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Starch and Sucrose Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000058MetabolicTo initiate the process of glycogen chain-lengthening, glycogenin is required because glycogen synthase can only add to existing chains. … The action of enterocytes of the small intestine microvilli further break down limit dextrins and disaccharides into monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · NADH · ATP · Calcium · Magnesium cation · Uridine diphosphate glucose +4 moreSpermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000445MetabolicSpermidine and spermine are produced in many tissues, as they are involved in the regulation of genetic processes from DNA synthesis to cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. … The Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis pathway highlights the creation of these cruicial polyamines.
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000008MetabolicTyrosine is found in many high protein food products such as soy products, chicken, turkey, fish, peanuts, almonds, avocados, bananas, milk, cheese, yogurt, cottage cheese, lima beans, pumpkin seeds, and … into polypeptides (via tyrosyl tRNA synthetase and phenylalyl tRNA synthetase) and the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroxylase.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Adenosine phosphate · Tyrosine · Glutamic acid · ATP +11 moreArginine and Proline Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000020MetabolicThe arginine and proline metabolism pathway illustrates the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids including arginine, ornithine, proline, citrulline, and glutamate in mammals. … After this, the mitochondrial citrulline is released from the small intestine enterocytes and into the bloodstream where it is taken up by the kidneys for arginine production.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ademetionine · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · Adenosine phosphate +21 moreValine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000032MetabolicValine, isoleuciine, and leucine are essential amino acids and are identified as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). … As a result, three different α-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD), yielding the three different CoA derivatives.
Enzymes: Medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrialThreonine and 2-Oxobutanoate Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000452MetabolicIn this pathway the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex is depicted. … 2-oxobutanoate, also known as 2-Ketobutyric acid, is a 2-keto acid that is commonly produced in the metabolism of amino acids such as methionine and threonine.
Enzymes: Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrial, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrialApoptotic DNA Fragmentation and Tissue Homeostasis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0063772SignalingICAD and CAD exist in the nucleus in normal cells and is a major endonuclease in apoptosis. Its activation is normally caspase dependent. … EndoG resides in mitochondria in normal cells and travels to the nucleus, where it fragments chromosomal DNA upon activation of apoptosis.
Drugs: ZincMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Creatinine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123283MetabolicIf not cleared, it can reduce cardiomyocyte contractility and weaken cardiac efficiency, leading to systolic dysfunction and heart failure. … Arginine from the diet is absorbed into systemic circulation and enters hepatocytes through an amino acid transporter, where it undergoes a series of metabolic reactions.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124865MetabolicThe purines are guanine and adenine. These undergo metabolism in the liver to form xanthine. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. … Adenosine then reacts with water to form inosine and ammonia using the enzyme adenosine deaminase. Inosine goes on to form hypoxanthine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Kynurenine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0125524DiseaseKynurenine is shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors that can lead to renal impairment, apoptosis, and kynurenine has also been found to disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation … In the blood it travels to the liver and is transported into a hepatocyte by an amino acid transporter.
Enzymes: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT