Deferoxamine

Identification

Summary

Deferoxamine is a chelating agent used to treat iron or aluminum toxicity and some blood transfusion dependent anemias.

Brand Names
Desferal
Generic Name
Deferoxamine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00746
Background

Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 560.684
Monoisotopic: 560.353362542
Chemical Formula
C25H48N6O8
Synonyms
  • Deferoxamin
  • Deferoxamina
  • Déferoxamine
  • Deferoxamine
  • Deferoxaminum
  • Deferrioxamine
  • Deferrioxamine B
  • Desferrioxamine
  • DFO
  • DFOA
  • DFOM
External IDs
  • Ba 29837
  • Ba 33112
  • NSC-527604

Pharmacology

Indication

Used to treat acute iron or aluminum toxicity (an excess of aluminum in the body) in certain patients. Also used in certain patients with anemia who must receive many blood transfusions.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Diagnostic agentAluminum overload••••••••••••
Treatment ofChronic iron overload••••••••••••
Treatment ofChronic aluminum overload••••••••••••
Treatment ofAcute iron intoxication••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Deferoxamine, otherwise known as desferrioxamine or desferal, is a chelating agent used to remove excess iron or aluminum from the body. It acts by binding free iron or aluminum in the bloodstream and enhancing its elimination in the urine. By removing excess iron or aluminum, the agent reduces the damage done to various organs and tissues, such as the liver.

Mechanism of action

Deferoxamine works in treating iron toxicity by binding trivalent (ferric) iron (for which it has a strong affinity), forming ferrioxamine, a stable complex which is eliminated via the kidneys. 100 mg of deferoxamine is capable of binding approximately 8.5 mg of trivalent (ferric) iron. Deferoxamine works in treating aluminum toxicity by binding to tissue-bound aluminum to form aluminoxamine, a stable, water-soluble complex. The formation of aluminoxamine increases blood concentrations of aluminum, resulting in an increased concentration gradient between the blood and dialysate, boosting the removal of aluminum during dialysis. 100 mg of deferoxamine is capable of binding approximately 4.1 mg of aluminum.

TargetActionsOrganism
AIron
chelator
Humans
AAluminum
chelator
Humans
UAmyloid-beta precursor proteinNot AvailableHumans
Absorption

Deferoxamine is rapidly absorbed after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, but only poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in the presence of intact mucosa.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Less than 10% bound to serum proteins in vitro.

Metabolism

Deferoxamine is mainly metabolised in the plasma and hepatic metabolism is minimal. A number of metabolites have been isolated but not characterised. Some metabolites of deferoxamine, most notably the product of oxidative deamination, also chelate iron, and thus the antidotal effect of the drug appears unaffected by hepatic metabolism.

Route of elimination

Deferoxamine mesylate is metabolized principally by plasma enzymes, but the pathways have not yet been defined. Some is also excreted in the feces via the bile.

Half-life

Biphasic elimination pattern in healthy volunteers with a first rapid phase half life of 1 hour and a second slow phase half-life of 6 hours.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Intravenous LD50 in mouse, rat, and rabbit is 340 mg/kg, 520 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg, respectively. Subcutaneous LD50 in mouse and rat is 1600 mg/kg and >1000 mg/kg, respectively. Oral LD50 in mouse and rat is >3000 mg/kg and >1000 mg/kg, respectively. Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and retinal toxicity have been reported following long-term administration for chronic iron overload.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
Ascorbic acidThe risk or severity of Cardiovascular Impairment can be increased when Ascorbic acid is combined with Deferoxamine.
Calcium ascorbateThe risk or severity of Cardiovascular Impairment can be increased when Calcium ascorbate is combined with Deferoxamine.
Niacinamide ascorbateThe risk or severity of Cardiovascular Impairment can be increased when Niacinamide ascorbate is combined with Deferoxamine.
ProchlorperazineThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Deferoxamine is combined with Prochlorperazine.
Sodium ascorbateThe risk or severity of Cardiovascular Impairment can be increased when Sodium ascorbate is combined with Deferoxamine.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Deferoxamine hydrochlorideG9VYJ96FOJ1950-39-6KCRQZLMAZHZDCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Deferoxamine mesylateV9TKO7EO6K138-14-7IDDIJAWJANBQLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Desferin (Novartis)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Deferoxamine Mesylate for InjectionPowder, for solution2 g / vialIntramuscular; Intraperitoneal; Intravenous; SubcutaneousPfizer Canada Ulc2004-01-12Not applicableCanada flag
Deferoxamine Mesylate for InjectionPowder, for solution2 g / vialIntramuscular; Intraperitoneal; Intravenous; SubcutaneousSandoz Canada IncorporatedNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Deferoxamine Mesylate for InjectionPowder, for solution500 mg / vialIntramuscular; Intraperitoneal; Intravenous; SubcutaneousPfizer Canada Ulc2000-04-12Not applicableCanada flag
DesferalInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/1Intramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation1968-04-02Not applicableUS flag
DesferalInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution2 g/1Intramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation2006-07-192006-07-19US flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
DeferoxamineInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution95 mg/1mLIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousFresenius Kabi USA, LLC2009-12-15Not applicableUS flag
DeferoxamineInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution95 mg/1mLIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousFresenius Kabi USA, LLC2009-12-15Not applicableUS flag
Deferoxamine mesylateInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/5.3mLIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousBedford Pharmaceuticals2010-06-182012-07-31US flag
Deferoxamine MesylateInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution2 g/1Intramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousHospira, Inc.2005-03-31Not applicableUS flag
Deferoxamine mesylateInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution2 g/1Intramuscular; IntravenousApopharma Inc2018-03-23Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
V03AC01 — Deferoxamine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acetohydroxamic acids. These are organic compounds that contain a hydroxamic acid group carrying a methyl group attached to its carbon center.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Carboxylic acid derivatives
Direct Parent
Acetohydroxamic acids
Alternative Parents
Acetamides / Amino acids and derivatives / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
Acetamide / Acetohydroxamic acid / Aliphatic acyclic compound / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Carbonyl group / Carboximidic acid / Carboximidic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
acyclic desferrioxamine (CHEBI:4356) / a hydroxamate siderophore (CPD-3764)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
J06Y7MXW4D
CAS number
70-51-9
InChI Key
UBQYURCVBFRUQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C25H48N6O8/c1-21(32)29(37)18-9-3-6-16-27-22(33)12-14-25(36)31(39)20-10-4-7-17-28-23(34)11-13-24(35)30(38)19-8-2-5-15-26/h37-39H,2-20,26H2,1H3,(H,27,33)(H,28,34)
IUPAC Name
N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxy-N'-[5-(N-hydroxy-3-{[5-(N-hydroxyacetamido)pentyl]carbamoyl}propanamido)pentyl]butanediamide
SMILES
CC(=O)N(O)CCCCCNC(=O)CCC(=O)N(O)CCCCCNC(=O)CCC(=O)N(O)CCCCCN

References

Synthesis Reference

Zoltan Konyari, Vilmos Keri, Antal Kovacs, Sandor Horkay, Laszlo Eszenyi, Janos Erdelyi, Ilona Himesi, Gyorgy Toth, Janos Balint, SzilaJudit, Ferenc Vinczi, Csaba Szabo, Nelli Sas, "Process for the preparation of high-purity deferoxamine salts." U.S. Patent US5374771, issued July, 1965.

US5374771
General References
  1. Link [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014884
KEGG Drug
D03670
KEGG Compound
C06940
PubChem Compound
2973
PubChem Substance
46506395
ChemSpider
2867
BindingDB
47715
RxNav
3131
ChEBI
4356
ChEMBL
CHEMBL556
ZINC
ZINC000003830635
PharmGKB
PA164746490
PDBe Ligand
KTY
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Deferoxamine
PDB Entries
7w8f
MSDS
Download (52.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableBeta-Thalassemia / Beta-Thalassemia Major / Hematologic Disease and Disorders / Iron Overload / Osteoporosis / Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) / Thalassemia1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableCerebral Ischemia1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedTreatmentIron Overload / Thalassemia / Transfusion Related Complications1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedTreatmentPateints of β-thalassemia Major With Iron Overload1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableTerminatedPreventionAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) / Acute Myeloid Leukemia / Myelodysplastic Syndrome1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
  • Hospira inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
Packagers
  • APP Pharmaceuticals
  • Barr Pharmaceuticals
  • Bedford Labs
  • Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Novartis AG
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous500 mg
Injection, powder, for solution
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral500 MG
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intraperitoneal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous2 G
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous95 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous2 g/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous2 g/21.1mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous2 g/20mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous2 g/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous500 mg/5.3mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous500 mg/5mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous500 mg/1
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intraperitoneal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous2 g / vial
Injection, powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral2 G/20ML
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral500 MG/5ML
Powder500 mg/1vial
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous500 mg
Powder, for solutionIntramuscular; Intraperitoneal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous500 mg / vial
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous500 mg
Powder500 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Desferal 2 gram vial113.94USD vial
Desferal 2 g/vial60.52USD vial
Deferoxamine 2 gram vial46.25USD vial
Desferrioxamine Mesilate 2 g/vial33.89USD vial
Pms-Deferoxamine 2 g/vial33.89USD vial
Desferal 500 mg Solution Vial23.92USD vial
Desferal 500 mg/vial15.07USD vial
Desferrioxamine Mesilate 500 mg/vial8.44USD vial
Pms-Deferoxamine 500 mg/vial8.44USD vial
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)140 °CPhysProp
water solubility1.2E+004 mg/L (at 20 °C)MERCK INDEX (1996)
logP-2.2Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.099 mg/mLALOGPS
logP0.93ALOGPS
logP-3.4Chemaxon
logS-3.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.92Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.23Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count9Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area205.84 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count23Chemaxon
Refractivity144.95 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability62.42 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption-0.5
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9242
Caco-2 permeable-0.8957
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8856
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9649
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9141
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8027
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7876
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6312
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8767
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8442
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9103
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8236
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7574
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9786
Ames testAMES toxic0.5388
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.6595
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.8749
Rat acute toxicity2.0628 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9839
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7688
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0uyu-9351600000-db7e9dcd06da7cb8ce44
MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-Hybrid FT , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-2901000023-e1b4c2a4d54a44d851b1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udl-0892110000-487a5822b41da03f0948
MS/MS Spectrum - , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-05ne-1943110000-cfdaf16ce07341d78b59
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udl-0892110000-487a5822b41da03f0948
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ikc-1771190000-39b4db7f6f66f4b9474e
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0111190000-7dabe399b61bdc270ec0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0010790000-cfc5254c1af2475fe539
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-8123910000-ad0e795afd200f1a444c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udr-1121930000-a9714f108617e2b62827
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9213410000-d055870c96b699b17457
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0uy0-3291400000-4b12bd3035e8cff52d1e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00kb-0413900000-4b72b0d542f6a772cfb1
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-279.9779632
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-227.58138
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+279.0948632
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+229.93938
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+280.0906632
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+236.03252
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Small molecule
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Chelator
References
  1. Elihu N, Anandasbapathy S, Frishman WH: Chelation therapy in cardiovascular disease: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, deferoxamine, and dexrazoxane. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Feb;38(2):101-5. [Article]
  2. Hershko C, Link G, Konijn AM, Cabantchik ZI: Objectives and mechanism of iron chelation therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1054:124-35. [Article]
  3. Cappellini MD, Musallam KM, Taher AT: Overview of iron chelation therapy with desferrioxamine and deferiprone. Hemoglobin. 2009;33 Suppl 1:S58-69. doi: 10.3109/03630260903346924. [Article]
Kind
Small molecule
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Chelator
References
  1. Kontoghiorghes GJ: Comparative efficacy and toxicity of desferrioxamine, deferiprone and other iron and aluminium chelating drugs. Toxicol Lett. 1995 Oct;80(1-3):1-18. [Article]
  2. Yokel RA: Aluminum chelation: chemistry, clinical, and experimental studies and the search for alternatives to desferrioxamine. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994 Feb;41(2):131-74. [Article]
  3. Day JP, Ackrill P: The chemistry of desferrioxamine chelation for aluminum overload in renal dialysis patients. Ther Drug Monit. 1993 Dec;15(6):598-601. [Article]
  4. Domingo JL: The use of chelating agents in the treatment of aluminum overload. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1989;27(6):355-67. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Interaction between APP molecules on neighboring cells promotes synaptogenesis (PubMed:25122912). Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(o) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1 (By similarity). By acting as a kinesin I membrane receptor, plays a role in axonal anterograde transport of cargo towards synapses in axons (PubMed:17062754, PubMed:23011729). Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1
Specific Function
DNA binding
Gene Name
APP
Uniprot ID
P05067
Uniprot Name
Amyloid-beta precursor protein
Molecular Weight
86942.715 Da
References
  1. Venti A, Giordano T, Eder P, Bush AI, Lahiri DK, Greig NH, Rogers JT: The integrated role of desferrioxamine and phenserine targeted to an iron-responsive element in the APP-mRNA 5'-untranslated region. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1035:34-48. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro)
Specific Function
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
Gene Name
XDH
Uniprot ID
P47989
Uniprot Name
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
Molecular Weight
146422.99 Da
References
  1. Rinaldo JE, Gorry M: Protection by deferoxamine from endothelial injury: a possible link with inhibition of intracellular xanthine oxidase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1990 Dec;3(6):525-33. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 03, 2024 07:17