Gramicidin D
Identification
- Name
- Gramicidin D
- Accession Number
- DB00027
- Description
Gramcidin D is a heterogeneous mixture of three antibiotic compounds, gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%, and 14% respectively all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramcidins are 15 residue peptides with alternating D and L amino acids, which assemble inside of the hydrophobic interior of the cellular lipid bilayer to form a β-helix. Active against most Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative organisms, Gramicidin D is used primarily as a topical antibiotic and is also found in Polysporin ophthalmic solution.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Gramicidin D (DB00027)
- Weight
- Average: 1811.253
Monoisotopic: 1810.033419343 - Chemical Formula
- C96H135N19O16
- Synonyms
- Bacillus brevis gramicidin D
- Gramicidin
- Gramicidin A
- Gramicidin B
- Gramicidin C
- Gramicidina
- Gramicidine
Pharmacology
- Indication
For treatment of skin lesions, surface wounds and eye infections.
- Associated Conditions
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Learn about our commercial Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings data.
Learn More- Pharmacodynamics
Gramicidin is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria. Because the drug is highly hemolytic, it cannot be administered internally and so is used only on the skin as a lotion or ointment. It is used primarily in the treatment of infected surface wounds, and in eye, nose, and throat infections. It is normally given with two other antibiotics (neomycin and polymixin B) as an ophthalmic solution.
- Mechanism of action
Gramicidin D binds to and inserts itself into bacterial membranes (with a strong preference to gram-positive cell membranes). This results in membrane disruption and permeabilization (it acts as a channel). This leads to (i) loss of intracellular solutes (e.g., K+ and amino acids); (ii) dissipation of the transmembrane potential; (iii) inhibition of respiration; (iv) a reduction in ATP pools; and (v) inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which leads to cell death.
- Absorption
- Not Available
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
- Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
- Not Available
- Half-life
- Not Available
- Clearance
- Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Learn about our commercial Adverse Effects data.
Learn More- Toxicity
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Unlock Additional DataAcenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Gramicidin D is combined with Acenocoumarol. Dicoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Gramicidin D is combined with Dicoumarol. Fluindione The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Gramicidin D is combined with Fluindione. Phenindione The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Gramicidin D is combined with Phenindione. Phenprocoumon The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Gramicidin D is combined with Phenprocoumon. Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR strain live antigen The therapeutic efficacy of Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR strain live antigen can be decreased when used in combination with Gramicidin D. Warfarin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Gramicidin D is combined with Warfarin. Additional Data Available- Extended DescriptionExtended Description
Extended description of the mechanism of action and particular properties of each drug interaction.
Learn more - Severity
- Evidence Level
- ActionAction
An effect category for each drug interaction. Know how this interaction affects the subject drug.
Learn more
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- International/Other Brands
- Sofradex (Sanofi)
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Antibiotic Cream Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Cellchem Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2009-12-23 Not applicable Canada 
Antibiotic Cream Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Technilab Pharma Inc. 1998-11-03 2005-08-05 Canada Antibiotic Cream Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Canadian Custom Packaging Company 2012-03-22 Not applicable Canada Antibiotic Cream for Kids Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (50 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Cellchem Pharmaceuticals Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Antibiotic Cream for Kids Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (50 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2009-07-30 Not applicable Canada Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (50 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Cellchem Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2009-12-23 Not applicable Canada Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (40 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Canadian Custom Packaging Company 2012-04-09 Not applicable Canada Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief for Kids Gramicidin D (0.25 mg) + Lidocaine hydrochloride (40 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Cream Topical Canadian Custom Packaging Company 2012-07-11 Not applicable Canada Antibiotic Drops Gramicidin D (0.025 mg) + Polymyxin B sulfate (10000 unit) Solution Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic Sandoz Canada Incorporated 2017-06-01 Not applicable Canada Antibiotic Ear Drops Gramicidin D (0.025 mg) + Polymyxin B (10000 unit) Solution / drops Auricular (otic) Sandoz Canada Incorporated 2017-09-01 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- R02AB30 — Gramicidin
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polypeptides. These are peptides containing ten or more amino acid residues.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic Polymers
- Class
- Polypeptides
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Polypeptides
- Alternative Parents
- Peptides / Leucine and derivatives / Valine and derivatives / N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives / Tryptamines and derivatives / N-formyl-alpha amino acids / Alpha amino acid amides / Alanine and derivatives / 3-alkylindoles / N-acylethanolamines show 10 more
- Substituents
- 3-alkylindole / Alanine or derivatives / Alcohol / Alkanolamine / Alpha peptide / Alpha-amino acid amide / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid show 29 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 5IE62321P4
- CAS number
- 1405-97-6
- InChI Key
- NDAYQJDHGXTBJL-MWWSRJDJSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C96H135N19O16/c1-50(2)36-71(105-79(118)48-102-93(128)80(54(9)10)103-49-117)86(121)104-58(17)84(119)113-82(56(13)14)95(130)115-83(57(15)16)96(131)114-81(55(11)12)94(129)112-78(43-62-47-101-70-33-25-21-29-66(62)70)92(127)108-74(39-53(7)8)89(124)111-77(42-61-46-100-69-32-24-20-28-65(61)69)91(126)107-73(38-52(5)6)88(123)110-76(41-60-45-99-68-31-23-19-27-64(60)68)90(125)106-72(37-51(3)4)87(122)109-75(85(120)97-34-35-116)40-59-44-98-67-30-22-18-26-63(59)67/h18-33,44-47,49-58,71-78,80-83,98-101,116H,34-43,48H2,1-17H3,(H,97,120)(H,102,128)(H,103,117)(H,104,121)(H,105,118)(H,106,125)(H,107,126)(H,108,127)(H,109,122)(H,110,123)(H,111,124)(H,112,129)(H,113,119)(H,114,131)(H,115,130)/t58-,71+,72+,73+,74+,75-,76-,77-,78-,80-,81+,82+,83-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2R)-N-[(1S)-1-{[(1R)-1-{[(1S)-1-{[(1R)-1-{[(1S)-1-{[(1R)-1-{[(1S)-1-{[(1R)-1-{[(1S)-1-{[(1R)-1-{[(1S)-1-[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl]-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}-3-methylbutyl]carbamoyl}-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}-3-methylbutyl]carbamoyl}-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}-3-methylbutyl]carbamoyl}-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}-2-methylpropyl]carbamoyl}-2-methylpropyl]carbamoyl}-2-methylpropyl]carbamoyl}ethyl]-2-{2-[(2S)-2-formamido-3-methylbutanamido]acetamido}-4-methylpentanamide
- SMILES
- CC(C)C[[email protected]@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[[email protected]@H](NC=O)C(C)C)C(=O)N[[email protected]@H](C)C(=O)N[[email protected]](C(C)C)C(=O)N[[email protected]@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[[email protected]](C(C)C)C(=O)N[[email protected]@H](CC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)C(=O)N[[email protected]](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[[email protected]@H](CC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)C(=O)N[[email protected]](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[[email protected]@H](CC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)C(=O)N[[email protected]](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[[email protected]@H](CC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)C(=O)NCCO
References
- Synthesis Reference
U.S.Patent 2,534,541.
- General References
- Ketchem RR, Lee KC, Huo S, Cross TA: Macromolecular structural elucidation with solid-state NMR-derived orientational constraints. J Biomol NMR. 1996 Jul;8(1):1-14. [PubMed:8810522]
- Townsley LE, Tucker WA, Sham S, Hinton JF: Structures of gramicidins A, B, and C incorporated into sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Biochemistry. 2001 Oct 2;40(39):11676-86. [PubMed:11570868]
- Burkhart BM, Gassman RM, Langs DA, Pangborn WA, Duax WL, Pletnev V: Gramicidin D conformation, dynamics and membrane ion transport. Biopolymers. 1999;51(2):129-44. [PubMed:10397797]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D04369
- PubChem Compound
- 45267103
- PubChem Substance
- 46507412
- ChemSpider
- 24623445
- 5011
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL557217
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001327
- PharmGKB
- PA449808
- Wikipedia
- Gramicidin
- MSDS
- Download (71.9 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 3 Unknown Status Treatment Hordeolum 1 1 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Wound Infections 1 Not Available Withdrawn Prevention Blood Stream Infections / Skin Diseases, Infectious 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Johnson & Johnson Healthcare
- Monarch Pharmacy
- Professional Co.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution / drops Auricular (otic) Cream 250 mcg/1g Solution / drops Ophthalmic Solution Ophthalmic Solution Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic Liquid Ophthalmic Solution / drops Ophthalmic 25 iu/1mL Liquid Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic Solution / drops Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic Ointment Topical Solution / drops Topical Ointment Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic Solution / drops Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic 50 mg/100mL Spray Nasal Cream Topical Cream 250 mg/100g Solution / drops Ophthalmic 25 mcg/1mL - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Gramicidin d powder 240.0USD g Neosporin gu irr 40 mg/ml amp 23.12USD ml Neosporin + pain relief cream 0.32USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 229 °C Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0039 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.38 ALOGPS logP 5.96 ChemAxon logS -5.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 11.56 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 16 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 20 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 519.89 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 50 ChemAxon Refractivity 492.33 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 194.73 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 8 ChemAxon Bioavailability 0 ChemAxon Rule of Five No ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule Yes ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Nagy H, Goda K, Fenyvesi F, Bacso Z, Szilasi M, Kappelmayer J, Lustyik G, Cianfriglia M, Szabo G Jr: Distinct groups of multidrug resistance modulating agents are distinguished by competition of P-glycoprotein-specific antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):942-9. [PubMed:14985103]
- Borgnia MJ, Eytan GD, Assaraf YG: Competition of hydrophobic peptides, cytotoxic drugs, and chemosensitizers on a common P-glycoprotein pharmacophore as revealed by its ATPase activity. J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 9;271(6):3163-71. [PubMed:8621716]
- Kondratov RV, Komarov PG, Becker Y, Ewenson A, Gudkov AV: Small molecules that dramatically alter multidrug resistance phenotype by modulating the substrate specificity of P-glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):14078-83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.241314798. Epub 2001 Nov 13. [PubMed:11707575]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on September 03, 2020 18:59
Are you a
new drug developer?
Contact us to learn more about our customized products and solutions.
![]({"CS-Molecular-Health-1.jpg":"/assets/ads/CS-Molecular-Health-1-19e76f023997d5ac198da2cb9976457f7b9ba733f0ea8a780fe21191c759e8fa.jpg","Drug-Dev-2.jpg":"/assets/ads/Drug-Dev-2-7c3039d93245f493c23278efbf759e4f933848a676262d579087d5cc516af179.jpg","Drug-Search-3.jpg":"/assets/ads/Drug-Search-3-7346c33d2133f62b46cbfbbe2b666e78f955c6847e242692c6081fec37c4d10d.jpg","PM-3.jpg":"/assets/ads/PM-3-13494ac4c996d71619127a11f685681418d4280832dec162c0b2c9c8bc2eda50.jpg","OD-Webinar-1.jpg":"/assets/ads/OD-Webinar-1-f9357f6d57fef5e411aa1c0439ef46c86d9151214434659d096eeed6407b799b.jpg","DDI-3.jpg":"/assets/ads/DDI-3-12808cf864d540ad43757b10b08fc52ae93e793b0c6e81345555187b2840ad09.jpg","EMR-2.jpg":"/assets/ads/EMR-2-adacf8de3f42cb06d6676d06fce611c29781db6ad30776cd18b72a7d8e69f0c8.jpg","Covid.jpg":"/assets/ads/Covid-eed8f17668b0308db62ce3c656f5e2f562376e9185ae08dda5ce6ed9ab0bbd1f.jpg","CS-Molecular-Health-2.jpg":"/assets/ads/CS-Molecular-Health-2-22f41f94b3f87e44a1dcaa8f6c03dc411ab69558efd4f3148ff9bb6adaa956dc.jpg","PM-5.jpg":"/assets/ads/PM-5-d0dc031e0fa0d0097d912eff07b7e80b27b867264dd5b055e379a57bfa2a8723.jpg","DDI-4.jpg":"/assets/ads/DDI-4-313b9c374b937fd78bb2ade652b9b030abb9e6cb90efd35833f793e384e8185b.jpg","Discover-1.jpg":"/assets/ads/Discover-1-b48ae6a3872eeb442f4c22a9a1d867428c83a917ec78a8c3ff4e02f84c5d4fef.jpg","Discover-2.jpg":"/assets/ads/Discover-2-6e7759998ee0fdc234cd84eea962f2480f0c7dafadabd785924918420decb102.jpg","Repurpose-1.jpg":"/assets/ads/Repurpose-1-265fbec40f0eac18d51d3ec4f558c10cb623d834ea75e0296259e458b72ee6d4.jpg","Repurpose-2.jpg":"/assets/ads/Repurpose-2-d12bd1d18b92d36eab60e71e6fd59acf04ef60a53783570e11eef397a0e0f4f5.jpg","PM-6.jpg":"/assets/ads/PM-6-3ae66e41f7ae1e851a0910be89141cf2533509b46df6379464efc885d5ee2f07.jpg","Drug-Search-4.jpg":"/assets/ads/Drug-Search-4-2a9102bd41f16e8c40c9d8044d1dcb6f206ff80107cc269aa83d02ea683bc829.jpg","DDI-5.jpg":"/assets/ads/DDI-5-fa1c287946f4044094c723161577cb5ac631f9cd1217446e510dc79ace6cb94e.jpg","TH-1.jpg":"/assets/ads/TH-1-55a9077bb39e8c38a68c67b555b8091d21a9d41b1c21c7daed3fe53e6f9f3c97.jpg","TH-2.jpg":"/assets/ads/TH-2-1d488747fa4af00ab970a48dba0b228b054d166aa22c1760a310e2b72dd22589.jpg"})
Stay in the know!
As part of our commitment to providing the most up-to-date drug information, we will be releasing #DrugBankUpdates with our newly added curated drug pages.
#DrugBankUpdates