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Starch and Sucrose Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000058MetabolicThe products of starch digestion are but not limited to maltotriose, maltose, limit dextrin, and glucose. … Beta-D-fructose can be converted to beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate by glucokinase and then to alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate by the action of glucose phosphate isomerase.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · NADH · ATP · Calcium · Magnesium cation · Uridine diphosphate glucose +4 moreSpermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000445MetabolicSpermidine and spermine are produced in many tissues, as they are involved in the regulation of genetic processes from DNA synthesis to cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. … The Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis pathway highlights the creation of these cruicial polyamines.
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000008Metabolicinto polypeptides (via tyrosyl tRNA synthetase and phenylalyl tRNA synthetase) and the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroxylase. … Depicted in this pathway is the conversion of phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate (via amino acid oxidase or tyrosine amino transferase acting on phenylalanine), the incorporation of phenylalanine and/or tyrosine
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Adenosine phosphate · Tyrosine · Glutamic acid · ATP +11 moreArginine and Proline Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000020Metabolic, and neurons. … The arginine and proline metabolism pathway illustrates the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids including arginine, ornithine, proline, citrulline, and glutamate in mammals.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ademetionine · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · Adenosine phosphate +21 moreValine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000032MetabolicBecause leucine gives rise to acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA, it is classified as strictly ketogenic. … and acetyl-CoA) and glucose (succinyl-CoA).
Threonine and 2-Oxobutanoate Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000452MetabolicE1 binds the 2-oxobutanoate to the lipoate on E2, which then transfers the propionyl group to coenzyme A, producing propionyl-CoA and reducing the lipoate. … Like other 2-keto acids, degradation of 2-oxobutanoate occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and begins with oxidative decarboxylation to its acyl coenzyme A derivative, propionyl-CoA.
Apoptotic DNA Fragmentation and Tissue Homeostasis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0063772SignalingEndoG resides in mitochondria in normal cells and travels to the nucleus, where it fragments chromosomal DNA upon activation of apoptosis. … ICAD and CAD exist in the nucleus in normal cells and is a major endonuclease in apoptosis. Its activation is normally caspase dependent.
Drugs: ZincMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Creatinine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123283MetabolicIf not cleared, it can reduce cardiomyocyte contractility and weaken cardiac efficiency, leading to systolic dysfunction and heart failure. … Arginine from the diet is absorbed into systemic circulation and enters hepatocytes through an amino acid transporter, where it undergoes a series of metabolic reactions.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124865MetabolicAdenosine then reacts with water to form inosine and ammonia using the enzyme adenosine deaminase. Inosine goes on to form hypoxanthine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. … The purines are guanine and adenine. These undergo metabolism in the liver to form xanthine. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125524DiseaseIn the blood it travels to the liver and is transported into a hepatocyte by an amino acid transporter. … Kynurenine is shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors that can lead to renal impairment, apoptosis, and kynurenine has also been found to disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Enzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT