Somatotropin

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Identification

Summary

Somatotropin is a recombinant human growth hormone used as replacement therapy in various conditions of growth failure, growth hormone deficiency, and weakness in children and adults.

Brand Names

Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Norditropin Nordiflex, Nutropin, Nutropinaq, Omnitrope, Saizen, Serostim, Zomacton, Zorbtive

Generic Name

Somatotropin

DrugBank Accession Number

DB00052

Background

Human growth hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone that is synthesized and secreted by the somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland.¹ Growth hormone plays an essential role in growth regulation during childhood as well as other basal metabolic functions, muscle and fat mass regulation, blood glucose level regulation, and lipid regulation in both children and adults.^1,10 Synthesized in a strain of Escherichia coli, recombinant HGH is a polypeptide hormone that contains 191 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 22 kDa. It has an identical primary protein structure to endogenous human growth hormone.² Recombinant HGH has been commercially available since 1985 after its development by Genentech. Somatrem was the first available recombinant HGH and was largely replaced by somatropin, another form of recombinant HGH.¹

Growth hormone therapy is approved for various disorders of growth hormone deficiency, growth failure, or short stature including Turner syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency before transplantation, Prader-Willi syndrome, a history of fetal growth restriction, short stature homeobox (SHOX) haploinsufficiency, Noonan syndrome, idiopathic short stature, and adult- or childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency.² Recombinant growth hormone is available as a subcutaneous injection for children and adults under a wide variety of brand names.

Type

Biotech

Groups

Approved, Investigational

Biologic Classification

Protein Based Therapies
Hormones

Protein Structure

Protein Chemical Formula: C₉₉₀H₁₅₃₂N₂₆₂O₃₀₀S₇
Protein Average Weight: 22129.0 Da

Sequences

>DB00052 sequence
FPTIPLSRLFDNAMLRAHRLHQLAFDTYQEFEEAYIPKEQKYSFLQNPQTSLCFSESIPT
PSNREETQQKSNLELLRISLLLIQSWLEPVQFLRSVFANSLVYGASDSNVYDLLKDLEEG
IQTLMGRLEDGSPRTGQIFKQTYSKFDTNSHNDDALLKNYGLLYCFRKDMDKVETFLRIV
QCRSVEGSCGF

References:

Therapeutic Targets Database: TTD Biologic drug sequences in fasta format [Link]

Download FASTA Format

Synonyms

Growth hormone
Growth hormone (human)
hGH
Human growth hormone
Recombinant human growth hormone
rhGH
Somatotropin (human)
Somatotropin human
Somatotropin human growth hormone
Somatropin
Somatropin (rDNA origin)
Somatropin (recombinant DNA origin)
Somatropin [rDNA origin]
Somatropin recombinant
Somatropin(recombinant DNA origin)
Somatropina

External IDs

CB-311
DA-3002
LY-137998
LY137998

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Pharmacology

Indication

Somatotropin is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients who have growth failure due to an inadequate secretion of endogenous growth hormone, short stature associated with Turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), idiopathic short stature (ISS), short stature or growth failure in short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) deficiency, and short stature born small for gestational age (SGA).^11,12 It is indicated for the treatment of growth failure in children associated with chronic kidney disease up to the time of renal transplantation.¹³

It is also indicated for adults with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency, either alone or associated with multiple hormone deficiencies (hypopituitarism), as a result of pituitary disease, hypothalamic disease, surgery, radiation therapy, or trauma. It is also used to treat childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency in adults due to congenital, genetic, acquired, or idiopathic causes.¹²

Somatotropin is indicated for the treatment of wasting or cachexia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy to increase lean body mass and body weight and improve physical endurance.⁹

Somatotropin is indicated for the treatment of short bowel syndrome in adult patients receiving specialized nutritional support.⁸

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Management of	Adult onset growth hormone deficiency	••••••••••••	•••••	•••••••	•••••••••
Management of	Adult onset growth hormone deficiency	••••••••••••	•••••	••••••••• •••••••	•••••••••
Management of	Adult onset growth hormone deficiency	••••••••••••	•••••	••••••• •••••••	•••••••••
Management of	Adult onset growth hormone deficiency	••••••••••••	•••••	•••••••••••• ••• ••••••••• ••••••••• •••	•••••••••
Management of	Adult onset growth hormone deficiency	••••••••••••	•••••	••••••••• ••••••••	•••••••••

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Somatotropin induces growth in nearly every tissue and organ in the body.¹⁰ It stimulates linear growth and cartilaginous growth of long bones. In children with short stature, growth hormone increases both the number and size of muscle cells. It also promotes the growth of internal organs, and it also increases red cell mass. By promoting nitrogen retention, growth hormone increases cellular protein synthesis. Growth hormone also retains potassium and phosphorus in the serum, which may be the result of cell growth. Growth hormone stimulates the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate and collagen and increases the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline. It has negligible effects on serum calcium levels. Although increased calcium excretion in the urine is observed, calcium absorption from the intestine is simultaneously enhanced.⁷ In end-stage renal disease, growth hormone was shown to improve several nutritional parameters, such as increases in serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), serum albumin, and transferrin, as well as a reduction in blood urea nitrogen.⁵

The metabolic effects of growth hormone are caused by the upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1. Generally, growth hormone leads cells to enter an anabolic protein state with increased amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and decreased catabolism of proteins.¹⁰ The diabetogenic effect of larger doses of growth hormone is well documented in the literature: somatotropin antagonizes insulin action in vivo, causing insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. It increases glucose production through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis from the liver and kidney ⁴ and suppresses glucose uptake in the adipose tissue.³ In mice, growth hormone increased mRNA expression of 2 major gluconeogenic genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy-kinase and glucose-6-phosphatase.⁴ The risk for impaired glucose tolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity may be increased in susceptible patients, especially in those with risk factors for diabetes mellitus, such as obesity, Turner syndrome, or a family history of diabetes mellitus. The development of new-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was observed in patients receiving somatotropin treatment.⁷

Growth hormone stimulates lipolysis via activation of the hormone-sensitive lipase in the adipose tissue, thereby increasing circulating levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the plasma. It also leads to a reduction of fat stores and decreased serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.⁷ In contrast to the effects seen in the adipose tissue, growth hormone promotes cellular uptake of free fatty acids in skeletal muscle by increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase. Growth hormone may cause hyperinsulinism following beta-cell compensation for insulin resistance; however, there is some evidence that growth hormone directly promotes beta-cell proliferation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.⁴

Mechanism of action

In conditions of growth failure, growth hormone deficiency, low body mass, and malnutrition, somatotropin treatment acts to mimic and restore the actions of endogenous growth hormone of stimulating linear bone growth, increasing bone mass, increasing muscle and reduced fat mass, and regulating blood glucose and lipid levels.¹ Somatotropin mediates its effects both directly by somatotropin and indirectly by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is upregulated by growth hormone. It binds to the human growth hormone receptor (GHR), which is a dimeric receptor expressed in target cells in the liver and cartilage.⁷ Upon binding of growth hormone, GHR dimerizes and interacts with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), subsequently leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and the GH receptor. The signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is initiated, where transcription factors such as STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 are translocated into the nucleus to stimulate target gene transcription.¹⁰

At the epiphysis or growth plate, growth hormone increases linear growth by promoting differentiation of prechondrocytes and expansion of osteoblasts. Growth hormone binding to its receptor in the liver and cartilage promotes the production of IGF-1, which acts on type 1 IGF receptors to also stimulate linear growth. In the liver, activated growth hormone receptor signalling leads to increased production of IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and acid-labile subunit (ALS), which are proteins that bind to IGF-1 in a ternary complex to increase its half-life.¹

Target	Actions	Organism
AGrowth hormone receptor	ligand	Humans
AProlactin receptor	ligand	Humans

Absorption

When somatotropin was administered subcutaneously at the dose of 0.024 mg/kg or 3 IU/m², the C_max ranged from 13.8 (±5.8) to 17.1 (±10.0) ng/mL and the T_max was four to five hours. Following intravenous infusion of 33 ng/kg/min of somatotropin in patients with growth hormone deficiency, the mean steady-state serum levels of approximately 23.1 (±15.0) ng/mL were reached at 150 minutes.⁷

Volume of distribution

Information is unavailable.

Protein binding

While there is no information regarding the protein binding profile of recombinant human growth hormones, endogenous growth hormone is typically complexed with growth hormone-binding protein, which is a soluble form of growth hormone receptor, when it is incubated with plasma in vitro.⁶

Metabolism

Information is unavailable.

Route of elimination

Information is unavailable.

Half-life

When somatotropin was administered subcutaneously at the dose of 0.024 mg/kg or 3 IU/m², the mean apparent terminal half-life was Following intravenous infusion of 33 ng/kg/min of somatotropin in patients with growth hormone deficiency, the terminal elimination half-life was approximately 21.1 (±5.1) minutes.⁷

Clearance

Following intravenous infusion of 33 ng/kg/min of somatotropin in patients with growth hormone deficiency, the mean clearance rate was approximately 2.3 (±1.8) mL/min/kg or 139 (±105) mL/min.⁷

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

The oral LD₅₀ is 242 mg/kg in rats and 828 mg/kg in mice. The inhalatory LD₅₀ is 710 mg/m³ and dermal LD₅₀ is 1100 mg/kg in rats. The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ in mice is 828 mg/kg.¹⁴

Hypoglycemia followed by hyperglycemia, possibly with fluid retention, can be observed in somatropin overdose. Long-term or excessive use of growth hormone can lead to the signs and symptoms of gigantism and acromegaly.⁷

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Acarbose	Somatotropin may decrease the hypoglycemic activities of Acarbose.
Acenocoumarol	The metabolism of Acenocoumarol can be increased when combined with Somatotropin.
Acetaminophen	The metabolism of Acetaminophen can be increased when combined with Somatotropin.
Acetohexamide	Somatotropin may decrease the hypoglycemic activities of Acetohexamide.
Acipimox	The risk or severity of myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria can be increased when Somatotropin is combined with Acipimox.

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands

BioTropin (Biotech General)

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Genotropin	Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; Kit	0.6 mg/0.25mL	Subcutaneous	Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc	1995-12-20	Not applicable
Genotropin	Powder, for solution	5 mg / pen	Subcutaneous	Pfizer Canada Ulc	Not applicable	Not applicable
Genotropin	Kit	0.6 mg/0.25mL	Subcutaneous	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2008-07-15	2012-06-30
Genotropin	Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; Kit	12 mg/1mL	Subcutaneous	Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc	1995-12-20	Not applicable
Genotropin	Powder, for solution	1.6 mg / syr	Subcutaneous	Pfizer Canada Ulc	2013-09-18	Not applicable

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Bio-tropin	Somatotropin (4.8 mg / kit) + Sodium chloride (10 mL / kit)	Liquid; Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	Novopharm Limited	Not applicable	Not applicable
Bio-tropin	Somatotropin (1.8 mg / kit) + Sodium chloride (10 mL / kit)	Liquid; Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	Novopharm Limited	Not applicable	Not applicable
Humatrope	Somatotropin (24 mg)	Liquid; Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd.	2003-12-08	Not applicable
Humatrope	Somatotropin (12 mg)	Liquid; Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd.	2001-08-28	Not applicable
Humatrope	Somatotropin (6 mg)	Liquid; Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd.	2001-09-25	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: NQX9KB6PCL
CAS number: 12629-01-5

References

Synthesis Reference

Mandayam J. Narasimhan, John A. Anderson, "Process for the large scale production of human growth hormone by serial secondary suspension culture." U.S. Patent US4124448, issued January, 1963.

US4124448

General References

Reh CS, Geffner ME: Somatotropin in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome in pediatric patients: a review. Clin Pharmacol. 2010;2:111-22. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S6525. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [Article]
Mehta S, Oza V, Potashner R, Zamora P, Raisingani M, Shah B: Allergic and non-allergic skin reactions associated with growth hormone therapy: elucidation of causative agents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jan 26;31(1):5-11. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0309. [Article]
Glenn KC, Rose KS, Krivi GG: Somatotropin antagonism of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Biochem. 1988 Aug;37(4):371-83. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240370405. [Article]
Kim SH, Park MJ: Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in human. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Sep;22(3):145-152. doi: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.3.145. Epub 2017 Sep 28. [Article]
Langbakke IH, Nielsen JN, Skettrup MP, Harper A, Klitgaard T, Weil A, Engelhardt E, Lange M: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone in patients on chronic haemodialysis compared with matched healthy subjects: an open, nonrandomized, parallel-group trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Nov;67(5):776-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02962.x. Epub 2007 Jul 18. [Article]
Baumann G, Vance ML, Shaw MA, Thorner MO: Plasma transport of human growth hormone in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Aug;71(2):470-3. doi: 10.1210/jcem-71-2-470. [Article]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Norditropin (somatropin) injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: ZORBTIVE (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: SEROSTIM (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
StatPearls: Physiology, Growth Hormone [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: ZOMACTON (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: GENOTROPIN (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Nutropin (somatropin) injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
Pfizer: Genotropin (Somatropin) Safety Data Sheet [Link]

External Links

UniProt: P58756
Genbank: AF374232
PubChem Substance: 46506010
RxNav: 314845
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1201621
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP001054
PharmGKB: PA451446
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia: Growth_hormone

FDA label

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Clinical Trials

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Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count	Start Date	Why Stopped	100+ additional columns
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Not Available	Active Not Recruiting	Not Available	Acromegaly	1	somestatus	stop reason	just information to hide
Not Available	Active Not Recruiting	Not Available	Human Growth Hormone Deficiency / Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS)	1	somestatus	stop reason	just information to hide
Not Available	Active Not Recruiting	Basic Science	Fibrosis	1	somestatus	stop reason	just information to hide
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Achondroplasia / Hereditary disorder	2	somestatus	stop reason	just information to hide
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Adrenal; Functional Disturbance / Growth Hormone Treatment	1	somestatus	stop reason	just information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Genentech inc
Serono laboratories inc
Cangene corp
Ferring pharmaceuticals inc
Pharmacia and upjohn co
Eli lilly and co
Novo nordisk inc
Sandoz inc
Emd serono inc
Lg life sciences ltd

Packagers

Bio Technology General Ltd.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
BTG Pharmaceuticals Corp.
Ebewe Pharma
Eli Lilly & Co.
EMD Canada Inc.
F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
First KJM Corporation
Gate Pharmaceuticals
Genentech Inc.
Hospira Inc.
Merck KGaA
Merck Serono SPA
Novartis AG
Novo Nordisk Inc.
Pfizer Inc.
Pharmacia Inc.
Physicians Total Care Inc.
Sandoz
Serono SA
Vetter Pharma Fertigung GmbH and Co. KG
Wasserburger Arzneimittelwerk GmbH

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Powder
Liquid; powder, for solution	Subcutaneous
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	0.2 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	0.4 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	0.6 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	0.8 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1.2 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1.4 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1.6 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1.8 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	2 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	12 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	3 IU
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	4 IU
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	0.2 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	0.4 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	0.6 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	0.8 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	1 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	1.2 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	1.4 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	1.6 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	1.8 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	12 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	2 mg/0.25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	5 mg/1mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	0.2 mg/0.25mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	0.4 mg/0.25mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	0.6 mg/0.25mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	0.8 mg/0.25mL
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	0.2 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	0.4 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	0.6 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	0.8 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	1 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	1.2 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	1.4 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	1.6 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	1.8 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	12 mg / pen
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	2 mg / syr
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg / pen
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	5.3 mg / pen
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Subcutaneous	12 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral
Injection	Subcutaneous	16 iu
Injection	Subcutaneous	36 iu
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	5.3 mg
Solution	Parenteral	13.8 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	5.3 mg/ml
Injection, powder, for solution		5.3 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	5.3 mg
Solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	8 IU
Solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	16 IU
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	24 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	6 MG
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	5.33 mg
Kit	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	12 mg/2.88mL
Kit	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	24 mg/2.88mL
Kit	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	5 mg/5mL
Kit	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	6 mg/2.88mL
Liquid; powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	12 mg
Injection	Subcutaneous	18 iu
Injection	Subcutaneous	72 iu
Solution		1.33 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Subcutaneous	1.33 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Subcutaneous	4 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Subcutaneous	8 mg
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	10 mg/1.5mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	15 mg/1.5mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	30 mg/3mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg/1.5mL
Injection	Subcutaneous	4 IU
Injection, solution	Parenteral
Injection, solution	Parenteral	10 mg/1.5ml
Injection, solution	Parenteral	15 mg/1.5ml
Injection, solution	Parenteral	5 mg/1.5ml
Solution	Subcutaneous	10 mg / 1.5 mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	6.7 mg
Solution	Subcutaneous	10 mg
Solution	Subcutaneous	3.3 mg
Solution	Subcutaneous	330000 mg
Injection	Subcutaneous	10 mg/1.5ml
Injection	Subcutaneous	5 mg/1.5ml
Solution	Subcutaneous	15 mg / 1.5 mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg / 1.5 mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	10 mg/10mg
Kit	Subcutaneous	5 mg/5mg
Kit; powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	10 mg/2mL
Liquid	Subcutaneous	5 mg / mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	10 mg / 2 mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	20 mg / 2 mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg/2mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg / 2 mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	20 mg/2mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	13.5 mg/1mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	18 mg/1mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	22.5 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	10 mg
Injection	Subcutaneous	15 mg/1.5ml
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	1.3 MG/ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	5 MG/ML
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	5.8 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Parenteral; Subcutaneous	10 MG/1.5ML
Injection, solution	Parenteral; Subcutaneous	15 MG/1.5ML
Injection, solution	Parenteral; Subcutaneous	5 MG/1.5ML
Kit	Subcutaneous	1.5 mg/1.13mL
Kit; powder, for solution	Subcutaneous
Solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	15 mg
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	5 mg
Injection	Subcutaneous	5.83 mg/ml
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	0.67 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	8 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	1.33 MG
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	3.33 MG
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	8 MG
Injection, solution		5.83 MG/ML
Kit	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	5 mg/3mL
Kit	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	8.8 mg/3mL
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	5 mg / vial
Solution	Subcutaneous	1.330 mg
Solution	Subcutaneous	5.83 mg / mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	8 mg / mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	8 mg
Solution	Subcutaneous	20 mg
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	12 mg/1.5ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	20 mg/2.5ml
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	3.33 mg
Injection	Subcutaneous
Injection, solution
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	6 mg/1.03ml
Injection, solution		8 mg/ml
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	8.8 mg / vial
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	8 mg
Kit	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	8.8 mg/1.51mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	3.33 mg
Injection, solution		8 mg/1ml
Injection, solution		5.83 mg/1ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	6.0 mg/ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	12 mg/ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	20 mg/ml
Solution	Subcutaneous	6 mg
Kit	Subcutaneous	4 mg/1mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	5 mg/1mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	6 mg/1mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	8.8 mg/2mL
Powder, for solution	Subcutaneous
Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	Subcutaneous	10 MG
Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	Subcutaneous	2 MG
Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	Subcutaneous	20 MG
Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	Subcutaneous	4 MG
Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	Subcutaneous	7 MG
Kit	Subcutaneous	10 mg/1
Kit	Subcutaneous	10 mg/10mL
Kit	Subcutaneous	5 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	15 mg/1.5ml
Solution	Subcutaneous	18.000 UI
Injection, powder, for solution		10 MG/ML
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Subcutaneous	1.3 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Subcutaneous	4 IU
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit	Subcutaneous	5 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution		4 mg/1vial
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Subcutaneous
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	10.0 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Subcutaneous	4 mg
Kit	Subcutaneous	8.8 mg/1mL
Solution		10 mg/1.5ml
Solution		5 mg/1.5ml
Powder		1.6 mg/1vial
Injection, powder, for solution		10 mg/1ml

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Humatrope 24 mg cartridge	1822.9USD	cartridge
Norditropin flexpro 15 mg/1.5	1179.54USD	ml
Norditropin 15 mg/1.5ml Solution 1.5ml Cartridge	1168.32USD	cartridge
Norditropin NordiFlex Pen 15 mg/1.5ml Solution 1 Syringe = 1.5ml	1168.32USD	pen
Norditropin 15 mg/1.5 ml cartridge	1123.38USD	ml
Norditropin nordiflx 15 mg/1.5	1123.38USD	ml
Genotropin 12 mg Solution	928.36USD	each
Humatrope 12 mg cartridge	911.45USD	cartridge
Nutropin 10 mg vial	784.7USD	vial
Nutropin aq 20 mg/2ml pen cart	759.55USD	ml
Nutropin aq nuspin 20 pen cart	759.55USD	ml
Norditropin NordiFlex Pen 10 mg/1.5ml Solution 1 Syringe = 1.5ml	753.86USD	pen
Norditropin nordiflex 30 mg/3	748.92USD	ml
Saizen 8.8 mg Solution Vial	626.1USD	vial
Saizen Click.Easy 8.8 mg Solution Vial	626.1USD	vial
Saizen 8.8 mg vial	602.02USD	vial
Protropin 10 mg Solution Vial	549.9USD	vial
Humatrope 6 mg cartridge	455.72USD	cartridge
Genotropin MiniQuick 0.8 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	433.56USD	box
Serostim 8.8 mg vial	418.66USD	vial
Nutropin 5 mg vial	392.35USD	vial
Saizen 5 mg Solution Vial	391.31USD	vial
Genotropin 5.8 mg Cartridge	391.21USD	cartridge
Norditropin 5 mg/1.5ml Solution 1.5ml Cartridge	389.44USD	cartridge
Norditropin NordiFlex Pen 5 mg/1.5ml Solution 1 Syringe = 1.5ml	389.44USD	pen
Saizen 5 mg vial	376.26USD	vial
Serostim 6 mg vial	332.86USD	vial
Genotropin MiniQuick 0.6 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	326.67USD	box
Omnitrope 5.8 mg Solution Vial	283.38USD	vial
Serostim 5 mg vial	277.38USD	vial
Protropin 5 mg Solution Vial	274.95USD	vial
Tev-Tropin 5 mg Solution Vial	259.45USD	vial
Tev-tropin 5 mg vial	239.51USD	vial
Genotropin MiniQuick 0.4 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	228.45USD	box
Serostim 4 mg vial	221.9USD	vial
Genotropin MiniQuick 2 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	154.72USD	cartridge
Genotropin miniquick 2 mg	150.46USD	each
Genotropin miniquick 1.8 mg	135.41USD	each
Genotropin MiniQuick 1.6 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	123.78USD	cartridge
Genotropin miniquick 1.6 mg	120.37USD	each
Genotropin MiniQuick 0.2 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	110.52USD	box
Genotropin MiniQuick 1.4 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	108.78USD	cartridge
Genotropin miniquick 1.4 mg	105.32USD	each
Genotropin MiniQuick 1.2 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	92.83USD	cartridge
Genotropin miniquick 1.2 mg	90.28USD	each
Genotropin MiniQuick 1 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box)	77.36USD	cartridge
Genotropin miniquick 1 mg	75.23USD	each
Genotropin miniquick 0.8 mg	60.19USD	each
Genotropin miniquick 0.6 mg	45.14USD	each
Genotropin miniquick 0.4 mg	30.09USD	each
Genotropin miniquick 0.2 mg	15.05USD	each

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
US5288703	No	1994-02-22	2011-10-07
CA2252535	No	2009-06-23	2017-04-24
CA1326439	No	1994-01-25	2011-01-25
US6152897	No	2000-11-28	2018-11-20
US5898030	No	1999-04-27	2016-04-27
US8672898	Yes	2014-03-18	2022-07-02
US8684969	Yes	2014-04-01	2026-04-20
US9132239	Yes	2015-09-15	2032-08-01
US8920383	Yes	2014-12-30	2027-01-17
US7686786	No	2010-03-30	2026-08-03
US6899699	Yes	2005-05-31	2022-07-01
US9108002	Yes	2015-08-18	2026-07-26
USRE41956	Yes	2010-11-23	2021-07-21
US6004297	Yes	1999-12-21	2019-07-28
USRE43834	No	2012-11-27	2019-01-28
US5849700	No	1998-12-15	2015-12-15
US5849704	No	1998-12-15	2015-12-15
US8841252	No	2014-09-23	2017-12-26
US6235004	No	2001-05-22	2019-01-28
US9486588	Yes	2016-11-08	2022-07-02
US9457154	Yes	2016-10-04	2028-03-27
USRE46363	Yes	2017-04-11	2027-02-03
US9687611	Yes	2017-06-27	2027-08-27
US9775953	Yes	2017-10-03	2027-01-17
US8579869	Yes	2013-11-12	2023-12-30
US7762994	Yes	2010-07-27	2024-11-23
US9861757	Yes	2018-01-09	2026-07-20
US9616180	Yes	2017-04-11	2026-07-20
US10220155	Yes	2019-03-05	2027-01-17
US10357616	No	2019-07-23	2026-01-20
US10376652	No	2019-08-13	2026-01-20

Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	76 °C at pH 3.5	Gomez-Orellana, I. et al., Protein Sci. 7:1352-1358 (1998)
hydrophobicity	-0.411	Not Available
isoelectric point	5.27	Not Available

Targets

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Details1. Growth hormone receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Ligand

General Function: Receptor for pituitary gland growth hormone (GH1) involved in regulating postnatal body growth (PubMed:1549776, PubMed:2825030, PubMed:8943276). On ligand binding, couples to the JAK2/STAT5 pathway (PubMed:1549776, PubMed:15690087, PubMed:2825030, PubMed:8943276)
Specific Function: cytokine binding
Gene Name: GHR
Uniprot ID: P10912
Uniprot Name: Growth hormone receptor
Molecular Weight: 71498.885 Da

References

Walenkamp MJ, Wit JM: Genetic disorders in the growth hormone - insulin-like growth factor-I axis. Horm Res. 2006;66(5):221-30. [Article]
Wu XY, Xu Z, Chen C, Liu FK, Li JS: [Correlation of growth hormone receptor expression to preoperative radiosensitivity of rectal cancer patients]. Ai Zheng. 2006 Sep;25(9):1162-7. [Article]
Adriani M, Garbi C, Amodio G, Russo I, Giovannini M, Amorosi S, Matrecano E, Cosentini E, Candotti F, Pignata C: Functional interaction of common gamma-chain and growth hormone receptor signaling apparatus. J Immunol. 2006 Nov 15;177(10):6889-95. [Article]
Choi JH, Kim HS, Kim SH, Yang YR, Bae YS, Chang JS, Kwon HM, Ryu SH, Suh PG: Phospholipase Cgamma1 negatively regulates growth hormone signalling by forming a ternary complex with Jak2 and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;8(12):1389-97. Epub 2006 Nov 26. [Article]
Bernstein RM, Leigh SR, Donovan SM, Monaco MH: Hormones and body size evolution in papionin primates. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007 Feb;132(2):247-60. [Article]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Reh CS, Geffner ME: Somatotropin in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome in pediatric patients: a review. Clin Pharmacol. 2010;2:111-22. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S6525. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [Article]

Details2. Prolactin receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Ligand

General Function: This is a receptor for the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL). Acts as a prosurvival factor for spermatozoa by inhibiting sperm capacitation through suppression of SRC kinase activation and stimulation of AKT. Isoform 4 is unable to transduce prolactin signaling. Isoform 6 is unable to transduce prolactin signaling
Specific Function: cytokine binding
Gene Name: PRLR
Uniprot ID: P16471
Uniprot Name: Prolactin receptor
Molecular Weight: 69505.045 Da

References

Keeler C, Jablonski EM, Albert YB, Taylor BD, Myszka DG, Clevenger CV, Hodsdon ME: The kinetics of binding human prolactin, but not growth hormone, to the prolactin receptor vary over a physiologic pH range. Biochemistry. 2007 Mar 6;46(9):2398-410. Epub 2007 Feb 6. [Article]
Ahmed TA, Buzzelli MD, Lang CH, Capen JB, Shumate ML, Navaratnarajah M, Nagarajan M, Cooney RN: Interleukin-6 inhibits growth hormone-mediated gene expression in hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007 Jun;292(6):G1793-803. Epub 2007 Mar 29. [Article]
Moderscheim TA, Gorba T, Pathipati P, Kokay IC, Grattan DR, Williams CE, Scheepens A: Prolactin is involved in glial responses following a focal injury to the juvenile rat brain. Neuroscience. 2007 Mar 30;145(3):963-73. Epub 2007 Feb 20. [Article]
Cunningham BC, Bass S, Fuh G, Wells JA: Zinc mediation of the binding of human growth hormone to the human prolactin receptor. Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1709-12. [Article]

Enzymes

Details1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inducer

General Function: A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
Specific Function: aromatase activity
Gene Name: CYP1A2
Uniprot ID: P05177
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight: 58406.915 Da

References

Jurgens G, Lange KH, Reuther LO, Rasmussen BB, Brosen K, Christensen HR: Effect of growth hormone on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in healthy elderly men. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Mar;71(3):162-8. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121373. [Article]

Details2. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
Specific Function: (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name: CYP2C19
Uniprot ID: P33261
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight: 55944.565 Da

References

Jurgens G, Lange KH, Reuther LO, Rasmussen BB, Brosen K, Christensen HR: Effect of growth hormone on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in healthy elderly men. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Mar;71(3):162-8. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121373. [Article]

Transporters

Details1. ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
Specific Function: ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
Gene Name: ABCB1
Uniprot ID: P08183
Uniprot Name: ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
Molecular Weight: 141477.255 Da

References

Wu SJ, Robinson JR: Transport of human growth hormone across Caco-2 cells with novel delivery agents: evidence for P-glycoprotein involvement. J Control Release. 1999 Nov 1;62(1-2):171-7. doi: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00035-8. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 07, 2024 13:58

Somatotropin

Identification

References:

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Targets

References

References

Enzymes

References

References

Transporters

References