Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Citric acid is an anti-chelation additive used in blood collection tubes and as a flavoring and preservative agent in various cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
- Brand Names
- Alka-seltzer, Alka-seltzer Fruit Chews, Alka-seltzer Heartburn Relief, As 3, Citrasate, Clenpiq, Cpda-1 Blood Collection System, Cytra-K, EnLyte, Hemosate Ultra, Leukotrap, Oracit, Phexxi, Pico-salax, Picoflo, Purg-odan, Renacidin
- Generic Name
- Citric acid
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB04272
- Background
A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium-chelating ability.
Citric acid is one of the active ingredients in Phexxi, a non-hormonal contraceptive agent that was approved by the FDA on May 2020.1 It is also used in combination with magnesium oxide to form magnesium citrate, an osmotic laxative.3
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for Citric acid (DB04272)
- Weight
- Average: 192.1235
Monoisotopic: 192.02700261 - Chemical Formula
- C6H8O7
- Synonyms
- 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxyic acid
- 2-Hydroxytricarballylic acid
- 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid
- ácido cítrico
- Acidum citricum
- Anhydrous citric acid
- Citric acid monoglyceride
- Citric acid, anhydrous
- Citric acid,anhydrous
- Citronensäure
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 2306
- NSC-112226
- NSC-30279
- NSC-626579
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Acidosis Combination Product in combination with: Potassium citrate (DB09125) •••••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to treat Catheter site calcification caused by appatite Combination Product in combination with: Gluconolactone (DB04564), Magnesium carbonate (DB09481) •••••••••••• Used in combination to treat Catheter site calcification caused by struvite Combination Product in combination with: Magnesium carbonate (DB09481), Gluconolactone (DB04564) •••••••••••• Used as adjunct in combination to treat Gouty arthritis Combination Product in combination with: Potassium citrate (DB09125) •••••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to manage Headache Combination Product in combination with: Acetylsalicylic acid (DB00945), Sodium bicarbonate (DB01390) ••• ••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism AMetallo-beta-lactamase type 2 inhibitorKlebsiella pneumoniae ALanosterol 14-alpha demethylase binderYeast ATransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 activatorHumans AAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 inhibitorHumans AIsocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] substrateinhibitorBacillus subtilis (strain 168) ABeta-lactamase weak inhibitorBacillus licheniformis UBeta-lactamase 2 Not Available Bacillus cereus UCitrate synthase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UProto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src Not Available Humans URibonuclease pancreatic Not Available Humans UEosinophil cationic protein Not Available Humans UFumarate hydratase class II inhibitorEscherichia coli (strain K12) U6-phosphogluconolactonase Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UL-amino-acid oxidase Not Available Humans UCarboxy-terminal domain RNA polymerase II polypeptide A small phosphatase 1 Not Available Humans UCytochrome c peroxidase Not Available Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus UHepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate Not Available Humans UInvasin Not Available Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype I (strain IP32953) UIntron-associated endonuclease 1 Not Available Enterobacteria phage T4 UShort tail fiber protein gp12 Not Available Enterobacteria phage T4 UMalate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UN5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase Not Available Acetobacter aceti U50S ribosomal protein L4 Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UCarboxypeptidase B Not Available Humans UHexon protein Not Available HAdV-2 URiboflavin biosynthesis protein Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UBeta-fructosidase Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UPutative stringent starvation protein A Not Available Yersinia pestis UCitrate synthase Not Available Thermus thermophilus URNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UU6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm6 Not Available Humans UPleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 1 Not Available Humans UFe(3+)-binding periplasmic protein Not Available Serratia marcescens USignal recognition particle receptor FtsY Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UNicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase Not Available Shigella flexneri UN utilization substance protein B homolog Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UComplement component C8 gamma chain Not Available Humans URibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit beta Not Available Mycobacterium leprae (strain TN) UGlutamine synthetase 1 Not Available Mycobacterium tuberculosis U2-methylcitrate synthase Not Available Antarctic bacterium DS2-3R UProstaglandin F synthase Not Available Trypanosoma brucei brucei UAdenine phosphoribosyltransferase Not Available Humans UGlucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase Not Available Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228) UGlyoxalase family protein Not Available Bacillus cereus (strain ATCC 14579 / DSM 31) ULaccase domain protein YfiH Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) URibose-5-phosphate isomerase A Not Available Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd) UGMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UInosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase Not Available Humans ULysozyme Not Available Enterobacteria phage P1 UGlycerol uptake operon antiterminator regulatory protein Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) U3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase Not Available Pseudomonas putida UPyruvate decarboxylase Not Available Zymomonas mobilis subsp. mobilis (strain ATCC 31821 / ZM4 / CP4) - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5040 mg/kg [Mouse]. 3000 mg/kg [Rat].
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAmphetamine The excretion of Amphetamine can be decreased when combined with Citric acid. Benzphetamine The excretion of Benzphetamine can be decreased when combined with Citric acid. Chlorpropamide Citric acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chlorpropamide which could result in a higher serum level. Demeclocycline The therapeutic efficacy of Demeclocycline can be decreased when used in combination with Citric acid. Dextroamphetamine The excretion of Dextroamphetamine can be decreased when combined with Citric acid. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Citric acid monohydrate 2968PHW8QP 5949-29-1 YASYEJJMZJALEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ACD Solution Modified Solution 8 mg/1mL Intravenous Anazao Health Corporation 2012-05-23 Not applicable US 
Citric Buffered Normal Saline Injection, solution 166 mg/270mL Intravenous Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc. 2019-09-09 Not applicable US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Aquacetic-30 Solution, concentrate 0.3 g/100mL Hemodialysis Aqua Medica, S.A. de C.V. 2023-03-30 Not applicable US bdr Re-action natural low base skin refiner exfoliation essence Liquid 1.5 g/30mL Topical Goldeneye Permanent System GmbH Germany 2016-11-14 Not applicable US Citracid-50 Solution, concentrate 0.5 g/100mL Hemodialysis Aqua Medica, S.A. de C.V. 2023-03-30 Not applicable US Citric Acid Liquid 5.6 g/100mL Topical Ashahi Chemicals USA LLC 2020-10-15 Not applicable US Citric Acid Wipes Liquid 0.88 g/100g Topical Ashahi Chemicals USA LLC 2020-03-30 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image A-C-D Solution Citric acid (80 mg / 10 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (132 mg / 10 mL) + Sodium citrate (250 mg / 10 mL) Liquid Intravenous Draximage A Division Of Draxis Specialty Pharmaceuticals Inc 1959-12-31 2003-07-08 Canada 
Acd A Citric acid monohydrate (0.8 g/100mL) + D-glucose monohydrate (2.45 g/100mL) + Sodium citrate dihydrate (2.2 g/100mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Terumo Bct, Ltd. 2002-02-25 Not applicable US Acd A Citric acid monohydrate (0.8 g/100mL) + D-glucose monohydrate (2.45 g/100mL) + Sodium citrate dihydrate (2.2 g/100mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Terumo Bct, Ltd. 2002-02-25 Not applicable US Acd A Citric acid monohydrate (0.80 g/100mL) + D-glucose monohydrate (2.45 g/100mL) + Sodium citrate (2.2 g/100mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Terumo BCT Ltd 2002-02-25 Not applicable US ACD Blood-Pack Units (PL 146 Plastic) Citric acid (493 mg/67.5mL) + D-glucose monohydrate (1.65 g/67.5mL) + Sodium citrate dihydrate (1.48 g/67.5mL) Solution Extracorporeal Fenwal, Inc. 2007-03-01 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ACD Solution Modified Citric acid (8 mg/1mL) Solution Intravenous Anazao Health Corporation 2012-05-23 Not applicable US Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution-A Citric acid monohydrate (0.73 g/100mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (2.45 g/100mL) + Sodium citrate (2.20 g/100mL) Solution Extracorporeal Biomet Biologics 2010-01-01 2010-09-06 US Av-1000 Citric acid monohydrate (0.06 g/100g) + Sodium chlorite (0.05 g/100g) Powder Topical Sejin E&P Co., Ltd. 2020-05-02 Not applicable US Av100 Citric acid monohydrate (0.06 g/100g) + Sodium chlorite (0.05 g/100g) Powder Topical Sejin E&P Co., Ltd. 2020-05-02 Not applicable US B100 Citric acid monohydrate (0.06 g/100g) + Sodium chlorite (0.05 g/100g) Powder Topical Sejin E&P Co., Ltd. 2020-05-02 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A09AB04 — Citric acid
- Drug Categories
- Acid Preparations
- Acidifying Activity
- Acids, Acyclic
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- Calcium Chelating Activity
- Calcium Chelating Agents
- Calculi Dissolution Agent
- Chelating Agents
- Citrates
- Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
- Decreased Coagulation Factor Activity
- Digestives, Incl. Enzymes
- Disinfectants (For Agents Used on Object)
- Hematologic Agents
- Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 Inhibitors
- Sequestering Agents
- Tricarboxylic Acids
- Urinary Acidifying Agents
- Urinary Alkalinisers
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives / Tertiary alcohols / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alpha-hydroxy acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Hydroxy acid / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organooxygen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- tricarboxylic acid (CHEBI:30769)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- XF417D3PSL
- CAS number
- 77-92-9
- InChI Key
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)
- IUPAC Name
- 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
- SMILES
- OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Karl E. Wiegand, "Chemical process for producing citric acid." U.S. Patent US3962287, issued 0000.
US3962287- General References
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000094
- KEGG Drug
- D00037
- KEGG Compound
- C00158
- PubChem Compound
- 311
- PubChem Substance
- 46508995
- ChemSpider
- 305
- BindingDB
- 14672
- 21183
- ChEBI
- 30769
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1261
- ZINC
- ZINC000000895081
- PharmGKB
- PA449021
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- CIT
- Wikipedia
- Citric_acid
- PDB Entries
- 1a59 / 1afl / 1agr / 1aj8 / 1az2 / 1b1e / 1b1i / 1cts / 1cwv / 1cxu … show 1440 more
- MSDS
- Download (49.5 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data4 Completed Not Available Bowel preparation therapy 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Not Available Corneal Staining 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Not Available Renal Insufficiency, Acute 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Diagnostic Colonoscopy 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Diagnostic Hemodynamics / Hyponatremia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Liquid Intravenous Solution Intravenous 8 mg/1mL Kit; solution Intravenous Tablet, effervescent Oral Tablet Oral 1000.000 mg Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 324 mg Aerosol, spray Topical Injection, solution Extracorporeal Solution Unknown Solution Extracorporeal Solution Extracorporeal 0.8 g/100ml Solution Other Solution, concentrate Hemodialysis 0.3 g/100mL Powder Topical Liquid Topical 1.5 g/30mL Powder, for solution Oral Suspension Oral 2.000 g Granule Oral Solution, concentrate Hemodialysis 0.5 g/100mL Solution Hemodialysis Liquid Topical 5.6 g/100mL Liquid Topical 0.88 g/100g Injection, solution Intravenous 166 mg/270mL Spray Topical Kit Intravenous Liquid Topical 160.0 g/4000mL Liquid Oral Solution Oral Solution Oral 334 mg/5ml Capsule, liquid filled Oral Capsule, delayed release pellets Oral Injection, suspension Intramuscular Solution, concentrate Hemodialysis Spray Topical 3.75 g/500mL Liquid Topical Liquid Topical 0.3 g/100g Aerosol, spray Nasal Gel Topical 104 g/100mL Solution Parenteral Liquid Topical 0.15 g/100g Spray Topical 2.63 % w/w Spray Topical 0.05 g/500mL Solution, concentrate Oral Capsule Oral Gel Vaginal Powder, for solution Oral 12 g Powder Oral Solution Oral 5 % w/v Solution Oral 200 mg/5ml Kit Oral Powder, metered Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Spray Topical 0.13 g/500mL Powder, for solution Irrigation; Topical Solution Irrigation For solution Oral Granule, effervescent Oral Cloth Topical Solution Intravenous Injection, solution Intravenous Spray Topical 0.7 mg/100mL Spray Topical 7 mg/1mL Liquid Topical 5.6 mg/100mL Cloth Topical 0.88 mg/100mg Granule, effervescent Oral 0.72 g Granule, for solution Oral Syrup Oral Liquid Irrigation Liquid Topical 0.03 g/100mL Liquid Topical 0.007 g/1mL Powder - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US8450338 No 2013-05-28 2028-10-10 US US8481083 No 2013-07-09 2028-10-10 US US9827231 No 2017-11-28 2034-06-23 US US10624879 No 2020-04-21 2034-06-23 US US10568855 No 2020-02-25 2033-03-15 US US6706276 No 2004-03-16 2022-03-06 US US11191753 No 2021-12-07 2034-06-23 US US11337989 No 2013-03-15 2033-03-15 US US11439610 No 2013-03-15 2033-03-15 US US11992472 No 2013-03-15 2033-03-15 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 153 °C PhysProp water solubility 5.92E+005 mg/L (at 20 °C) MERCK INDEX (1989) logP -1.64 AVDEEF,A (1997) logS 0.51 ADME Research, USCD pKa 2.79 SERJEANT,EP & DEMPSEY,B (1979) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 106.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -1.3 ALOGPS logP -1.3 Chemaxon logS -0.26 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 3.05 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -4.2 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 132.13 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 35.62 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 15.54 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.7518 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.855 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8634 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6125 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9694 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9658 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9624 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8641 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8932 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6809 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9336 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9399 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9476 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9396 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8735 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9904 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9132 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8206 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.6288 Rat acute toxicity 1.7748 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9948 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9577
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 141.5311829 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 126.3750475 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 141.4371829 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 130.15987 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 143.3732829 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 143.3443829 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 145.2914829 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 133.94427 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 142.1312829 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 146.7184164 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 142.1073829 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 143.37556 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Confers resistance to the different beta-lactams antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporin and carbapenem) via the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring. Does not confer resistance to the polymixin colistin or the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin.
- Specific Function
- Beta-lactamase activity
- Gene Name
- blaNDM-1
- Uniprot ID
- C7C422
- Uniprot Name
- Metallo-beta-lactamase type 2
- Molecular Weight
- 28499.225 Da
References
- Kumar R, Chandar B, Parani M: Use of succinic & oxalic acid in reducing the dosage of colistin against New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 bacteria. Indian J Med Res. 2018 Jan;147(1):97-101. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1407_16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Yeast
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Sterol 14-demethylase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes C14-demethylation of lanosterol which is critical for ergosterol biosynthesis. It transforms lanosterol into 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol.
- Gene Name
- ERG11
- Uniprot ID
- P10613
- Uniprot Name
- Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase
- Molecular Weight
- 60674.965 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Activator
- General Function
- Non-selective calcium permeant cation channel involved in osmotic sensitivity and mechanosensitivity (PubMed:16293632, PubMed:18695040, PubMed:18826956, PubMed:22526352, PubMed:23136043, PubMed:29899501). Activation by exposure to hypotonicity within the physiological range exhibits an outward rectification (PubMed:18695040, PubMed:18826956, PubMed:29899501). Also activated by heat, low pH, citrate and phorbol esters (PubMed:16293632, PubMed:18695040, PubMed:18826956, PubMed:20037586, PubMed:21964574, PubMed:25256292). Increase of intracellular Ca(2+) potentiates currents. Channel activity seems to be regulated by a calmodulin-dependent mechanism with a negative feedback mechanism (PubMed:12724311, PubMed:18826956). Promotes cell-cell junction formation in skin keratinocytes and plays an important role in the formation and/or maintenance of functional intercellular barriers (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of intracellular Ca(2+) in synoviocytes (PubMed:19759329). Plays an obligatory role as a molecular component in the nonselective cation channel activation induced by 4-alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate and hypotonic stimulation in synoviocytes and also regulates production of IL-8 (PubMed:19759329). Together with PKD2, forms mechano- and thermosensitive channels in cilium (PubMed:18695040). Negatively regulates expression of PPARGC1A, UCP1, oxidative metabolism and respiration in adipocytes (By similarity). Regulates expression of chemokines and cytokines related to pro-inflammatory pathway in adipocytes (By similarity). Together with AQP5, controls regulatory volume decrease in salivary epithelial cells (By similarity). Required for normal development and maintenance of bone and cartilage (PubMed:26249260). In its inactive state, may sequester DDX3X at the plasma membrane. When activated, the interaction between both proteins is affected and DDX3X relocalizes to the nucleus (PubMed:29899501). In neurons of the central nervous system, could play a role in triggering voluntary water intake in response to increased sodium concentration in body fluid (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Actin binding
- Gene Name
- TRPV4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HBA0
- Uniprot Name
- Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 98280.2 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia (PubMed:1936586). Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis-retinal (PubMed:12732097, PubMed:19010934, PubMed:8343525). Catalyzes the reduction of diverse phospholipid aldehydes such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamin (POVPC) and related phospholipid aldehydes that are generated from the oxydation of phosphotidylcholine and phosphatdyleethanolamides (PubMed:17381426). Plays a role in detoxifying dietary and lipid-derived unsaturated carbonyls, such as crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2,4-hexadienal and their glutathione-conjugates carbonyls (GS-carbonyls) (PubMed:21329684)
- Specific Function
- Aldose reductase (nadph) activity
- Gene Name
- AKR1B1
- Uniprot ID
- P15121
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1
- Molecular Weight
- 35853.125 Da
References
- Harrison DH, Bohren KM, Ringe D, Petsko GA, Gabbay KH: An anion binding site in human aldose reductase: mechanistic implications for the binding of citrate, cacodylate, and glucose 6-phosphate. Biochemistry. 1994 Mar 1;33(8):2011-20. doi: 10.1021/bi00174a006. [Article]
- Biadene M, Hazemann I, Cousido A, Ginell S, Joachimiak A, Sheldrick GM, Podjarny A, Schneider TR: The atomic resolution structure of human aldose reductase reveals that rearrangement of a bound ligand allows the opening of the safety-belt loop. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2007 Jun;63(Pt 6):665-72. Epub 2007 May 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- Curator comments
- Drug is inhibitor for fungal version of target.
- General Function
- Nad binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- icd
- Uniprot ID
- P39126
- Uniprot Name
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP]
- Molecular Weight
- 46417.39 Da
References
- Sadka A, Dahan E, Or E, Cohen L: NADP(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase gene expression and isozyme activity during citrus fruit development. Plant Sci. 2000 Sep 8;158(1-2):173-181. doi: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00328-9. [Article]
- Agrawal PK, Bhatt CS, Viswanathan L: Inhibition of fungal NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase by citric acid. Z Allg Mikrobiol. 1983;23(6):403-6. doi: 10.1002/jobm.3630230613. [Article]
- Kobayashi K, Hattori T, Hayashi R, Kirimura K: Overexpression of the NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (icdA) in citric acid-producing Aspergillus niger WU-2223L. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2014;78(7):1246-53. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2014.918483. Epub 2014 Jun 17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus licheniformis
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Weak inhibitor
- General Function
- Beta-lactamase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- penP
- Uniprot ID
- P00808
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-lactamase
- Molecular Weight
- 33995.36 Da
References
- Beck J, Sauvage E, Charlier P, Marchand-Brynaert J: 2-Aminopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid: Synthesis and co-crystallization with the class A beta-lactamase BS3 of Bacillus licheniformis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Jul 1;18(13):3764-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.045. Epub 2008 May 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus cereus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Curator comments
- There exists a vague and elusive relationship between drug and target, more research is warranted.
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Can hydrolyze carbapenem compounds.
- Gene Name
- blm
- Uniprot ID
- P04190
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-lactamase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 28092.24 Da
References
- Coles NW, Gross R: Exopenicillinase synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1969 May;98(2):659-61. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Citrate (si)-synthase activity
- Gene Name
- CS
- Uniprot ID
- O75390
- Uniprot Name
- Citrate synthase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 51712.025 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redundancy between members of the SRC kinase family, identification of the specific role of each SRC kinase is very difficult. SRC appears to be one of the primary kinases activated following engagement of receptors and plays a role in the activation of other protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) families. Receptor clustering or dimerization leads to recruitment of SRC to the receptor complexes where it phosphorylates the tyrosine residues within the receptor cytoplasmic domains. Plays an important role in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization through phosphorylation of specific substrates such as AFAP1. Phosphorylation of AFAP1 allows the SRC SH2 domain to bind AFAP1 and to localize to actin filaments. Cytoskeletal reorganization is also controlled through the phosphorylation of cortactin (CTTN) (Probable). When cells adhere via focal adhesions to the extracellular matrix, signals are transmitted by integrins into the cell resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of focal adhesion proteins, including PTK2/FAK1 and paxillin (PXN) (PubMed:21411625). In addition to phosphorylating focal adhesion proteins, SRC is also active at the sites of cell-cell contact adherens junctions and phosphorylates substrates such as beta-catenin (CTNNB1), delta-catenin (CTNND1), and plakoglobin (JUP). Another type of cell-cell junction, the gap junction, is also a target for SRC, which phosphorylates connexin-43 (GJA1). SRC is implicated in regulation of pre-mRNA-processing and phosphorylates RNA-binding proteins such as KHDRBS1 (Probable). Phosphorylates PKP3 at 'Tyr-195' in response to reactive oxygen species, which may cause the release of PKP3 from desmosome cell junctions into the cytoplasm (PubMed:25501895). Also plays a role in PDGF-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT3, leading to increased DNA binding activity of these transcription factors (By similarity). Involved in the RAS pathway through phosphorylation of RASA1 and RASGRF1 (PubMed:11389730). Plays a role in EGF-mediated calcium-activated chloride channel activation (PubMed:18586953). Required for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization through phosphorylation of clathrin heavy chain (CLTC and CLTCL1) at 'Tyr-1477'. Involved in beta-arrestin (ARRB1 and ARRB2) desensitization through phosphorylation and activation of GRK2, leading to beta-arrestin phosphorylation and internalization. Has a critical role in the stimulation of the CDK20/MAPK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by epidermal growth factor (Probable). Might be involved not only in mediating the transduction of mitogenic signals at the level of the plasma membrane but also in controlling progression through the cell cycle via interaction with regulatory proteins in the nucleus (PubMed:7853507). Plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption in conjunction with PTK2B/PYK2. Both the formation of a SRC-PTK2B/PYK2 complex and SRC kinase activity are necessary for this function. Recruited to activated integrins by PTK2B/PYK2, thereby phosphorylating CBL, which in turn induces the activation and recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the cell membrane in a signaling pathway that is critical for osteoclast function (PubMed:14585963, PubMed:8755529). Promotes energy production in osteoclasts by activating mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (PubMed:12615910). Phosphorylates DDR2 on tyrosine residues, thereby promoting its subsequent autophosphorylation (PubMed:16186108). Phosphorylates RUNX3 and COX2 on tyrosine residues, TNK2 on 'Tyr-284' and CBL on 'Tyr-731' (PubMed:20100835, PubMed:21309750). Enhances RIGI-elicited antiviral signaling (PubMed:19419966). Phosphorylates PDPK1 at 'Tyr-9', 'Tyr-373' and 'Tyr-376' (PubMed:14585963). Phosphorylates BCAR1 at 'Tyr-128' (PubMed:22710723). Phosphorylates CBLC at multiple tyrosine residues, phosphorylation at 'Tyr-341' activates CBLC E3 activity (PubMed:20525694). Phosphorylates synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin (SYP) (By similarity). Involved in anchorage-independent cell growth (PubMed:19307596). Required for podosome formation (By similarity). Mediates IL6 signaling by activating YAP1-NOTCH pathway to induce inflammation-induced epithelial regeneration (PubMed:25731159). Phosphorylates OTUB1, promoting deubiquitination of RPTOR (PubMed:35927303). Phosphorylates caspase CASP8 at 'Tyr-380' which negatively regulates CASP8 processing and activation, down-regulating CASP8 proapoptotic function (PubMed:16619028)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- SRC
- Uniprot ID
- P12931
- Uniprot Name
- Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src
- Molecular Weight
- 59834.295 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Endonuclease that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA on the 3' side of pyrimidine nucleotides. Acts on single-stranded and double-stranded RNA
- Specific Function
- Lyase activity
- Gene Name
- RNASE1
- Uniprot ID
- P07998
- Uniprot Name
- Ribonuclease pancreatic
- Molecular Weight
- 17644.125 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with low-efficiency ribonuclease activity. Possesses a wide variety of biological activities. Exhibits antibacterial activity, including cytoplasmic membrane depolarization of preferentially Gram-negative, but also Gram-positive strains. Promotes E.coli outer membrane detachment, alteration of the overall cell shape and partial loss of cell content
- Specific Function
- Endonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- RNASE3
- Uniprot ID
- P12724
- Uniprot Name
- Eosinophil cationic protein
- Molecular Weight
- 18385.145 Da
References
- Structure Of Ecp In Complex With Citrate Ions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Fumarate hydratase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the reversible addition of water to fumarate to give L-malate.
- Gene Name
- fumC
- Uniprot ID
- P05042
- Uniprot Name
- Fumarate hydratase class II
- Molecular Weight
- 50488.44 Da
References
- Weaver T, Banaszak L: Crystallographic studies of the catalytic and a second site in fumarase C from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 1996 Nov 5;35(44):13955-65. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Curator comments
- Literature referenced did research on target in T. brucei.
- General Function
- 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity
- Specific Function
- Hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
- Gene Name
- pgl
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X0N8
- Uniprot Name
- 6-phosphogluconolactonase
- Molecular Weight
- 25324.955 Da
References
- Duclert-Savatier N, Poggi L, Miclet E, Lopes P, Ouazzani J, Chevalier N, Nilges M, Delarue M, Stoven V: Insights into the enzymatic mechanism of 6-phosphogluconolactonase from Trypanosoma brucei using structural data and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Biol. 2009 May 22;388(5):1009-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.063. Epub 2009 Apr 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Secreted L-amino-acid oxidase that acts as a key immunoregulator (PubMed:17356132, PubMed:32818467, PubMed:32866000). Has preference for L-aromatic amino acids: converts phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) to phenylpyruvic acid (PP), hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (HPP), and indole-3-pyruvic acid (I3P), respectively (PubMed:17356132, PubMed:32818467, PubMed:32866000). Also has weak L-arginine oxidase activity (PubMed:26673964). Acts as a negative regulator of anti-tumor immunity by mediating Trp degradation via an indole pyruvate pathway that activates the transcription factor AHR (PubMed:32818467, PubMed:32866000). IL4I1-mediated Trp catabolism generates I3P, giving rise to indole metabolites (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-aldehyde (I3A)) and kynurenic acid, which act as ligands for AHR, a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays important roles in immunity and cancer (PubMed:32818467, PubMed:32866000). AHR activation by indoles following IL4I1-mediated Trp degradation enhances tumor progression by promoting cancer cell motility and suppressing adaptive immunity (PubMed:32818467). Also has an immunoregulatory function in some immune cells, probably by mediating Trp degradation and promoting downstream AHR activation: inhibits T-cell activation and proliferation, promotes the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T-cells into FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cells (Treg) and regulates the development and function of B-cells (PubMed:17356132, PubMed:25446972, PubMed:25778793, PubMed:28891065). Also regulates M2 macrophage polarization by inhibiting T-cell activation (By similarity). Also has antibacterial properties by inhibiting growth of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria through the production of NH4(+) and H2O2 (PubMed:23355881)
- Specific Function
- L-amino-acid oxidase activity
- Gene Name
- IL4I1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96RQ9
- Uniprot Name
- L-amino-acid oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 62880.52 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Preferentially catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 'Ser-5' within the tandem 7 residue repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A. Negatively regulates RNA polymerase II transcription, possibly by controlling the transition from initiation/capping to processive transcript elongation. Recruited by REST to neuronal genes that contain RE-1 elements, leading to neuronal gene silencing in non-neuronal cells
- Specific Function
- Metal ion binding
- Gene Name
- CTDSP1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9GZU7
- Uniprot Name
- Carboxy-terminal domain RNA polymerase II polypeptide A small phosphatase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 29202.94 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P83787
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome c peroxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 35354.415 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in intracellular signal transduction mediated by cytokines and growth factors. When associated with STAM, it suppresses DNA signaling upon stimulation by IL-2 and GM-CSF. Could be a direct effector of PI3-kinase in vesicular pathway via early endosomes and may regulate trafficking to early and late endosomes by recruiting clathrin. May concentrate ubiquitinated receptors within clathrin-coated regions. Involved in down-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase via multivesicular body (MVBs) when complexed with STAM (ESCRT-0 complex). The ESCRT-0 complex binds ubiquitin and acts as a sorting machinery that recognizes ubiquitinated receptors and transfers them to further sequential lysosomal sorting/trafficking processes. May contribute to the efficient recruitment of SMADs to the activin receptor complex. Involved in receptor recycling via its association with the CART complex, a multiprotein complex required for efficient transferrin receptor recycling but not for EGFR degradation
- Specific Function
- Metal ion binding
- Gene Name
- HGS
- Uniprot ID
- O14964
- Uniprot Name
- Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate
- Molecular Weight
- 86191.46 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype I (strain IP32953)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Invasin is a protein that allows enteric bacteria to penetrate cultured mammalian cells. The entry of invasin in the cell is mediated by binding several beta-1 chain integrins.
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P11922
- Uniprot Name
- Invasin
- Molecular Weight
- 106543.46 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Enterobacteria phage T4
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Endonuclease activity
- Specific Function
- This endonuclease is specific to the thymidylate synthase (td) gene splice junction and is involved in intron homing.
- Gene Name
- ITEVIR
- Uniprot ID
- P13299
- Uniprot Name
- Intron-associated endonuclease 1
- Molecular Weight
- 28232.2 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Enterobacteria phage T4
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Structural component of the short tail fiber. Adhesion protein that binds irreversibly to the lipopolysaccharides component (LPS) on the cell surface of Escherichia coli B strains during virus atta...
- Gene Name
- 12
- Uniprot ID
- P10930
- Uniprot Name
- Short tail fiber protein gp12
- Molecular Weight
- 56204.88 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- L-malate dehydrogenase activity
- Gene Name
- MDH2
- Uniprot ID
- P40926
- Uniprot Name
- Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 35502.935 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Acetobacter aceti
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- 5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (N5-CAIR) to 4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR).
- Gene Name
- purE
- Uniprot ID
- Q2QJL3
- Uniprot Name
- N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase
- Molecular Weight
- 18734.295 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Structural constituent of ribosome
- Specific Function
- One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with diff...
- Gene Name
- rplD
- Uniprot ID
- P38516
- Uniprot Name
- 50S ribosomal protein L4
- Molecular Weight
- 26630.77 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Carboxypeptidase activity
- Gene Name
- CPB1
- Uniprot ID
- P15086
- Uniprot Name
- Carboxypeptidase B
- Molecular Weight
- 47367.11 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HAdV-2
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Structural molecule activity
- Specific Function
- Major capsid protein that self-associates to form 240 hexon trimers, each in the shape of a hexagon, building most of the pseudo T=25 capsid. Assembled into trimeric units with the help of the chap...
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P03277
- Uniprot Name
- Hexon protein
- Molecular Weight
- 109151.995 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Riboflavin kinase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9WZW1
- Uniprot Name
- Riboflavin biosynthesis protein
- Molecular Weight
- 33613.56 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Sucrose alpha-glucosidase activity
- Specific Function
- Hydrolysis of sucrose, raffinose, inulin and levan. Specific for the fructose moiety and the beta-anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkages of its substrates. The enzyme released fructose f...
- Gene Name
- bfrA
- Uniprot ID
- O33833
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-fructosidase
- Molecular Weight
- 49841.065 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Yersinia pestis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- sspA
- Uniprot ID
- A0A5P8YJZ1
- Uniprot Name
- Putative stringent starvation protein A
- Molecular Weight
- 24524.98 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus thermophilus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- cit
- Uniprot ID
- Q9LCX9
- Uniprot Name
- Citrate synthase
- Molecular Weight
- 42322.13 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Rna-3'-phosphate cyclase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA. The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) trans...
- Gene Name
- rtcA
- Uniprot ID
- P46849
- Uniprot Name
- RNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase
- Molecular Weight
- 35902.925 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex) (PubMed:28781166). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA (PubMed:10523320). Component of LSm protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing and may function in a chaperone-like manner, facilitating the efficient association of RNA processing factors with their substrates. Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex, which is thought to be involved in mRNA degradation by activating the decapping step in the 5'-to-3' mRNA decay pathway (Probable)
- Specific Function
- Protein heterodimerization activity
- Gene Name
- LSM6
- Uniprot ID
- P62312
- Uniprot Name
- U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm6
- Molecular Weight
- 9127.525 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate (PtdIns3,4P2), but not to other phosphoinositides. May recruit other proteins to the plasma membrane
- Specific Function
- Lipid binding
- Gene Name
- PLEKHA1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HB21
- Uniprot Name
- Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 45553.165 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Serratia marcescens
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Part of the ABC transporter complex FbpABC (TC 3.A.1.10.1) involved in Fe(3+) ions import. This protein specifically binds Fe(3+) and is involved in its transmembrane transport (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- fbpA
- Uniprot ID
- P21408
- Uniprot Name
- Fe(3+)-binding periplasmic protein
- Molecular Weight
- 36157.015 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Gtpase activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in targeting and insertion of nascent membrane proteins into the cytoplasmic membrane. Acts as a receptor for the complex formed by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the ribosome-n...
- Gene Name
- ftsY
- Uniprot ID
- Q9WZ40
- Uniprot Name
- Signal recognition particle receptor FtsY
- Molecular Weight
- 32045.975 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Shigella flexneri
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the reversible adenylation of nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN) to nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD).
- Gene Name
- nadD
- Uniprot ID
- P0A753
- Uniprot Name
- Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 24527.75 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Rna binding
- Specific Function
- Involved in the transcription termination process.
- Gene Name
- nusB
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X286
- Uniprot Name
- N utilization substance protein B homolog
- Molecular Weight
- 16973.325 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- C8 is a constituent of the membrane attack complex. C8 binds to the C5B-7 complex, forming the C5B-8 complex. C5-B8 binds C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9. The gamma subunit seems to be able to bind retinol
- Specific Function
- Complement binding
- Gene Name
- C8G
- Uniprot ID
- P07360
- Uniprot Name
- Complement component C8 gamma chain
- Molecular Weight
- 22277.285 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Mycobacterium leprae (strain TN)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
- Specific Function
- Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- nrdF
- Uniprot ID
- Q9CBQ2
- Uniprot Name
- Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 37315.67 Da
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Involved in nitrogen metabolism via ammonium assimilation. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent biosynthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia (PubMed:7937767, PubMed:12819079). Also able to use GTP (PubMed:7937767). D-glutamate is a poor substrate, and DL-glutamate shows about 50% of the standard specific activity (PubMed:7937767). Also plays a key role in controlling the ammonia levels within infected host cells and so contributes to the pathogens capacity to inhibit phagosome acidification and phagosome-lysosome fusion (PubMed:7937767, PubMed:12819079). Involved in cell wall biosynthesis via the production of the major component poly-L-glutamine (PLG) (PubMed:7937767, PubMed:10618433). PLG synthesis in the cell wall occurs only in nitrogen limiting conditions and on the contrary high nitrogen conditions inhibit PLG synthesis (Probable).
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Glutamine synthetase | P9WN39 |
| Glutamine synthetase | P9WN38 |
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Antarctic bacterium DS2-3R
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Citrate synthase activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the catabolism of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)(acetyl degradation route) and via the 2-methylcitrate cycle I (propionate degradation route). Catalyzes...
- Gene Name
- gltA
- Uniprot ID
- O34002
- Uniprot Name
- 2-methylcitrate synthase
- Molecular Weight
- 41832.0 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Prostaglandin-f synthase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the NADP-dependent formation of prostaglandin F2-alpha from prostaglandin H2. Has also aldo/ketoreductase activity towards the synthetic substrates 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and p-nitroben...
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9GV41
- Uniprot Name
- Prostaglandin F synthase
- Molecular Weight
- 30992.385 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis
- Specific Function
- Adenine binding
- Gene Name
- APRT
- Uniprot ID
- P07741
- Uniprot Name
- Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 19607.535 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the formation of dTDP-glucose, from dTTP and glucose 1-phosphate, as well as its pyrophosphorolysis.
- Gene Name
- rmlA
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HU22
- Uniprot Name
- Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 32456.65 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus cereus (strain ATCC 14579 / DSM 31)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q81F54
- Uniprot Name
- Glyoxalase family protein
- Molecular Weight
- 16581.885 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Copper ion binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- yfiH
- Uniprot ID
- P33644
- Uniprot Name
- Laccase domain protein YfiH
- Molecular Weight
- 26338.69 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the reversible conversion of ribose-5-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate.
- Gene Name
- rpiA
- Uniprot ID
- P44725
- Uniprot Name
- Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A
- Molecular Weight
- 23093.47 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyrophosphatase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the synthesis of GMP from XMP.
- Gene Name
- guaA
- Uniprot ID
- P04079
- Uniprot Name
- GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
- Molecular Weight
- 58678.78 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triphosphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions
- Specific Function
- Ditp diphosphatase activity
- Gene Name
- ITPA
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BY32
- Uniprot Name
- Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase
- Molecular Weight
- 21445.495 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Enterobacteria phage P1
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Lysozyme activity
- Specific Function
- Essential for lysis of bacterial cell wall, by showing cell wall hydrolyzing activity.
- Gene Name
- 17
- Uniprot ID
- Q37875
- Uniprot Name
- Lysozyme
- Molecular Weight
- 20256.17 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q9X1F0
- Uniprot Name
- Glycerol uptake operon antiterminator regulatory protein
- Molecular Weight
- 19296.645 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas putida
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes an anti cycloisomerization.
- Gene Name
- pcaB
- Uniprot ID
- P32427
- Uniprot Name
- 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase
- Molecular Weight
- 44675.755 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Zymomonas mobilis subsp. mobilis (strain ATCC 31821 / ZM4 / CP4)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Thiamine pyrophosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- pdc
- Uniprot ID
- P06672
- Uniprot Name
- Pyruvate decarboxylase
- Molecular Weight
- 60925.005 Da
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of steroid sulfate conjugates and other specific organic anions (PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:11932330, PubMed:12724351, PubMed:14610227, PubMed:16908597, PubMed:18501590, PubMed:20507927, PubMed:22201122, PubMed:23531488, PubMed:25132355, PubMed:26383540, PubMed:27576593, PubMed:28408210, PubMed:29871943, PubMed:34628357). Responsible for the transport of estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) through the basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast, highlighting a potential role in the placental absorption of fetal-derived sulfated steroids including the steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (PubMed:11932330, PubMed:12409283). Also facilitates the uptake of sulfated steroids at the basal/sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, therefore accounting for the major part of organic anions clearance of liver (PubMed:11159893). Mediates the intestinal uptake of sulfated steroids (PubMed:12724351, PubMed:28408210). Mediates the uptake of the neurosteroids DHEA-S and pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) into the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier as the first step to enter the brain (PubMed:16908597, PubMed:25132355). Also plays a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons (PubMed:25132355). May act as a heme transporter that promotes cellular iron availability via heme oxygenase/HMOX2 and independently of TFRC (PubMed:35714613). Also transports heme by-product coproporphyrin III (CPIII), and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). Mediates the uptake of other substrates such as prostaglandins D2 (PGD2), E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2), taurocholate, L-thyroxine, leukotriene C4 and thromboxane B2 (PubMed:10873595, PubMed:14610227, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:29871943, Ref.25). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:14610227, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:22201122). The exact transport mechanism has not been yet deciphered but most likely involves an anion exchange, coupling the cellular uptake of organic substrate with the efflux of an anionic compound (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:20507927, PubMed:26277985). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as a probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Cytoplasmic glutamate may also act as counteranion in the placenta (PubMed:26277985). An inwardly directed proton gradient has also been proposed as the driving force of E1S uptake with a (H(+):E1S) stoichiometry of (1:1) (PubMed:20507927)
- Specific Function
- Bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO2B1
- Uniprot ID
- O94956
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76697.93 Da
References
- Kobayashi D, Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B (SLC21A9) in pH-dependent transport across intestinal apical membrane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Aug;306(2):703-8. Epub 2003 Apr 30. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:22