Chlorobutanol

Identification

Generic Name
Chlorobutanol
DrugBank Accession Number
DB11386
Background

Chlorobutanol, or chlorbutol, is an alcohol-based preservative with no surfactant activity 5. It also elicits sedative-hypnotic and weak local anesthetic actions in addition to antibacterial and antifungal properties. Similar in nature to chloral hydrate, it is formed by the simple nucleophilic addition of chloroform and acetone.

As a long-term stabilizer of multi-ingredient preparations, chlorobutanol is normally used at a concentration of 0.5%. At this concentration, it also conserves its antimicrobial activity.

Due to the long terminal half-life of 37 days, the use of chlorobutanol as a sedative is limited because of the considerable accumulation which will occur following multiple dosing 3. Chlorobutanol is a common detergent preservative in eye drops and other ophthalmic therapeutic formulations 4.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Vet approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 177.45
Monoisotopic: 175.9562479
Chemical Formula
C4H7Cl3O
Synonyms
  • Chloretone
  • Chlorobutanol

Pharmacology

Indication

No approved therapeutic indications on its own.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to preventAcute rhinosinusitisCombination Product in combination with: Phenylephrine (DB00388), Chlorpheniramine (DB01114)••••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatAcute rhinosinusitisCombination Product in combination with: Phenylephrine (DB00388), Chlorpheniramine (DB01114)••••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatAcute sinusitisCombination Product in combination with: Phenylephrine (DB00388), Chlorpheniramine (DB01114)••••••••••••••••••••
Management ofInfective otitis externa••••••••••••
Used in combination to preventPollen allergyCombination Product in combination with: Phenylephrine (DB00388), Chlorpheniramine (DB01114)••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Chlorobutanol is a detergent preservative with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity 4. In vitro, chlorobutanol demonstrated to inhibit platelet aggregation and release via unknown mechanisms 1. A study proposes that the antiplatelet effect of chlorobutanol may occur from inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway 1. It attenuated thromboxane B2 formation, elevation of cytosolic free calcium, and ATP release, and additionally exhibited a significant inhibitory activity toward several aggregation inducers in a time- and concentration-dependent manner 1. Chlorobutanol may exert a direct negative inotropic effect on myocardial cells to isometric tension produced by the heart 2. Chlorobutanol was shown to induce conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity in vitro: at a concentration of 0.1%, Cbl caused near depletion of the squamous layer while degeneration of corneal epithelial cells, generation of conspicuous membranous blebs, cytoplasmic swelling, and occasional breaks in the external cell membrane were observed at a concentration of 0.5% 4.

Mechanism of action

As a detergent, chlorobutanol disrupts the lipid structure of the cell membrane and increases the cell permeability, leading to cell lysis 4. It induces conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity via causing cell retraction and cessation of normal cytokines, cell movement, and mitotic activity 4. It disrupts the barrier and transport properties of the corneal epithelium as well as inhibits the utilization of oxygen by the cornea 4. Chlorobutanol also inhibits oxygen use by the cornea, which increases susceptibility to infection 5.

TargetActionsOrganism
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Not AvailableHumans
Absorption

Following oral administration in healthy subjects, the plasma concentration fell by 50% in 24 hours post-administration 3.

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution was approximately 233 ± 141 L in healthy individuals receiving oral chlorobutanol 3.

Protein binding

The binding to plasma proteins was 57 ± 3% 3.

Metabolism

Chlorobutanol is reported to undergo glucuronidation and sulphation 3.

Route of elimination

Under physiological conditions, chlorobutanol is unstable. The mean urinary recovery accounts for 9.6% of the dose orally administered 3.

Half-life

Following oral administration, the terminal elimination half life in healthy subjects was 10.3 ± 1.3 days 3.

Clearance

In healthy subjects, the clearance was approximately 11.6 ± 1.0 mL/min following oral administration 3.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral LD50 of anhydrous chlorobutanol in rat is 510 mg/kg MSDS. Chlorobutanol was shown to induce conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity in vitro

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Chlorobutanol hemihydrate3X4P6271OX6001-64-5WRWLCXJYIMRJIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Aurisan DpsChlorobutanol (15 mg / mL) + Benzocaine (5 mg / mL) + Camphor (30 mg / mL)Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)Lab Nadeau LtÉe, Division Of Technilab Inc.1977-12-311999-09-28Canada flag
Balminil Nasal OintmentChlorobutanol (2 mg / g) + Camphor (4 mg / g) + Ephedrine hydrochloride (6 mg / g) + Eucalyptol (6 mg / g) + Levomenthol (4 mg / g)OintmentNasalRougier Pharma Division Of Ratiopharm Inc1995-12-312003-09-22Canada flag
CerumolChlorobutanol (5 %) + Dichlorobenzene (2 %) + Peanut oil (57 %) + Turpentine oil (10 %)Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)Thornton & Ross Ltd1971-12-312023-06-09Canada flag
DİŞİNOL 2 G + 0,5 G + 3,5 G/10 ML ÇÖZELTİChlorobutanol (200 mg/10ml) + Clove oil (350 mg/10ml) + Phenol (50 mg/10ml)SolutionOralKOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş.2012-01-17Not applicableTurkey flag
Dry Socket PasteChlorobutanol (1.5 %) + Acetylsalicylic acid (8.33 %) + Eugenol (4.16 %)PasteDentalSultan Healthcare1985-12-312004-08-06Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
A04AD54 — Chlorobutanol, combinationsA04AD04 — Chlorobutanol
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tertiary alcohols. These are compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom R3COH (R not H ).
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic oxygen compounds
Class
Organooxygen compounds
Sub Class
Alcohols and polyols
Direct Parent
Tertiary alcohols
Alternative Parents
Chlorohydrins / Organochlorides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Alkyl chlorides
Substituents
Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alkyl chloride / Alkyl halide / Chlorohydrin / Halohydrin / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organochloride / Organohalogen compound / Tertiary alcohol
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
HM4YQM8WRC
CAS number
57-15-8
InChI Key
OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H7Cl3O/c1-3(2,8)4(5,6)7/h8H,1-2H3
IUPAC Name
1,1,1-trichloro-2-methylpropan-2-ol
SMILES
CC(C)(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl

References

General References
  1. Chen SL, Yang WC, Huang TP, Wann SA, Teng CM: Chlorobutanol, a preservative of desmopressin, inhibits human platelet aggregation and release in vitro. Thromb Haemost. 1990 Nov 30;64(3):473-7. [Article]
  2. Hermsmeyer K, Aprigliano O: Effects of chlorobutanol and bradykinin on myocardial excitation. Am J Physiol. 1976 Feb;230(2):306-10. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.230.2.306. [Article]
  3. Tung C, Graham GG, Wade DN, Williams KM: The pharmacokinetics of chlorbutol in man. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1982 Oct-Dec;3(4):371-8. [Article]
  4. Epstein SP, Ahdoot M, Marcus E, Asbell PA: Comparative toxicity of preservatives on immortalized corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Apr;25(2):113-9. doi: 10.1089/jop.2008.0098. [Article]
  5. Noecker R: Effects of common ophthalmic preservatives on ocular health. Adv Ther. 2001 Sep-Oct;18(5):205-15. [Article]
KEGG Drug
D01942
PubChem Compound
5977
PubChem Substance
347827977
ChemSpider
13842993
BindingDB
50417941
RxNav
2378
ChEBI
134813
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1439973
ZINC
ZINC000001482005
Wikipedia
Chlorobutanol
MSDS
Download (252 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedSupportive CareOral Mucositis1
4CompletedTreatmentEar infection-not otherwise specified / Hearing loss or impairment / Vertigo1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
OintmentNasal
OintmentTopical
Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)
SolutionOral
PasteDental
LozengeOral
LiquidTopical
SolutionNasal
LiquidDental
LiquidOphthalmic
LotionOphthalmic
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)99MSDS
boiling point (°C)167MSDS
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.65 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.31ALOGPS
logP1.75Chemaxon
logS-2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.59Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.9Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area20.23 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count1Chemaxon
Refractivity37.27 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability14.75 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-c78e68f4148016414d34
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-f1db6c0b14b7dc605505
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-63de811e85200e97b5bc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-4d9b29de91c6e3b210b0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000x-9800000000-a2b448596ef3f88512b6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-0495dea471e57c017345
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-110.822308
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-127.657776
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+111.664208
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+130.63275
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+110.925508
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+139.54196
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
Specific Function
Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the ...
Gene Name
KCNH2
Uniprot ID
Q12809
Uniprot Name
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
Molecular Weight
126653.52 Da
References
  1. Friemel A, Zunkler BJ: Interactions at human ether-a-go-go-related gene channels. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Apr;114(2):346-55. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq011. Epub 2010 Jan 13. [Article]

Drug created at February 25, 2016 18:19 / Updated at October 20, 2021 17:29