Identification
- Summary
Liothyronine is a thyroid hormone replacement therapy used to treat hypothyroidism, to suppress TSH, and to help in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.
- Brand Names
- Cytomel, Np Thyroid
- Generic Name
- Liothyronine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00279
- Background
Liothyronine is a thyroidal hormone T3 which is normally produced by the thyroid gland in a ratio 4:1 when compared with T4: T3. Liothyronine is the active form of thyroxine which is composed in a basic chemical structure by a tyrosine with bound iodine.3 The exogenous liothyronine product was developed by King Pharmaceuticals and FDA approved in 1956.8
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for Liothyronine (DB00279)
- Weight
- Average: 650.9735
Monoisotopic: 650.790038137 - Chemical Formula
- C15H12I3NO4
- Synonyms
- 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine
- 3,5,3'-Triiodo-L-thyronine
- 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine
- 4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-L-phenylalanine
- L-3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine
- L-T3
- Liothyronine
- Liothyroninum
- Liotironina
- O-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine
- T3
- Triiodothyronine
- External IDs
- NSC-80203
Pharmacology
- Indication
Liothyronine is officially approved for the following indications:
Replacement therapy in primary (thyroidal), secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamic) congenital or acquired hypothyroidism.
As an adjunct therapy to surgery and radioiodine in the management of thyroid cancer.
As a diagnostic agent in suppression tests for mild hyperthyroidism or thyroid gland autonomy.Label
In general terms, exogenous liothyronine is used to replace insufficient hormonal production and restore T3 plasma levels.3
The lack of liothyronine can be presented as a pale and puffy face, coarse, brittle hair, dry skin, croaky voice and constipation as well as irregular periods, drowsiness, and lethargy.3
Liothyronine should never be used in the suppression of benign nodules and nontoxic diffuse goiter in iodine-sufficient patients nor in the treatment of hyperthyroidism during the recovery phase of subacute thyroiditis.Label
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- Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug eventsImprove clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support.- Pharmacodynamics
In hormonal replacement, liothyronine is more potent and present a faster action when compared to levothyroxine but the time of action is significantly shorter. The type of treatment needs to be well evaluated as the fast correction of thyroid hormones in certain diseases presents additional risks such as heart failure.3 The onset of activity is observed a few hours after administration and the maximum effect is observed after 2-3 days.Label
Treatment with liothyronine has been shown to produce normal plasma levels of T3 hormone but to have no effect on the T4 plasma concentration.5
- Mechanism of action
Liothyronine replaces endogenous thyroid hormone and then exerts its physiologic effects by controlling DNA transcription and protein synthesis. This effect on DNA is obtained by the binding of liothyronine to the thyroid receptors attached to DNA. Exogenous liothyronine exerts all the normal effects of the endogenous thyroid T3 hormone. Hence, it increases energy expenditure, accelerates the rate of cellular oxidation stimulating growth, maturation, and metabolism of the body tissues, aids in myelination of nerves and development of synaptic processes in the nervous system and enhances carbohydrate and protein metabolism.2
Target Actions Organism AThyroid hormone receptor alpha agonistHumans AThyroid hormone receptor beta agonistHumans UProliferating cell nuclear antigen antagonistHumans - Absorption
Thyroid hormones are well absorbed orally. From these hormones, liothyronine is almost completely absorbed and it does not present changes in the absorption rate due to concomitant administration of food.6liothyronin Multiple administration of 50 mcg of liothyronine provided a maximal plasma concentration of total T3 of 346 ng/dL in about 2.5 hours with an AUC of 4740 ng.h/dL.1
- Volume of distribution
The reported volume of distribution of liothyronine is reported to be of 0.1-0.2 L/kg.7
- Protein binding
Liothyronine presents a very large binding to plasma proteins and around 99.7% of the administered dose can be found bound.4 Liothyronine is found to be bound to thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin and albumin. It is important to consider that only the little unbound portion of liothyronine is metabolically active.9
- Metabolism
Liothyronine is mainly metabolized in the liver where it is deiodinated to diiodothyronine and monoiodothyronine followed by conjugation with glucuronides and sulfates.9 One of the formed metabolites formed by the conjugation and decarboxylation is tiratricol. The iodine released by the metabolism of liothyronine is later taken and used within the thyroid cells.7
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- Route of elimination
The main elimination of thyroid hormones is known to be done via the kidneys from which less than 2.5% of the excreted drug is represented by the unchanged drug. This elimination route is reduced with age. A portion of the metabolic products of liothyronine is excreted to the bile and gut where they can be part of enterohepatic recirculation.9
- Half-life
The half-life of liothyronine is reported to be between 1 and 2 days.4
- Clearance
There are no reports obtaining this value specifically.
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates.Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
The reported oral LD50 of liothyronine in the rat is higher than 4540 mg/kg. When overdosage is registered, symptoms of hyperthyroidism are reported as well as confusion, disorientation, cerebral embolism, seizure, shock, coma, and death. The symptoms of overdose can be presented immediately or several days after overdose ingestion. In an overdose state, reduce the dose of liothyronine and do supportive treatment.Label
There are no reports studying the carcinogenic, and mutagenic potential nor on the effects of liothyronine on fertility.Label
- Pathways
Pathway Category Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Metabolic - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbacavir Liothyronine may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level. Acalabrutinib The therapeutic efficacy of Liothyronine can be decreased when used in combination with Acalabrutinib. Acamprosate The excretion of Acamprosate can be decreased when combined with Liothyronine. Acarbose The therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be decreased when used in combination with Liothyronine. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Liothyronine can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol. Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Liothyronine which could result in a higher serum level. Acemetacin Acemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Liothyronine which could result in a higher serum level. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Liothyronine is combined with Acenocoumarol. Acetaminophen Liothyronine may decrease the excretion rate of Acetaminophen which could result in a higher serum level. Acetazolamide Acetazolamide may increase the excretion rate of Liothyronine which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy. 
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- Take with or without food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Liothyronine sodium GCA9VV7D2N 55-06-1 SBXXSUDPJJJJLC-UHFFFAOYSA-M - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Tertroxin (Aspen Pharmacare)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cytomel Tablet 25 mcg Oral Pfizer Canada Ulc 1993-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Cytomel Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2004-05-03 Not applicable US 
Cytomel Tablet 25 ug/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2002-12-30 Not applicable US 
Cytomel Tablet 25 ug/1 Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 1956-05-08 Not applicable US Cytomel Tablet 25 ug/1 Oral A S Medication Solutions 1956-05-08 Not applicable US 
Cytomel Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral A-S Medication Solutions 1956-05-08 2019-03-31 US 
Cytomel Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 1956-05-08 Not applicable US 
Cytomel Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral A S Medication Solutions 1956-05-08 Not applicable US 
Cytomel Tablet 5 mcg Oral Pfizer Canada Ulc 1993-12-31 Not applicable Canada Cytomel Tablet 50 ug/1 Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 1956-05-08 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 50 ug/1 Oral Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. 2021-02-26 Not applicable US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS 2018-04-04 2019-03-31 US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 25 ug/1 Oral PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2012-12-03 Not applicable US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral bryant ranch prepack 2012-12-03 Not applicable US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral Mayne Pharma Commercial LLC 2018-01-01 Not applicable US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 50 ug/1 Oral Sigmapharm Laboratories, LLC 2012-12-03 Not applicable US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 50 ug/1 Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2009-03-23 2019-12-31 US Liothyronine sodium Tablet 5 ug/1 Oral A-S Medication Solutions 2021-02-01 Not applicable US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 25 ug/1 Oral Mesource Pharmaceuticals 2009-03-23 2017-06-30 US Liothyronine Sodium Tablet 50 ug/1 Oral bryant ranch prepack 2019-11-28 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image BITIRON 50 MCG/12.5 MCG TABLET, 100 ADET Liothyronine (12.5 mcg) + Levothyroxine sodium (50 mcg) Tablet Oral ABDİ İBRAHİM İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey 
Novothyral - Tabletten Liothyronine sodium (100 mcg) + Levothyroxine sodium (20 mcg) Tablet Oral Merck Gesellschaft Mb H 1973-11-26 Not applicable Austria 
Thyrolar Liothyronine sodium (12.5 ug/1) + Levothyroxine sodium (50 ug/1) Tablet Oral Allergan, Inc. 1969-11-21 2010-08-26 US Thyrolar Liothyronine sodium (25 ug/1) + Levothyroxine sodium (100 ug/1) Tablet Oral Allergan, Inc. 1969-11-21 2010-06-25 US Thyrolar Liothyronine sodium (6.25 ug/1) + Levothyroxine sodium (25 ug/1) Tablet Oral Allergan, Inc. 1969-11-21 2010-12-10 US Thyrolar Liothyronine sodium (37.5 ug/1) + Levothyroxine sodium (150 ug/1) Tablet Oral Allergan, Inc. 1969-11-21 2010-09-24 US Thyrolar Liothyronine sodium (3.1 ug/1) + Levothyroxine sodium (12.5 ug/1) Tablet Oral Allergan, Inc. 1969-11-21 2010-12-03 US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Adthyza thyroid Liothyronine (9 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (38 ug/1) Tablet Oral Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2023-02-20 Not applicable US Adthyza thyroid Liothyronine (18 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (76 ug/1) Tablet Oral Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2023-02-20 Not applicable US Adthyza thyroid Liothyronine (4.5 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (19 ug/1) Tablet Oral Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2023-02-20 Not applicable US Adthyza thyroid Liothyronine (13.5 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (57 ug/1) Tablet Oral Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2023-02-20 Not applicable US Adthyza thyroid Liothyronine (2.25 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (9.5 ug/1) Tablet Oral Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2023-02-20 Not applicable US Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid Liothyronine (4.5 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (19 ug/1) Tablet Oral bryant ranch prepack 2017-09-19 Not applicable US Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid Liothyronine (13.5 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (57 ug/1) Tablet Oral Westminster 2017-09-19 Not applicable US Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid Liothyronine (9 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (38 ug/1) Tablet Oral bryant ranch prepack 2017-09-19 2021-04-23 US Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid Liothyronine (2.25 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (9.5 ug/1) Tablet Oral Westminster 2017-11-15 Not applicable US Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid Liothyronine (9 ug/1) + Levothyroxine (38 ug/1) Tablet Oral Westminster 2017-09-19 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- H03AA03 — Combinations of levothyroxine and liothyronine
- H03AA — Thyroid hormones
- H03A — THYROID PREPARATIONS
- H03 — THYROID THERAPY
- H — SYSTEMIC HORMONAL PREPARATIONS, EXCL. SEX HORMONES AND INSULINS
- Drug Categories
- Agents used to treat hypothyroidism
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Hormones
- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
- l-Triiodothyronine
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Substrates
- OATP1B3 substrates
- P-glycoprotein inducers
- Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins
- Thyroid Products
- Thyronines
- Thyroxine-binding globulin substrates
- Triiodothyronine
- UGT1A1 Substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. These are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Phenylalanine and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Diphenylethers / Phenylpropanoic acids / Diarylethers / Amphetamines and derivatives / L-alpha-amino acids / Phenoxy compounds / Phenol ethers / O-iodophenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Aralkylamines show 11 more
- Substituents
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 2-halophenol / 2-iodophenol / 3-phenylpropanoic-acid / Alpha-amino acid / Amine / Amino acid / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound show 28 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- iodothyronine, iodophenol, 2-halophenol (CHEBI:18258) / thyroxine, Other amino acids (C02465)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 06LU7C9H1V
- CAS number
- 6893-02-3
- InChI Key
- AUYYCJSJGJYCDS-LBPRGKRZSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C15H12I3NO4/c16-9-6-8(1-2-13(9)20)23-14-10(17)3-7(4-11(14)18)5-12(19)15(21)22/h1-4,6,12,20H,5,19H2,(H,21,22)/t12-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid
- SMILES
- N[C@@H](CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(I)=C(O)C=C2)C(I)=C1)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US20060246133
- General References
- Jonklaas J, Burman KD, Wang H, Latham KR: Single-dose T3 administration: kinetics and effects on biochemical and physiological parameters. Ther Drug Monit. 2015 Feb;37(1):110-8. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000113. [Article]
- Sullivan K. (2009). Nurse's drug handbook (8th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC. [ISBN:978-0-7637-6547-7]
- Upfal J. (2007). The Australian Drug Guide (7th ed.). National Library of Australia.
- Harrold M. and Zavod R. (2013). Basic Concepts in Medicinal Chemistry. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [ISBN:978-1-58528-266-1]
- Scott-Moncrieff C. (2015). Canine and feline endocrinology (4th ed.). Elsevier.
- Kumar P. (2017). Pharmacology and therapeutics for dentistry (7th ed.). Mosby.
- Ashley C. and Dunleavy A. (2014). The renal drug handbook. Caroline Ashley and Aileen Dunleavy.
- FDA approvals [Link]
- FDA reports [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Cytomel (liothyronine sodium) oral tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Triostat (liothyronine sodium) for intravenous injection [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000265
- KEGG Compound
- C02465
- PubChem Compound
- 5920
- PubChem Substance
- 46506352
- ChemSpider
- 5707
- BindingDB
- 18860
- 10814
- ChEBI
- 533015
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1544
- ZINC
- ZINC000003830999
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000082
- PharmGKB
- PA164778866
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- T3
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Liothyronine
- PDB Entries
- 1bsx / 1sn5 / 1xzx / 2h77 / 2h79 / 2piv / 2piw / 3uvv / 3vkx / 4bva … show 4 more
- FDA label
- Download (213 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (171 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Depression 1 4 Completed Treatment Depression / Quality of Life (QOL) 1 4 Completed Treatment Hyperlipidemias / Hypopituitarism / Secondary Hypothyroidism 1 4 Completed Treatment Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 1 4 Terminated Treatment Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 1 3 Completed Treatment Bipolar Disorder (BD) / Depression 1 3 Completed Treatment Bipolar Disorder (BD) / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) / Unipolar Depression 1 3 Completed Treatment Heart Defects,Congenital 1 3 Completed Treatment Postoperative; Dysfunction Following Cardiac Surgery 2 3 Recruiting Treatment Autoimmune hypothyroidism 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- X gen pharmaceuticals inc
- Jhp pharmaceuticals llc
- King pharmaceuticals inc
- Coastal pharmaceuticals inc
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Watson laboratories inc
- Packagers
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Draxis Specialty Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Forest Pharmaceuticals
- JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- King Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Metrics Inc.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Paddock Labs
- Pharmaforce Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Quality Care
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Sandhills Packaging Inc.
- Schering Corp.
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- Stat Rx Usa
- X-Gen Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 25 mcg Tablet Oral 25 ug/1 Tablet Oral 5 mcg Tablet Oral 5 ug/1 Injection, solution Intravenous 10 ug/1mL Tablet Oral 50 ug/1 Solution Oral 10 MCG/ML Solution Oral 15 MCG/ML Solution Oral 20 MCG/ML Solution Oral 5 MCG/ML Solution / drops Oral 20 MCG/ML Tablet Topical Tablet Oral Tablet Oral Injection Intravenous 10 ug/1mL - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Triostat 10 mcg/ml vial 627.9USD ml Cytomel 50 mcg tablet 1.89USD tablet Liothyronine Sodium 50 mcg tablet 1.69USD tablet Liothyronine sod 50 mcg tablet 1.62USD tablet Cytomel 25 mcg tablet 1.21USD tablet Cytomel 25 mcg Tablet 1.2USD tablet Cytomel 5 mcg Tablet 1.11USD tablet Liothyronine Sodium 25 mcg tablet 1.09USD tablet Liothyronine sod 25 mcg tablet 1.06USD tablet Cytomel 5 mcg tablet 0.89USD tablet Liothyronine Sodium 5 mcg tablet 0.84USD tablet Liothyronine sod 5 mcg tablet 0.81USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 230 ºC 'MSDS' boiling point (°C) 563 ºC at 760 mmHg 'MSDS' water solubility Very slightly soluble 'MSDS' logP 3.0 'MSDS' logS -5.22 ADME Research, USCD pKa 8.4 Harrold M. and Zavod R. 2013. Medicinal Chemistry. - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0195 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.82 ALOGPS logP 2.8 Chemaxon logS -4.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 0.3 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.48 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 92.78 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 113.43 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 43.92 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.7212 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.6886 Caco-2 permeable - 0.653 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5321 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9175 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9709 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8891 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8309 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6847 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.5924 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7037 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.923 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.831 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8459 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7591 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9148 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9693 Rat acute toxicity 2.7082 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9697 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8508
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Isoform Alpha-1: Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.Isoform Al...
- Gene Name
- THRA
- Uniprot ID
- P10827
- Uniprot Name
- Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 54815.055 Da
References
- Jiang W, Miyamoto T, Kakizawa T, Sakuma T, Nishio S, Takeda T, Suzuki S, Hashizume K: Expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; triiodothyronine increases the expression of lipogenic enzyme and triglyceride accumulation. J Endocrinol. 2004 Aug;182(2):295-302. [Article]
- Kariv R, Enden A, Zvibel I, Rosner G, Brill S, Shafritz DA, Halpern Z, Oren R: Triiodothyronine and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induce expression of HGF in an immortalized rat hepatic stellate cell line. Liver Int. 2003 Jun;23(3):187-93. [Article]
- Mai W, Janier MF, Allioli N, Quignodon L, Chuzel T, Flamant F, Samarut J: Thyroid hormone receptor alpha is a molecular switch of cardiac function between fetal and postnatal life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jul 13;101(28):10332-7. Epub 2004 Jul 6. [Article]
- Sciaudone MP, Yao L, Schaller M, Zinn SA, Freake HC: Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid enhances thyroid hormone action by a transcriptional mechanism. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004 Summer;99(1-3):219-31. [Article]
- Timmer DC, Bakker O, Wiersinga WM: Triiodothyronine affects the alternative splicing of thyroid hormone receptor alpha mRNA. J Endocrinol. 2003 Nov;179(2):217-25. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
- Gene Name
- THRB
- Uniprot ID
- P10828
- Uniprot Name
- Thyroid hormone receptor beta
- Molecular Weight
- 52787.16 Da
References
- Bernal J: Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Mar;3(3):249-59. [Article]
- Gonzalez-Sancho JM, Garcia V, Bonilla F, Munoz A: Thyroid hormone receptors/THR genes in human cancer. Cancer Lett. 2003 Mar 31;192(2):121-32. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Yen PM, Feng X, Flamant F, Chen Y, Walker RL, Weiss RE, Chassande O, Samarut J, Refetoff S, Meltzer PS: Effects of ligand and thyroid hormone receptor isoforms on hepatic gene expression profiles of thyroid hormone receptor knockout mice. EMBO Rep. 2003 Jun;4(6):581-7. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Wu SY, Sadow PM, Refetoff S, Weiss RE: Tissue responses to thyroid hormone in a kindred with resistance to thyroid hormone harboring a commonly occurring mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene (P453T). J Lab Clin Med. 2005 Aug;146(2):85-94. [Article]
- Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand. Induces a robust stimulatory effect on the 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase, but not apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APEX2 activities. Has to be loaded onto DNA in order to be able to stimulate APEX2. Plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) by being conveniently positioned at the replication fork to coordinate DNA replication with DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance pathways (PubMed:24939902). Acts as a loading platform to recruit DDR proteins that allow completion of DNA replication after DNA damage and promote postreplication repair: Monoubiquitinated PCNA leads to recruitment of translesion (TLS) polymerases, while 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA is involved in error-free pathway and employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion.
- Specific Function
- Chromatin binding
- Gene Name
- PCNA
- Uniprot ID
- P12004
- Uniprot Name
- Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- Molecular Weight
- 28768.48 Da
References
- Punchihewa C, Inoue A, Hishiki A, Fujikawa Y, Connelly M, Evison B, Shao Y, Heath R, Kuraoka I, Rodrigues P, Hashimoto H, Kawanishi M, Sato M, Yagi T, Fujii N: Identification of small molecule proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) inhibitor that disrupts interactions with PIP-box proteins and inhibits DNA replication. J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 20;287(17):14289-300. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.353201. Epub 2012 Mar 1. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid binding
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
- Gene Name
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P22309
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
- Molecular Weight
- 59590.91 Da
References
- CYTOMEL (liothyronine) FDA label [File]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Identical protein binding
- Specific Function
- Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
- Gene Name
- TTR
- Uniprot ID
- P02766
- Uniprot Name
- Transthyretin
- Molecular Weight
- 15886.88 Da
References
- Eneqvist T, Lundberg E, Karlsson A, Huang S, Santos CR, Power DM, Sauer-Eriksson AE: High resolution crystal structures of piscine transthyretin reveal different binding modes for triiodothyronine and thyroxine. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 18;279(25):26411-6. Epub 2004 Apr 13. [Article]
- Palha JA: Transthyretin as a thyroid hormone carrier: function revisited. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Dec;40(12):1292-300. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Specific Function
- Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum.
- Gene Name
- SERPINA7
- Uniprot ID
- P05543
- Uniprot Name
- Thyroxine-binding globulin
- Molecular Weight
- 46324.12 Da
References
- Palha JA: Transthyretin as a thyroid hormone carrier: function revisited. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Dec;40(12):1292-300. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Palha JA: Transthyretin as a thyroid hormone carrier: function revisited. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Dec;40(12):1292-300. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibit...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P46721
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 74144.105 Da
References
- Fujiwara K, Adachi H, Nishio T, Unno M, Tokui T, Okabe M, Onogawa T, Suzuki T, Asano N, Tanemoto M, Seki M, Shiiba K, Suzuki M, Kondo Y, Nunoki K, Shimosegawa T, Iinuma K, Ito S, Matsuno S, Abe T: Identification of thyroid hormone transporters in humans: different molecules are involved in a tissue-specific manner. Endocrinology. 2001 May;142(5):2005-12. [Article]
- Friesema EC, Docter R, Moerings EP, Stieger B, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ, Krenning EP, Hennemann G, Visser TJ: Identification of thyroid hormone transporters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jan 19;254(2):497-501. [Article]
- Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Abe T, Kakyo M, Tokui T, Nakagomi R, Nishio T, Nakai D, Nomura H, Unno M, Suzuki M, Naitoh T, Matsuno S, Yawo H: Identification of a novel gene family encoding human liver-specific organic anion transporter LST-1. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):17159-63. [Article]
- Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotre...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [Article]
- Abe T, Unno M, Onogawa T, Tokui T, Kondo TN, Nakagomi R, Adachi H, Fujiwara K, Okabe M, Suzuki T, Nunoki K, Sato E, Kakyo M, Nishio T, Sugita J, Asano N, Tanemoto M, Seki M, Date F, Ono K, Kondo Y, Shiiba K, Suzuki M, Ohtani H, Shimosegawa T, Iinuma K, Nagura H, Ito S, Matsuno S: LST-2, a human liver-specific organic anion transporter, determines methotrexate sensitivity in gastrointestinal cancers. Gastroenterology. 2001 Jun;120(7):1689-99. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Organic anion transporter, capable of transporting pharmacological substances such as digoxin, ouabain, thyroxine, methotrexate and cAMP. May participate in the regulation of membrane transport of ...
- Gene Name
- SLCO4C1
- Uniprot ID
- Q6ZQN7
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1
- Molecular Weight
- 78947.525 Da
References
- Mikkaichi T, Suzuki T, Onogawa T, Tanemoto M, Mizutamari H, Okada M, Chaki T, Masuda S, Tokui T, Eto N, Abe M, Satoh F, Unno M, Hishinuma T, Inui K, Ito S, Goto J, Abe T: Isolation and characterization of a digoxin transporter and its rat homologue expressed in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 9;101(10):3569-74. Epub 2004 Mar 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Virus receptor activity
- Specific Function
- The hepatic sodium/bile acid uptake system exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various non-bile acid organic compounds as well. It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presenc...
- Gene Name
- SLC10A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q14973
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/bile acid cotransporter
- Molecular Weight
- 38118.64 Da
References
- Friesema EC, Docter R, Moerings EP, Stieger B, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ, Krenning EP, Hennemann G, Visser TJ: Identification of thyroid hormone transporters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jan 19;254(2):497-501. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent high affinity transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and rT3. Other potential substrates, such as triiodothyronine (T3), 17-beta-gluc...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1C1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NYB5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1
- Molecular Weight
- 78695.625 Da
References
- Tohyama K, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y: Involvement of multispecific organic anion transporter, Oatp14 (Slc21a14), in the transport of thyroxine across the blood-brain barrier. Endocrinology. 2004 Sep;145(9):4384-91. Epub 2004 May 27. [Article]
- Pizzagalli F, Hagenbuch B, Stieger B, Klenk U, Folkers G, Meier PJ: Identification of a novel human organic anion transporting polypeptide as a high affinity thyroxine transporter. Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Oct;16(10):2283-96. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and rT3, and of estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate.
- Gene Name
- SLCO4A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96BD0
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1
- Molecular Weight
- 77192.505 Da
References
- Fujiwara K, Adachi H, Nishio T, Unno M, Tokui T, Okabe M, Onogawa T, Suzuki T, Asano N, Tanemoto M, Seki M, Shiiba K, Suzuki M, Kondo Y, Nunoki K, Shimosegawa T, Iinuma K, Ito S, Matsuno S, Abe T: Identification of thyroid hormone transporters in humans: different molecules are involved in a tissue-specific manner. Endocrinology. 2001 May;142(5):2005-12. [Article]
- Mikkaichi T, Suzuki T, Onogawa T, Tanemoto M, Mizutamari H, Okada M, Chaki T, Masuda S, Tokui T, Eto N, Abe M, Satoh F, Unno M, Hishinuma T, Inui K, Ito S, Goto J, Abe T: Isolation and characterization of a digoxin transporter and its rat homologue expressed in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 9;101(10):3569-74. Epub 2004 Mar 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TCC7
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 8
- Molecular Weight
- 59855.585 Da
References
- Ohtsuki S, Kikkawa T, Mori S, Hori S, Takanaga H, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Mouse reduced in osteosclerosis transporter functions as an organic anion transporter 3 and is localized at abluminal membrane of blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jun;309(3):1273-81. Epub 2004 Feb 4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- SLC16A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TF71
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 10
- Molecular Weight
- 55492.07 Da
References
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Ashida K, Katsura T, Motohashi H, Saito H, Inui K: Thyroid hormone regulates the activity and expression of the peptide transporter PEPT1 in Caco-2 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002 Apr;282(4):G617-23. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Peptide antigen binding
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Involved in cellular a...
- Gene Name
- SLC7A5
- Uniprot ID
- Q01650
- Uniprot Name
- Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1
- Molecular Weight
- 55009.62 Da
References
- Uchino H, Kanai Y, Kim DK, Wempe MF, Chairoungdua A, Morimoto E, Anders MW, Endou H: Transport of amino acid-related compounds mediated by L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): insights into the mechanisms of substrate recognition. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;61(4):729-37. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 30, 2023 15:27