, Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Citrulline
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0126861MetabolicIn addition, citrulline and L-aspartic acid can be converted into argininosuccinic acid through the action of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase. … It catalyzes the second step of the urea cycle, the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate with L-ornithine to form L-citrulline (carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithine = H+ + L-citrulline + phosphate).