Umifenovir

Overview

Description
An antiviral medication used to treat and prevent certain types of viral infections.
Description
An antiviral medication used to treat and prevent certain types of viral infections.
DrugBank ID
DB13609
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
NO
Other Approved
NO
Clinical Trials
Phase 0
0
Phase 1
1
Phase 2
0
Phase 3
1
Phase 4
9

Identification

Summary

Umifenovir is a dual direct-acting antiviral/host-targeting agent used in the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza and other respiratory viruses.

Generic Name
Umifenovir
DrugBank Accession Number
DB13609
Background

Umifenovir is an indole-based, hydrophobic, dual-acting direct antiviral/host-targeting agent used for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza and other respiratory infections.13 It has been in use in Russia for approximately 25 years and in China since 2006. Its invention is credited to a collaboration between Russian scientists from several research institutes 40-50 years ago, and reports of its chemical synthesis date back to 1993.13 Umifenovir's ability to exert antiviral effects through multiple pathways has resulted in considerable investigation into its use for a variety of enveloped and non-enveloped RNA and DNA viruses, including Flavivirus,2 Zika virus,3 foot-and-mouth disease,4 Lassa virus,6 Ebola virus,6 herpes simplex,8, hepatitis B and C viruses, chikungunya virus, reovirus, Hantaan virus, and coxsackie virus B5.13,9 This dual activity may also confer additional protection against viral resistance, as the development of resistance to umifenovir does not appear to be significant.13

Umifenovir is currently being investigated as a potential treatment and prophylactic agent for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV2 infections in combination with both currently available and investigational HIV therapies.1,16,18

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 477.42
Monoisotopic: 476.076927
Chemical Formula
C22H25BrN2O3S
Synonyms
  • Umifenovir

Pharmacology

Indication

Umifenovir is currently licensed in China and Russia for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza and other respiratory viral infections.13 It has demonstrated activity against a number of viruses and has been investigated in the treatment of Flavivirus,2 Zika virus,3 foot-and-mouth disease,4 Lassa virus,6 Ebola virus,6 and herpes simplex.8 In addition, it has shown in vitro activity against hepatitis B and C viruses, chikungunya virus, reovirus, Hantaan virus, and coxsackie virus B5.13,9

Umifenovir is currently being investigated as a potential treatment and prophylactic agent for the prevention of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections.1,16

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Umifenovir exerts its antiviral effects via both direct-acting virucidal activity and by inhibiting one (or several) stage(s) of the viral life cycle.13 Its broad-spectrum of activity covers both enveloped and non-enveloped RNA and DNA viruses. It is relatively well-tolerated and possesses a large therapeutic window - weight-based doses up to 100-fold greater than those used in humans failed to produce any pathological changes in test animals.13

Umifenovir does not appear to result in significant viral resistance. Instances of umifenovir-resistant influenza virus demonstrated a single mutation in the HA2 subunit of influenza hemagglutinin, suggesting resistance is conferred by prevention of umifenovir’s activity related to membrane fusion. The mechanism through which other viruses may become resistant to umifenovir requires further study.13

Mechanism of action

Umifenovir is considered both a direct-acting antiviral (DAA) due to direct virucidal effects and a host-targeting agent (HTA) due to effects on one or multiple stages of viral life cycle (e.g. attachment, internalization), and its broad-spectrum antiviral activity is thought to be due to this dual activity.13 It is a hydrophobic molecule capable of forming aromatic stacking interactions with certain amino acid residues (e.g. tyrosine, tryptophan), which contributes to its ability to directly act against viruses. Antiviral activity may also be due to interactions with aromatic residues within the viral glycoproteins involved in fusion and cellular recognition,5,7 with the plasma membrane to interfere with clathrin-mediated exocytosis and intracellular trafficking,10 or directly with the viral lipid envelope itself (in enveloped viruses).13,12 Interactions at the plasma membrane may also serve to stabilize it and prevent viral entry (e.g. stabilizing influenza hemagglutinin inhibits the fusion step necessary for viral entry).13

Due to umifenovir’s ability to interact with both viral proteins and lipids, it may also interfere with later stages of the viral life cycle. Some virus families, such as Flaviviridae, replicate in a subcellular compartment called the membranous web - this web requires lipid-protein interactions that may be hindered by umifenovir. Similarly, viral assembly of hepatitis C viruses is contingent upon the assembly of lipoproteins, presenting another potential target.13

Absorption

Umifenovir is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with an estimated Tmax between 0.65-1.8 hours.14,15,13 The Cmax has been estimated as 415 - 467 ng/mL and appears to increase linearly with dose,14,15 and the AUC0-inf following oral administration has been estimated to be approximately 2200 ng/mL/h.14,15

Volume of distribution

Data regarding the volume of distribution of umifenovir are currently unavailable.

Protein binding

Data regarding protein-binding of umifenovir are currently unavailable.

Metabolism

Umifenovir is highly metabolized in the body, primarily in hepatic and intestinal microsomess, with approximately 33 metabolites having been observed in human plasma, urine, and feces.14 The principal phase I metabolic pathways include sulfoxidation, N-demethylation, and hydroxylation, followed by phase II sulfate and glucuronide conjugation. In the urine, the major metabolites were sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, while the major species in the feces was unchanged parent drug (~40%) and the M10 metabolite (~3.0%). In the plasma, the principal metabolites are M6-1, M5, and M8 - of these, M6-1 appears of most importance given its high plasma exposure and long elimination half-life (~25h), making it a potentially important player in the safety and efficacy of umifenovir.14

Enzymes involved in the metabolism of umifenovir include members of the cytochrome P450 family (primarily CYP3A4), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) family, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family (specifically UGT1A9 and UGT2B7).14,11,17

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Route of elimination

The major route of elimination is via the feces. Approximately 40% of an ingested dose is excreted unchanged, of which 38.9% is excreted in the bile and 0.12% excreted through the kidneys.15 The total recovery of parent drug and metabolites in the urine accounts for less than 1% of an ingested dose.14

Half-life

The half-life of umifenovir following oral administration has been estimated to be between 17-21 hours.13,14 Serum half-lives of the M5, M6-1, and M8 metabolites were found to be 26.3 ± 5.9, 25.0 ± 5.4, and 25.7 ± 8.8, respectively.14

Clearance

In a study involving healthy male Chinese volunteers, the oral clearance of umifenovir was found to be 99 ± 34 L/h.14

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral LD50 of umifenovir in mice and rats has been reported as 340-400 mg/kg and >3000 mg/kg, respectively.13 Chronic administration of doses 10-50 times the therapeutic human dose resulted in no pathological changes to animal subjects.

Further information regarding the management of umifenovir overdose is unavailable.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Umifenovir can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AcetaminophenThe metabolism of Acetaminophen can be decreased when combined with Umifenovir.
Adenovirus type 7 vaccine liveThe therapeutic efficacy of Adenovirus type 7 vaccine live can be decreased when used in combination with Umifenovir.
AmbrisentanThe metabolism of Ambrisentan can be decreased when combined with Umifenovir.
AmiodaroneThe metabolism of Umifenovir can be decreased when combined with Amiodarone.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands
Arbidol / Arbidole

Categories

ATC Codes
J05AX13 — Umifenovir
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indolecarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group (or a derivative thereof) linked to an indole.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Indoles and derivatives
Sub Class
Indolecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Indolecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Hydroxyindoles / N-alkylindoles / Indoles / Thiophenol ethers / Pyrrole carboxylic acids and derivatives / O-bromophenols / Alkylarylthioethers / Aralkylamines / Aryl bromides / Benzene and substituted derivatives
show 14 more
Substituents
2-bromophenol / Alkylarylthioether / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl bromide / Aryl halide / Aryl thioether / Azacycle
show 30 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Hepatitis B virus
  • Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Zika virus
  • Lassa mammarenavirus
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Coxsackievirus B5
  • Reovirus spp.
  • Hantaan orthohantavirus
  • Ebolavirus

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
93M09WW4RU
CAS number
131707-25-0
InChI Key
KCFYEAOKVJSACF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H25BrN2O3S/c1-5-28-22(27)20-18(13-29-14-9-7-6-8-10-14)25(4)17-11-16(23)21(26)15(19(17)20)12-24(2)3/h6-11,26H,5,12-13H2,1-4H3
IUPAC Name
ethyl 6-bromo-4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-[(phenylsulfanyl)methyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxylate
SMILES
CCOC(=O)C1=C(CSC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)C2=CC(Br)=C(O)C(CN(C)C)=C12

References

Synthesis Reference

Trofimov, F.A., Tsyshkova, N.G., Zotova, S.A., Grinev, A.N., 1993. Synthesis of a new antiviral agent, arbidole. Pharm Chem J 27, 75–76.

General References
  1. Lu H: Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020 Jan 28. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01020. [Article]
  2. Haviernik J, Stefanik M, Fojtikova M, Kali S, Tordo N, Rudolf I, Hubalek Z, Eyer L, Ruzek D: Arbidol (Umifenovir): A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drug That Inhibits Medically Important Arthropod-Borne Flaviviruses. Viruses. 2018 Apr 10;10(4). pii: v10040184. doi: 10.3390/v10040184. [Article]
  3. Fink SL, Vojtech L, Wagoner J, Slivinski NSJ, Jackson KJ, Wang R, Khadka S, Luthra P, Basler CF, Polyak SJ: The Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Zika Virus. Sci Rep. 2018 Jun 12;8(1):8989. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27224-4. [Article]
  4. Herod MR, Adeyemi OO, Ward J, Bentley K, Harris M, Stonehouse NJ, Polyak SJ: The broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus genome replication. J Gen Virol. 2019 Sep;100(9):1293-1302. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001283. Epub 2019 Jun 4. [Article]
  5. Kadam RU, Wilson IA: Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 10;114(2):206-214. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1617020114. Epub 2016 Dec 21. [Article]
  6. Hulseberg CE, Feneant L, Szymanska-de Wijs KM, Kessler NP, Nelson EA, Shoemaker CJ, Schmaljohn CS, Polyak SJ, White JM: Arbidol and Other Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs That Inhibit Lassa and Ebola Viruses. J Virol. 2019 Apr 3;93(8). pii: JVI.02185-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02185-18. Print 2019 Apr 15. [Article]
  7. Zeng LY, Yang J, Liu S: Investigational hemagglutinin-targeted influenza virus inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2017 Jan;26(1):63-73. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1269170. Epub 2016 Dec 14. [Article]
  8. Li MK, Liu YY, Wei F, Shen MX, Zhong Y, Li S, Chen LJ, Ma N, Liu BY, Mao YD, Li N, Hou W, Xiong HR, Yang ZQ: Antiviral activity of arbidol hydrochloride against herpes simplex virus I in vitro and in vivo. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018 Jan;51(1):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.001. Epub 2017 Sep 7. [Article]
  9. Pecheur EI, Borisevich V, Halfmann P, Morrey JD, Smee DF, Prichard M, Mire CE, Kawaoka Y, Geisbert TW, Polyak SJ: The Synthetic Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Globally Prevalent Pathogenic Viruses. J Virol. 2016 Jan 6;90(6):3086-92. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02077-15. [Article]
  10. Blaising J, Levy PL, Polyak SJ, Stanifer M, Boulant S, Pecheur EI: Arbidol inhibits viral entry by interfering with clathrin-dependent trafficking. Antiviral Res. 2013 Oct;100(1):215-9. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.008. Epub 2013 Aug 25. [Article]
  11. Song JH, Fang ZZ, Zhu LL, Cao YF, Hu CM, Ge GB, Zhao DW: Glucuronidation of the broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol by UGT isoforms. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;65(4):521-7. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12014. Epub 2012 Dec 24. [Article]
  12. Teissier E, Zandomeneghi G, Loquet A, Lavillette D, Lavergne JP, Montserret R, Cosset FL, Bockmann A, Meier BH, Penin F, Pecheur EI: Mechanism of inhibition of enveloped virus membrane fusion by the antiviral drug arbidol. PLoS One. 2011 Jan 25;6(1):e15874. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015874. [Article]
  13. Blaising J, Polyak SJ, Pecheur EI: Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: an update. Antiviral Res. 2014 Jul;107:84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.006. Epub 2014 Apr 24. [Article]
  14. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
  15. Liu MY, Wang S, Yao WF, Wu HZ, Meng SN, Wei MJ: Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of two formulations of arbidol: an open-label, single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-period crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Clin Ther. 2009 Apr;31(4):784-92. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.04.016. [Article]
  16. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W: Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020 Feb 9. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01030. [Article]
  17. Liu X, Huang T, Chen JX, Zeng J, Fan XR, Xu-Zhu, Yu ZW, Sun XY, Hong M, Sun HZ: Arbidol exhibits strong inhibition towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 and 2B7. Pharmazie. 2013 Dec;68(12):945-50. [Article]
  18. Nature Biotechnology: Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track [Link]
ChemSpider
116151
BindingDB
83797
ChEBI
134730
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1214598
ZINC
ZINC000019907652
PDBe Ligand
75U
Wikipedia
Umifenovir
PDB Entries
5t6n / 5t6s

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableNot Yet RecruitingTreatmentAllergic Rhinitis (AR)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4CompletedTreatmentCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4CompletedTreatmentInfections, Coronavirus1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4Enrolling by InvitationTreatmentCOPD Patients1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4Not Yet RecruitingTreatmentCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
water solubility"Expected to be poorly soluble"Blaising, J. et. al.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00678 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.97ALOGPS
logP3.75Chemaxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.01Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.87Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area54.7 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count8Chemaxon
Refractivity124.41 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability48.17 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00o0-0007900000-1a1da9dfaf1423bee564
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0699-1009200000-b99b6a6d1c88f51c97c3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-005i-0207900000-5b83e56456081982772f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0903100000-259edee7382d789b281f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-8915100000-c9e8438dff42f526f19f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6s-2229000000-ad1ff2b3e325f7f70ba6
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-192.84248
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+195.20049
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+201.57095
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Essential hepatic enzyme that catalyzes the oxygenation of a wide variety of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds including drugs as well as dietary compounds (PubMed:10759686, PubMed:30381441, PubMed:32156684). Plays an important role in the metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA), via the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metabolite (PubMed:9776311). TMA is generated by the action of gut microbiota using dietary precursors such as choline, choline containing compounds, betaine or L-carnitine. By regulating TMAO concentration, FMO3 directly impacts both platelet responsiveness and rate of thrombus formation (PubMed:29981269)
Specific Function
albendazole monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
FMO3
Uniprot ID
P31513
Uniprot Name
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
Molecular Weight
60032.975 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Broad spectrum monooxygenase that catalyzes the oxygenation of a wide variety of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds including xenobiotics (PubMed:32156684). Catalyzes the S-oxygenation of hypotaurine to produce taurine, an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation as well as a variety of cytoprotective and developmental processes (PubMed:32156684). In vitro, catalyzes the N-oxygenation of trimethylamine (TMA) to produce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and could therefore participate to the detoxification of this compound that is generated by the action of gut microbiota from dietary precursors such as choline, choline containing compounds, betaine or L-carnitine (By similarity)
Specific Function
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
Gene Name
FMO1
Uniprot ID
Q01740
Uniprot Name
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 1
Molecular Weight
60310.285 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics (Probable)
Specific Function
4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID
P05181
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight
56848.42 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58406.915 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
Specific Function
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
Specific Function
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:19545173). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estrone (PubMed:15472229). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist caderastan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:20610558). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18004212)
Specific Function
enzyme binding
Gene Name
UGT1A9
Uniprot ID
O60656
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9
Molecular Weight
59940.495 Da
References
  1. Liu X, Huang T, Chen JX, Zeng J, Fan XR, Xu-Zhu, Yu ZW, Sun XY, Hong M, Sun HZ: Arbidol exhibits strong inhibition towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 and 2B7. Pharmazie. 2013 Dec;68(12):945-50. [Article]
  2. Song JH, Fang ZZ, Zhu LL, Cao YF, Hu CM, Ge GB, Zhao DW: Glucuronidation of the broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol by UGT isoforms. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;65(4):521-7. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12014. Epub 2012 Dec 24. [Article]
  3. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:10702251, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:26220143). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (epitestosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:2159463, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Also regulates the levels of retinoic acid, a major metabolite of vitamin A involved in apoptosis, cellular growth and differentiation, and embryonic development (PubMed:10702251). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, caderastan and zolarsatan, drugs which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161)
Specific Function
glucuronosyltransferase activity
Gene Name
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID
P16662
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
Molecular Weight
60720.15 Da
References
  1. Liu X, Huang T, Chen JX, Zeng J, Fan XR, Xu-Zhu, Yu ZW, Sun XY, Hong M, Sun HZ: Arbidol exhibits strong inhibition towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 and 2B7. Pharmazie. 2013 Dec;68(12):945-50. [Article]

Drug created at June 23, 2017 20:45 / Updated at February 03, 2022 06:26