D-glucose
Identification
- Summary
D-glucose is a most commonly occurring isomer of glucose used as a carbohydrate supplementation in case of nutrient deprivation and metabolic disorders, such as hypoglycemia.
- Brand Names
- As 3, Cpda-1 Blood Collection System, Dextrose and Electrolyte No. 75, Dianeal Low Calcium 1.5, Dianeal Pd-2/1.5, Ionosol-MB, Isolyte P, Leukotrap, Normosol-M, Plasma-lyte 148 In 5 % Dextrose, Prismasol
- Generic Name
- D-glucose
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01914
- Background
Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) generated during phosynthesis involving water, carbon and sunlight in plants. It is produced in humans via hepatic gluconeogenesis and breakdown of polymeric glucose forms (glycogenolysis). It circulates in human circulation as blood glucose and acts as an essential energy source for many organisms through aerobic or anaerobic respiration and fermentation.2 It is primarily stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals to be used in various metabolic processes in the cellular level. Its aldohexose stereoisomer, dextrose or D-glucose, is the most commonly occurring isomer of glucose in nature. L-glucose is a synthesized enantiomer that is used as a low-calorie sweetener and laxative.10 The unspecified form of glucose is commonly supplied as an injection for nutritional supplementation or metabolic disorders where glucose levels are improperly regulated.12 Glucose is listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for D-glucose (DB01914)
- Weight
- Average: 180.1559
Monoisotopic: 180.063388116 - Chemical Formula
- C6H12O6
- Synonyms
- aldehydo-D-glucose
- Anhydrous dextrose
- D-Glucose in linear form
- D-glucose, anhydrous
- D(+)-Glucose
- Dextrose anhydrous
- Dextrose, anhydrous
- Glucose anhydrous
- Glucose, anhydrous
- External IDs
- NSC-406891
Pharmacology
- Indication
Glucose pharmaceutical formulations (oral tablets, injections) are indicated for caloric supply and carbohydrate supplementation in case of nutrient deprivation. It is also used for metabolic disorders such as hypoglycemia.13
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- Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug eventsImprove clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support.- Pharmacodynamics
Blood glucose is an obligatory energy source for humans involved in various cellular activities, and it also acts as a signaling molecule for diverse glucose-sensing molecules and proteins. Glucose undergoes oxidation into carbon dioxide, water, and yields energy molecules in the process of glycolysis and subsequent citric cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.6 Glucose is readily converted into fat in the body which can be used as a source of energy as required. Under a similar conversion into storage of energy, glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen.11 Glucose stores are mobilized in a regulated manner, depending on the tissues' metabolic demands. Oral glucose tablets or injections serve to increase the supply of glucose and oral glucose administration is more effective in stimulating insulin secretion because it stimulates the incretin hormones from the gut, which promotes insulin secretion.10
- Mechanism of action
Glucose supplies most of the energy to all tissues by generating energy molecules ATP and NADH during a series of metabolism reactions called glycolysis. Glycolysis can be divided into two main phases where the preparatory phase is initiated by the phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase to form glucose 6-phosphate.5 The addition of the high-energy phosphate group activates glucose for the subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis and is the rate-limiting step. Products end up as substrates for following reactions, to ultimately convert C6 glucose molecule into two C3 sugar molecules. These products enter the energy-releasing phase where the total of 4ATP and 2NADH molecules are generated per one glucose molecule. The total aerobic metabolism of glucose can produce up to 36 ATP molecules. These energy-producing reactions of glucose are limited to D-glucose as L-glucose cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase.11 Glucose can act as precursors to generate other biomolecules such as vitamin C. It plays a role as a signaling molecule to control glucose and energy homeostasis. Glucose can regulate gene transcription, enzyme activity, hormone secretion, and the activity of glucoregulatory neurons. The types, number, and kinetics of glucose transporters expressed depends on the tissues and fine-tunes glucose uptake, metabolism, and signal generation to preserve cellular and whole body metabolic integrity.4
- Absorption
Polysaccharides can be broken down into smaller units by pancreatic and intestinal glycosidases or intestinal flora. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and GLUT2 (SLC2A2) play predominant roles in intestinal transport of glucose into the circulation.1 SGLT1 is located in the apical membrane of the intestinal wall while GLUT2 is located in the basolateral membrane, but it was proposed that GLUT2 can be recruited into the apical membrane after a high luminal glucose bolus allowing bulk absorption of glucose by facilitated diffusion.3 Oral preparation of glucose reaches the peak concentration within 40 minutes and the intravenous infusions display 100% bioavailability.6
- Volume of distribution
The mean volume of distribution after intravenous infusion is 10.6L.7
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Glucose can undergo aerobic oxidation in conjunction with the synthesis of energy molecules. Glycolysis is the initial stage of glucose metabolism where one glucose molecule is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate via substrate-level phosphorylation. These products are transported to the mitochondria where they are further oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide.5
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Glucose can be renally excreted.8
- Half-life
The approximate half-life is 14.3 minutes following intravenous infusion. Gut glucose half-life was markedly higher in females (79 ± 2 min) than in males (65 ± 3 min, P < 0.0001) and negatively related to body height (r = -0.481; P < 0.0001).7
- Clearance
The mean metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) for the 10 subjects studied at the higher insulin level was 2.27 ± 0.37 ml/kg/min at euglycemia and fell to 1.51±0.21 ml/kg/ at hyperglycemia. The mean MCR for the six subjects studied at the lower insulin level was 1.91 ± 0.31 ml/kg/min at euglycemia.8
- Adverse Effects
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Oral LD50 value in rats is 25800mg/kg. The administration of glucose infusions can cause fluid and solute overloading resulting in dilution of the serum electrolyte concentrations, overhydration, congested states, or pulmonary edema. Hypersensitivity reactions may also occur including anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions from oral tablets and intravenous infusions.12
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key D-glucose monohydrate LX22YL083G 77938-63-7 SPFMQWBKVUQXJV-BTVCFUMJSA-N - Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Dextrose, unspecified form unknown IY9XDZ35W2 Not Available Not applicable - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 25% Dextrose Infant Injection, solution 250 mg/1mL Intravenous Hf Acquisition Co. Llc, Dba Health First 2018-08-19 Not applicable US 
5% Dextrose Injection, solution 5 g/100mL Intravenous HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst 2019-10-14 Not applicable US 5% Dextrose Injection, solution 5 g/100mL Intravenous HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst 2018-10-18 Not applicable US 5% Dextrose Injection, solution 5000 mg/100mL Intravenous Sc Infomed Fluids Srl 2017-04-24 2017-06-15 US 50% Dextrose Injection, solution 25 g/50mL Intravenous HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst 2018-09-19 Not applicable US Dextrose Injection, solution 25 g/50mL Intravenous Medical Purchasing Solutions, Llc 2005-03-31 Not applicable US Dextrose Injection, solution 30.00 g/100.00mL Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2006-05-10 2006-05-10 US Dextrose Injection, solution 5 g/100mL Intravenous Icu Medical Inc. 2019-07-15 Not applicable US Dextrose Injection, solution, concentrate 10 g/100mL Intravenous Hospira, Inc. 2005-09-30 2021-12-08 US Dextrose Injection, solution 70 g/100mL Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 1991-07-02 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Dextrose Injection, solution 50 mg/1mL Intravenous Becton Dickinson and Company 2016-10-21 Not applicable US Dextrose Injection, solution 100 mg/1mL Intravenous Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC 2019-03-29 Not applicable US Dextrose Injection, solution 100 mg/1mL Intravenous Becton Dickinson and Company 2020-02-05 Not applicable US Dextrose Injection, solution 50 mg/1mL Intravenous Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC 2016-10-21 Not applicable US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 10% DEXTROSE IN WATER (1000ML RECTANGULAR PLASTIC CONTAINER) Solution POLYLAB BIOTECH SDN. BHD. 2015-11-02 2019-05-10 Malaysia 
10% DEXTROSE IN WATER (500ML ROUND PLASTIC CONTAINER) Solution POLYLAB BIOTECH SDN. BHD. 2015-11-02 2019-05-10 Malaysia 5% DEXTROSE IN WATER (500ML ROUND PLASTIC CONTAINER) Solution POLYLAB BIOTECH SDN. BHD. 2016-03-03 2019-05-10 Malaysia AGF Mesenchymal Capillary 5 pcs Liquid 0.06 mg/6mL Topical LCELLS SA DE CV 2019-12-31 Not applicable US AGF Mesenchymal Capillary Individual Liquid 0.06 mg/6mL Topical LCELLS SA DE CV 2019-12-31 Not applicable US Lingtea Powder, for solution 5 g/100g Oral Linger Water 2018-06-25 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image %5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETLI, 100 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey 
%5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETLI, 250 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETLI, 500 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETLI, 500 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETSIZ, 100 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETSIZ, 250 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETSIZ, 500 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,2 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETSIZ, 500 ML D-glucose monohydrate (0.2 %) + Sodium chloride (5 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,45 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETLI, 100 ML D-glucose monohydrate (5 %) + Sodium chloride (0.45 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %5 DEKSTROZ %0,45 SODYUM KLORUR COZELTISI SETLI, 1000 ML D-glucose monohydrate (5 %) + Sodium chloride (0.45 %) Solution Intravenous KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image %10 DEKSTROZ 1000 ML SOLUSYON(SETLI) D-glucose monohydrate (10 %) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %10 DEKSTROZ 1000 ML SOLUSYON(SETSIZ) D-glucose monohydrate (10 %) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %10 DEKSTROZ SOLUSYONU 500 ML SETLI (CAM SISE) D-glucose monohydrate (10 %) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %10 DEKSTROZ SOLUSYONU 500 ML SETSIZ (CAM SISE) D-glucose monohydrate (10 %) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %10 DEKSTROZ SUDAKI 250 ML SOLUSYON(SETLI) D-glucose monohydrate (10 %) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %10 DEKSTROZ SUDAKI 250 ML SOLUSYON(SETSIZ) D-glucose monohydrate (10 %) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey %10 DEKSTROZ SUDAKI HIPERTONIK SOLUSYON 500 ML SETLI SISE D-glucose (10 %) Solution Intravenous OSEL İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey 1/3 POLIDEKS (%3,33 DEKSTROZ-%3 SODYUM KLORUR)500 CC SETLI(CAM SISE) D-glucose monohydrate (3.3 g/100mL) + Sodium chloride (0.3 g/100mL) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey 1/3 POLIDEKS (%3,33 DEKSTROZ-%3 SODYUM KLORUR)500 CC SETSIZ(CAM SISE) D-glucose monohydrate (3.3 g/100mL) + Sodium chloride (0.3 g/100mL) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey 1/3 POLIDEKS SOLUSYONU 1000 ML (CAM SISE ) SETLI D-glucose monohydrate (3.3 g/100mL) + Sodium chloride (0.3 g/100mL) Solution Intravenous POLİFARMA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Hexoses
- Alternative Parents
- Medium-chain aldehydes / Beta-hydroxy aldehydes / Alpha-hydroxyaldehydes / Secondary alcohols / Polyols / Primary alcohols / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Aldehyde / Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alpha-hydroxyaldehyde / Beta-hydroxy aldehyde / Carbonyl group / Hexose monosaccharide / Hydrocarbon derivative / Medium-chain aldehyde / Organic oxide
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- aldehydo-glucose, D-glucose (CHEBI:42758)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 5SL0G7R0OK
- CAS number
- 50-99-7
- InChI Key
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h1,3-6,8-12H,2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6+/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
- SMILES
- [H][C@@](O)(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)C=O
References
- General References
- Thorens B, Mueckler M: Glucose transporters in the 21st Century. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;298(2):E141-5. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00712.2009. Epub 2009 Dec 15. [Article]
- Ferraris RP: Dietary and developmental regulation of intestinal sugar transport. Biochem J. 2001 Dec 1;360(Pt 2):265-76. [Article]
- Roder PV, Geillinger KE, Zietek TS, Thorens B, Koepsell H, Daniel H: The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089977. eCollection 2014. [Article]
- Deng D, Sun P, Yan C, Ke M, Jiang X, Xiong L, Ren W, Hirata K, Yamamoto M, Fan S, Yan N: Molecular basis of ligand recognition and transport by glucose transporters. Nature. 2015 Oct 15;526(7573):391-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14655. Epub 2015 Jul 15. [Article]
- Jiang G, Zhang BB: Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;284(4):E671-8. [Article]
- Anderwald C, Gastaldelli A, Tura A, Krebs M, Promintzer-Schifferl M, Kautzky-Willer A, Stadler M, DeFronzo RA, Pacini G, Bischof MG: Mechanism and effects of glucose absorption during an oral glucose tolerance test among females and males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):515-24. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-1398. Epub 2010 Dec 8. [Article]
- Kouider S, Kolb FE, Lippmann R: [Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and the half-life of monosaccharides in plasma after i.v infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 3. Studies in sheep]. Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1978;32(5):715-25. [Article]
- JOKIPII SG, TURPEINEN O: Kinetics of elimination of glucose from the blood during and after a continuous intravenous injection. J Clin Invest. 1954 Mar;33(3):452-8. [Article]
- Revers RR, Kolterman OG, Olefsky JM: Relationship between serum glucose level and the metabolic clearance rate of glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1983 Jul;32(7):627-32. [Article]
- Rang, H. P. and Dale, M. M. (2012). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. [ISBN:978-0-7020-3471-8]
- Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, and Darnell J. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. [ISBN:0-7167-3136-3]
- Baxter Health GLUCOSE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION BP Product information [Link]
- Glucose injection (Viaflex bag) Product information [Link]
- External Links
- PDB Entries
- 1ac0 / 1ez9 / 1fbo / 1fqc / 1fqd / 1xyb / 1xym / 2zyd / 3fxp / 3kbn … show 7 more
- FDA label
- Download (142 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (47 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Basic Science Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 4 Completed Other Anaesthesia therapy / Anorectal Disorders / Effect of Drugs / General Surgery / Outpatients 1 4 Completed Treatment Dehydration (Physiology) / Hypernatremia / Hypokalemia / Hyponatremia 1 4 Completed Treatment Heart Failure 1 4 Completed Treatment Photosensitive Epilepsy 1 4 Completed Treatment Prophylaxis of Contrast-induced nephropathy 1 4 Completed Treatment Renal Failure, Chronic Renal Failure 1 4 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Flu caused by Influenza 1 4 Recruiting Treatment Lateral Epicondylitis 1 4 Withdrawn Supportive Care Malnutrition 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, solution Intravenous 250 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 5000 mg/100mL Solution Hemodialysis 0.257 g/1000ml Solution Extracorporeal Liquid Topical 0.06 mg/6mL Liquid Oral Injection, solution Extracorporeal Solution Extracorporeal 0.8 g/100ml Solution Intravenous drip Solution Intraspinal Solution Powder, for solution Oral 99 g Solution Intraperitoneal Solution Intravenous 10 g Solution Intravenous 100 mg Solution Intravenous 150 g Injection Parenteral 33 g Solution Intravenous 50 mg Solution Parenteral 0.05 g Solution Intravenous 50 g Injection Intravenous 2.50 g/50mL Injection Intravenous 50 mg/50mL Injection Intravenous 50 mg/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 10 g/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 100 g/1000mL Injection, solution Intravenous 100 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 20 g/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 20.00 g/100.00mL Injection, solution Intravenous 25 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 25 g/50mL Injection, solution Intravenous 30 g/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 30.00 g/100.00mL Injection, solution Intravenous 40 g/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 40.00 g/100.00mL Injection, solution Intravenous 5 g/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 50 g/1000mL Injection, solution Intravenous 50 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 50 g/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 50.00 g/100.00mL Injection, solution Intravenous 60.00 g/100.00mL Injection, solution Intravenous 70 g/100mL Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous 10 g/100mL Injection Parenteral 250 mg/1mL Injection Parenteral 500 mg/1mL Solution Intraperitoneal; Irrigation Injection, solution Intraperitoneal Solution Parenteral Solution Hemodialysis Granule, for solution Oral Injection Intrathecal Emulsion Parenteral Solution Irrigation; Parenteral Injection Solution, concentrate Hemodialysis Powder Oral Powder, for solution Oral 24.75625 g Solution Oral 50 g Tablet, chewable Oral 4 g Solution Oral Injection Intravenous 2.5 g/50mL Injection Intravenous 5 g/100mL Injection, solution Ophthalmic Injection, solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intravenous Injection, solution Parenteral 5 % Injection Parenteral Injection, solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intravenous 5 % Injection, solution Parenteral 10 % Injection, solution Parenteral 33 % Syrup Oral 500 MG/ML Syrup Oral 75 MG/150ML Solution Oral 25 g Powder, for solution Oral 24.8 g Liquid Hemodialysis Injection Intravenous Solution Intravenous Solution Parenteral 30 g Tablet Vaginal Injection, emulsion Intravenous Injection, solution Intraspinal Powder, for solution Oral 5 g/100g Injection Intravenous Kit Intravenous Syrup Oral Powder, for solution Oral Injection, emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous Injection, solution Emulsion Intravenous 4 g Injection Solution Oral Solution Oral 2.5 mg Emulsion Intravenous 3 g Injection, solution Intravenous Kit Hemodialysis Solution Hemodialysis; Intravenous Powder, for solution Oral 25 g Solution Unknown Powder, for solution Oral 2.9 g Solution Intravenous 5 g Solution Intravenous 0.1 g Solution Intravenous 0.05 g Solution Irrigation; Parenteral 55 g Solution Solution Intravenous - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 146 MSDS water solubility Soluble MSDS - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 261.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.4 ALOGPS logP -3.6 ChemAxon logS 0.16 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 11.8 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 5 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 118.22 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 ChemAxon Refractivity 37.35 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 16.23 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 0 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8269 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.5569 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8842 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6771 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9568 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9378 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9388 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8595 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8847 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7206 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8505 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9411 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9366 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.942 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9065 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9652 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9132 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8077 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9596 Rat acute toxicity 1.0110 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9883 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9385
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Mannokinase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- HK1
- Uniprot ID
- P19367
- Uniprot Name
- Hexokinase-1
- Molecular Weight
- 102485.1 Da
References
- Rose IA, O'Connell EL, Litwin S: Determination of the rate of hexokinase-glucose dissociation by the isotope-trapping method. J Biol Chem. 1974 Aug 25;249(16):5163-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucose binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when gluco...
- Gene Name
- GCK
- Uniprot ID
- P35557
- Uniprot Name
- Glucokinase
- Molecular Weight
- 52191.07 Da
References
- Matschinsky FM: Glucokinase as glucose sensor and metabolic signal generator in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes. Diabetes. 1990 Jun;39(6):647-52. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Ranganarayanan P, Thanigesan N, Ananth V, Jayaraman VK, Ramakrishnan V: Identification of Glucose-Binding Pockets in Human Serum Albumin Using Support Vector Machine and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform. 2016 Jan-Feb;13(1):148-57. doi: 10.1109/TCBB.2015.2415806. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Xenobiotic transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform may be responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake. Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including b...
- Gene Name
- SLC2A1
- Uniprot ID
- P11166
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 54083.325 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Hexose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform likely mediates the bidirectional transfer of glucose across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and is responsible for uptake of glucose by the beta c...
- Gene Name
- SLC2A2
- Uniprot ID
- P11168
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 57488.955 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter that can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane (PubMed:9477959, PubMed:26176916). Mediates the uptake of glucose, 2-deox...
- Gene Name
- SLC2A3
- Uniprot ID
- P11169
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 53923.785 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A4
- Uniprot ID
- P14672
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 54786.79 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochalasin B-sensitive carrier. Seems to function primarily as a fructose transporter.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A5
- Uniprot ID
- P22732
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 54973.42 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter; binds cytochalasin B with low affinity.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UGQ3
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 54538.55 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- High-affinity transporter for glucose and fructose Does not transport galactose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose and xylose.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q6PXP3
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 7
- Molecular Weight
- 55726.915 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter. Binds cytochalasin B in a glucose-inhibitable manner. Seems to be a dual-specific sugar transporter as it is inhibitable by fructose (By similari...
- Gene Name
- SLC2A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NY64
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8
- Molecular Weight
- 50818.54 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sugar:proton symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Transport urate and fructose. May have a role in the urate reabsorption by proximal tubules. Also transports glucose at low rate.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A9
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NRM0
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 9
- Molecular Weight
- 58701.205 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sugar:proton symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A10
- Uniprot ID
- O95528
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 10
- Molecular Weight
- 56910.77 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A11
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BYW1
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 11
- Molecular Weight
- 53702.055 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Facilitative glucose transporter.
- Gene Name
- SLC2A12
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TD20
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12
- Molecular Weight
- 66965.7 Da
References
- Mueckler M, Thorens B: The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):121-38. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucose:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Actively transports glucose into cells by Na(+) cotransport with a Na(+) to glucose coupling ratio of 2:1. Efficient substrate transport in mammalian kidney is provided by the concerted action of a...
- Gene Name
- SLC5A1
- Uniprot ID
- P13866
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 73497.275 Da
References
- Roder PV, Geillinger KE, Zietek TS, Thorens B, Koepsell H, Daniel H: The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089977. eCollection 2014. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Low-affinity glucose:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-dependent glucose transporter. Has a Na(+) to glucose coupling ratio of 1:1.Efficient substrate transport in mammalian kidney is provided by the concerted action of a low affinity high capac...
- Gene Name
- SLC5A2
- Uniprot ID
- P31639
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 72895.995 Da
References
- Roder PV, Geillinger KE, Zietek TS, Thorens B, Koepsell H, Daniel H: The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089977. eCollection 2014. [Article]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated on January 07, 2021 03:10