Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Somatotropin is a recombinant human growth hormone used as replacement therapy in various conditions of growth failure, growth hormone deficiency, and weakness in children and adults.
- Brand Names
- Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Norditropin Nordiflex, Nutropin, Nutropinaq, Omnitrope, Saizen, Serostim, Zomacton, Zorbtive
- Generic Name
- Somatotropin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00052
- Background
Human growth hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone that is synthesized and secreted by the somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland.1 Growth hormone plays an essential role in growth regulation during childhood as well as other basal metabolic functions, muscle and fat mass regulation, blood glucose level regulation, and lipid regulation in both children and adults.1,10 Synthesized in a strain of Escherichia coli, recombinant HGH is a polypeptide hormone that contains 191 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 22 kDa. It has an identical primary protein structure to endogenous human growth hormone.2 Recombinant HGH has been commercially available since 1985 after its development by Genentech. Somatrem was the first available recombinant HGH and was largely replaced by somatropin, another form of recombinant HGH.1
Growth hormone therapy is approved for various disorders of growth hormone deficiency, growth failure, or short stature including Turner syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency before transplantation, Prader-Willi syndrome, a history of fetal growth restriction, short stature homeobox (SHOX) haploinsufficiency, Noonan syndrome, idiopathic short stature, and adult- or childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency.2 Recombinant growth hormone is available as a subcutaneous injection for children and adults under a wide variety of brand names.
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Biologic Classification
- Protein Based Therapies
Hormones - Protein Structure
- Protein Chemical Formula
- C990H1532N262O300S7
- Protein Average Weight
- 22129.0 Da
- Sequences
>DB00052 sequence FPTIPLSRLFDNAMLRAHRLHQLAFDTYQEFEEAYIPKEQKYSFLQNPQTSLCFSESIPT PSNREETQQKSNLELLRISLLLIQSWLEPVQFLRSVFANSLVYGASDSNVYDLLKDLEEG IQTLMGRLEDGSPRTGQIFKQTYSKFDTNSHNDDALLKNYGLLYCFRKDMDKVETFLRIV QCRSVEGSCGF
Download FASTA FormatReferences:
- Therapeutic Targets Database: TTD Biologic drug sequences in fasta format [Link]
- Synonyms
- Growth hormone
- Growth hormone (human)
- hGH
- Human growth hormone
- Recombinant human growth hormone
- rhGH
- Somatotropin (human)
- Somatotropin human
- Somatotropin human growth hormone
- Somatropin
- Somatropin (rDNA origin)
- Somatropin (recombinant DNA origin)
- Somatropin [rDNA origin]
- Somatropin recombinant
- Somatropin(recombinant DNA origin)
- Somatropina
- External IDs
- CB-311
- DA-3002
- LY-137998
- LY137998
Pharmacology
- Indication
Somatotropin is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients who have growth failure due to an inadequate secretion of endogenous growth hormone, short stature associated with Turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), idiopathic short stature (ISS), short stature or growth failure in short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) deficiency, and short stature born small for gestational age (SGA).11,12 It is indicated for the treatment of growth failure in children associated with chronic kidney disease up to the time of renal transplantation.13
It is also indicated for adults with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency, either alone or associated with multiple hormone deficiencies (hypopituitarism), as a result of pituitary disease, hypothalamic disease, surgery, radiation therapy, or trauma. It is also used to treat childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency in adults due to congenital, genetic, acquired, or idiopathic causes.12
Somatotropin is indicated for the treatment of wasting or cachexia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy to increase lean body mass and body weight and improve physical endurance.9
Somatotropin is indicated for the treatment of short bowel syndrome in adult patients receiving specialized nutritional support.8
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Adult onset growth hormone deficiency •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••• ••••••••• Management of Adult onset growth hormone deficiency •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• ••••••• ••••••••• Management of Adult onset growth hormone deficiency •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••••• Management of Adult onset growth hormone deficiency •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••••• ••• ••••••••• ••••••••• ••• ••••••••• Management of Adult onset growth hormone deficiency •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• •••••••• ••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Somatotropin induces growth in nearly every tissue and organ in the body.10 It stimulates linear growth and cartilaginous growth of long bones. In children with short stature, growth hormone increases both the number and size of muscle cells. It also promotes the growth of internal organs, and it also increases red cell mass. By promoting nitrogen retention, growth hormone increases cellular protein synthesis. Growth hormone also retains potassium and phosphorus in the serum, which may be the result of cell growth. Growth hormone stimulates the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate and collagen and increases the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline. It has negligible effects on serum calcium levels. Although increased calcium excretion in the urine is observed, calcium absorption from the intestine is simultaneously enhanced.7 In end-stage renal disease, growth hormone was shown to improve several nutritional parameters, such as increases in serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), serum albumin, and transferrin, as well as a reduction in blood urea nitrogen.5
The metabolic effects of growth hormone are caused by the upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1. Generally, growth hormone leads cells to enter an anabolic protein state with increased amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and decreased catabolism of proteins.10 The diabetogenic effect of larger doses of growth hormone is well documented in the literature: somatotropin antagonizes insulin action in vivo, causing insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. It increases glucose production through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis from the liver and kidney 4 and suppresses glucose uptake in the adipose tissue.3 In mice, growth hormone increased mRNA expression of 2 major gluconeogenic genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy-kinase and glucose-6-phosphatase.4 The risk for impaired glucose tolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity may be increased in susceptible patients, especially in those with risk factors for diabetes mellitus, such as obesity, Turner syndrome, or a family history of diabetes mellitus. The development of new-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was observed in patients receiving somatotropin treatment.7
Growth hormone stimulates lipolysis via activation of the hormone-sensitive lipase in the adipose tissue, thereby increasing circulating levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the plasma. It also leads to a reduction of fat stores and decreased serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.7 In contrast to the effects seen in the adipose tissue, growth hormone promotes cellular uptake of free fatty acids in skeletal muscle by increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase. Growth hormone may cause hyperinsulinism following beta-cell compensation for insulin resistance; however, there is some evidence that growth hormone directly promotes beta-cell proliferation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.4
- Mechanism of action
In conditions of growth failure, growth hormone deficiency, low body mass, and malnutrition, somatotropin treatment acts to mimic and restore the actions of endogenous growth hormone of stimulating linear bone growth, increasing bone mass, increasing muscle and reduced fat mass, and regulating blood glucose and lipid levels.1 Somatotropin mediates its effects both directly by somatotropin and indirectly by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is upregulated by growth hormone. It binds to the human growth hormone receptor (GHR), which is a dimeric receptor expressed in target cells in the liver and cartilage.7 Upon binding of growth hormone, GHR dimerizes and interacts with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), subsequently leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and the GH receptor. The signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is initiated, where transcription factors such as STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 are translocated into the nucleus to stimulate target gene transcription.10
At the epiphysis or growth plate, growth hormone increases linear growth by promoting differentiation of prechondrocytes and expansion of osteoblasts. Growth hormone binding to its receptor in the liver and cartilage promotes the production of IGF-1, which acts on type 1 IGF receptors to also stimulate linear growth. In the liver, activated growth hormone receptor signalling leads to increased production of IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and acid-labile subunit (ALS), which are proteins that bind to IGF-1 in a ternary complex to increase its half-life.1
Target Actions Organism AGrowth hormone receptor ligandHumans AProlactin receptor ligandHumans - Absorption
When somatotropin was administered subcutaneously at the dose of 0.024 mg/kg or 3 IU/m2, the Cmax ranged from 13.8 (±5.8) to 17.1 (±10.0) ng/mL and the Tmax was four to five hours. Following intravenous infusion of 33 ng/kg/min of somatotropin in patients with growth hormone deficiency, the mean steady-state serum levels of approximately 23.1 (±15.0) ng/mL were reached at 150 minutes.7
- Volume of distribution
Information is unavailable.
- Protein binding
While there is no information regarding the protein binding profile of recombinant human growth hormones, endogenous growth hormone is typically complexed with growth hormone-binding protein, which is a soluble form of growth hormone receptor, when it is incubated with plasma in vitro.6
- Metabolism
Information is unavailable.
- Route of elimination
Information is unavailable.
- Half-life
When somatotropin was administered subcutaneously at the dose of 0.024 mg/kg or 3 IU/m2, the mean apparent terminal half-life was Following intravenous infusion of 33 ng/kg/min of somatotropin in patients with growth hormone deficiency, the terminal elimination half-life was approximately 21.1 (±5.1) minutes.7
- Clearance
Following intravenous infusion of 33 ng/kg/min of somatotropin in patients with growth hormone deficiency, the mean clearance rate was approximately 2.3 (±1.8) mL/min/kg or 139 (±105) mL/min.7
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
The oral LD50 is 242 mg/kg in rats and 828 mg/kg in mice. The inhalatory LD50 is 710 mg/m3 and dermal LD50 is 1100 mg/kg in rats. The intraperitoneal LD50 in mice is 828 mg/kg.14
Hypoglycemia followed by hyperglycemia, possibly with fluid retention, can be observed in somatropin overdose. Long-term or excessive use of growth hormone can lead to the signs and symptoms of gigantism and acromegaly.7
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcarbose Somatotropin may decrease the hypoglycemic activities of Acarbose. Acenocoumarol The metabolism of Acenocoumarol can be increased when combined with Somatotropin. Acetaminophen The metabolism of Acetaminophen can be increased when combined with Somatotropin. Acetohexamide Somatotropin may decrease the hypoglycemic activities of Acetohexamide. Acipimox The risk or severity of myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria can be increased when Somatotropin is combined with Acipimox. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- BioTropin (Biotech General)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Genotropin Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; Kit 5 mg/1mL Subcutaneous Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 1995-12-20 Not applicable US 
Genotropin Powder, for solution 1.4 mg / syr Subcutaneous Pfizer Italia S.R.L. 2013-09-18 Not applicable Canada 
Genotropin Powder, for solution 0.8 mg / syr Subcutaneous Pfizer Italia S.R.L. 2013-09-18 Not applicable Canada Genotropin Powder, for solution 5.3 mg / pen Subcutaneous Pfizer Italia S.R.L. 2013-09-18 Not applicable Canada Genotropin Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; Kit 2 mg/0.25mL Subcutaneous Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 1995-12-20 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Bio-tropin Somatotropin (4.8 mg / kit) + Sodium chloride (10 mL / kit) Liquid; Powder, for solution Subcutaneous Novopharm Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada Bio-tropin Somatotropin (1.8 mg / kit) + Sodium chloride (10 mL / kit) Liquid; Powder, for solution Subcutaneous Novopharm Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada Humatrope Somatotropin (24 mg) Liquid; Powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd. 2003-12-08 Not applicable Canada Humatrope Somatotropin (12 mg) Liquid; Powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd. 2001-08-28 Not applicable Canada Humatrope Somatotropin (6 mg) Liquid; Powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd. 2001-09-25 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- H01AC01 — Somatropin
- Drug Categories
- Agents Causing Muscle Toxicity
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Anterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones and Analogues
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Growth Hormone
- Growth Hormone, antagonists & inhibitors
- Hormones
- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
- Human Growth Hormone, antagonists & inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Peptide Hormones
- Peptides
- Pituitary
- Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones and Analogues
- Pituitary Hormones
- Pituitary Hormones, Anterior
- Recombinant Human Growth Hormone
- Somatotropin Agonists
- Somatropin and Somatropin Agonists
- Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- Not Available
- Kingdom
- Organic Compounds
- Super Class
- Organic Acids
- Class
- Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
- Direct Parent
- Peptides
- Alternative Parents
- Not Available
- Substituents
- Not Available
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- NQX9KB6PCL
- CAS number
- 12629-01-5
References
- Synthesis Reference
Mandayam J. Narasimhan, John A. Anderson, "Process for the large scale production of human growth hormone by serial secondary suspension culture." U.S. Patent US4124448, issued January, 1963.
US4124448- General References
- Reh CS, Geffner ME: Somatotropin in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome in pediatric patients: a review. Clin Pharmacol. 2010;2:111-22. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S6525. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [Article]
- Mehta S, Oza V, Potashner R, Zamora P, Raisingani M, Shah B: Allergic and non-allergic skin reactions associated with growth hormone therapy: elucidation of causative agents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jan 26;31(1):5-11. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0309. [Article]
- Glenn KC, Rose KS, Krivi GG: Somatotropin antagonism of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Biochem. 1988 Aug;37(4):371-83. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240370405. [Article]
- Kim SH, Park MJ: Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in human. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Sep;22(3):145-152. doi: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.3.145. Epub 2017 Sep 28. [Article]
- Langbakke IH, Nielsen JN, Skettrup MP, Harper A, Klitgaard T, Weil A, Engelhardt E, Lange M: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone in patients on chronic haemodialysis compared with matched healthy subjects: an open, nonrandomized, parallel-group trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Nov;67(5):776-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02962.x. Epub 2007 Jul 18. [Article]
- Baumann G, Vance ML, Shaw MA, Thorner MO: Plasma transport of human growth hormone in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Aug;71(2):470-3. doi: 10.1210/jcem-71-2-470. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Norditropin (somatropin) injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: ZORBTIVE (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: SEROSTIM (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- StatPearls: Physiology, Growth Hormone [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: ZOMACTON (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: GENOTROPIN (somatropin) for injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Nutropin (somatropin) injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- Pfizer: Genotropin (Somatropin) Safety Data Sheet [Link]
- External Links
- UniProt
- P58756
- Genbank
- AF374232
- PubChem Substance
- 46506010
- 314845
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1201621
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001054
- PharmGKB
- PA451446
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Growth_hormone
- FDA label
- Download (241 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Acromegaly 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available GH Deficiency 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Human Growth Hormone Deficiency / Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Active Not Recruiting Basic Science Fibrosis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Achondroplasia / Hereditary disorder 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Genentech inc
- Serono laboratories inc
- Cangene corp
- Ferring pharmaceuticals inc
- Pharmacia and upjohn co
- Eli lilly and co
- Novo nordisk inc
- Sandoz inc
- Emd serono inc
- Lg life sciences ltd
- Packagers
- Bio Technology General Ltd.
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- BTG Pharmaceuticals Corp.
- Ebewe Pharma
- Eli Lilly & Co.
- EMD Canada Inc.
- F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
- First KJM Corporation
- Gate Pharmaceuticals
- Genentech Inc.
- Hospira Inc.
- Merck KGaA
- Merck Serono SPA
- Novartis AG
- Novo Nordisk Inc.
- Pfizer Inc.
- Pharmacia Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Sandoz
- Serono SA
- Vetter Pharma Fertigung GmbH and Co. KG
- Wasserburger Arzneimittelwerk GmbH
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Powder Liquid; powder, for solution Subcutaneous Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 0.2 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 0.4 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 0.6 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 0.8 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 1 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 1.2 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 1.4 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 1.6 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 1.8 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 2 MG Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 12 mg Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 3 IU Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 4 IU Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 5 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 0.2 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 0.4 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 0.6 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 0.8 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 1 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 1.2 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 1.4 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 1.6 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 1.8 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 12 mg/1mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 2 mg/0.25mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 5 mg/1mL Kit Subcutaneous 0.2 mg/0.25mL Kit Subcutaneous 0.4 mg/0.25mL Kit Subcutaneous 0.6 mg/0.25mL Kit Subcutaneous 0.8 mg/0.25mL Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 0.2 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 0.4 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 0.6 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 0.8 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 1 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 1.2 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 1.4 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 1.6 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 1.8 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 12 mg / pen Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 2 mg / syr Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 5 mg / pen Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 5.3 mg / pen Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Subcutaneous 12 mg Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral Injection Subcutaneous 16 iu Injection Subcutaneous 36 iu Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 5.3 mg Solution Parenteral 13.8 mg Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 5.3 mg/ml Injection, powder, for solution 5.3 mg Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 5.3 mg Solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 8 IU Solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 16 IU Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 24 MG Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 6 MG Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 5.33 mg Kit Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 12 mg/2.88mL Kit Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 24 mg/2.88mL Kit Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 5 mg/5mL Kit Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 6 mg/2.88mL Liquid; powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 12 mg Injection Subcutaneous 18 iu Injection Subcutaneous 72 iu Solution 1.33 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Subcutaneous 1.33 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Subcutaneous 4 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Subcutaneous 8 mg Injection, solution Subcutaneous 10 mg/1.5mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 15 mg/1.5mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 30 mg/3mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 5 mg/1.5mL Injection Subcutaneous 4 IU Injection, solution Parenteral Injection, solution Parenteral 10 mg/1.5ml Injection, solution Parenteral 15 mg/1.5ml Injection, solution Parenteral 5 mg/1.5ml Solution Subcutaneous 10 mg / 1.5 mL Solution Subcutaneous 6.7 mg Solution Subcutaneous 10 mg Solution Subcutaneous 3.3 mg Solution Subcutaneous 330000 mg Injection Subcutaneous 10 mg/1.5ml Injection Subcutaneous 5 mg/1.5ml Solution Subcutaneous 15 mg / 1.5 mL Solution Subcutaneous 5 mg / 1.5 mL Kit Subcutaneous 10 mg/10mg Kit Subcutaneous 5 mg/5mg Kit; powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous Injection, solution Subcutaneous 10 mg/2mL Liquid Subcutaneous 5 mg / mL Solution Subcutaneous 10 mg / 2 mL Solution Subcutaneous 20 mg / 2 mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 5 mg/2mL Solution Subcutaneous 5 mg / 2 mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 20 mg/2mL Kit Subcutaneous 13.5 mg/1mL Kit Subcutaneous 18 mg/1mL Kit Subcutaneous 22.5 mg/1mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 10 mg Injection Subcutaneous 15 mg/1.5ml Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 1.3 MG/ML Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 5 MG/ML Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 5.8 mg/1mL Injection, solution Parenteral; Subcutaneous 10 MG/1.5ML Injection, solution Parenteral; Subcutaneous 15 MG/1.5ML Injection, solution Parenteral; Subcutaneous 5 MG/1.5ML Kit Subcutaneous 1.5 mg/1.13mL Kit; powder, for solution Subcutaneous Solution Subcutaneous 5 mg Injection, solution Subcutaneous 15 mg Injection, solution Subcutaneous 5 mg Injection Subcutaneous 5.83 mg/ml Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 0.67 MG Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 8 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 1.33 MG Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 3.33 MG Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 8 MG Injection, solution 5.83 MG/ML Kit Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 5 mg/3mL Kit Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 8.8 mg/3mL Powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 5 mg / vial Solution Subcutaneous 1.330 mg Solution Subcutaneous 5.83 mg / mL Solution Subcutaneous 8 mg / mL Solution Subcutaneous 8 mg Solution Subcutaneous 20 mg Powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous Injection, solution Subcutaneous 12 mg/1.5ml Injection, solution Subcutaneous 20 mg/2.5ml Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 3.33 mg Injection Subcutaneous Injection, solution Injection, solution Subcutaneous 6 mg/1.03ml Injection, solution 8 mg/ml Powder, for solution Subcutaneous 8.8 mg / vial Injection, solution Subcutaneous 8 mg Kit Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 8.8 mg/1.51mL Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 3.33 mg Injection, solution 8 mg/1ml Injection, solution 5.83 mg/1ml Injection, solution Subcutaneous Injection, solution Subcutaneous 6.0 mg/ml Injection, solution Subcutaneous 12 mg/ml Injection, solution Subcutaneous 20 mg/ml Solution Subcutaneous 6 mg Kit Subcutaneous 4 mg/1mL Kit Subcutaneous 5 mg/1mL Kit Subcutaneous 6 mg/1mL Kit Subcutaneous 8.8 mg/2mL Powder, for solution Subcutaneous Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release Subcutaneous 10 MG Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release Subcutaneous 2 MG Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release Subcutaneous 20 MG Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release Subcutaneous 4 MG Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release Subcutaneous 7 MG Kit Subcutaneous 10 mg/1 Kit Subcutaneous 10 mg/10mL Kit Subcutaneous 5 mg/1 Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 15 mg/1.5ml Solution Subcutaneous 18.000 UI Injection, powder, for solution 10 MG/ML Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Subcutaneous 1.3 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Subcutaneous 4 IU Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; kit Subcutaneous 5 mg/1 Injection, powder, for solution 4 mg/1vial Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Subcutaneous Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 10.0 mg Injection, powder, for solution Subcutaneous 4 mg Kit Subcutaneous 8.8 mg/1mL Solution 10 mg/1.5ml Solution 5 mg/1.5ml Powder 1.6 mg/1vial Injection, powder, for solution 10 mg/1ml - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Humatrope 24 mg cartridge 1822.9USD cartridge Norditropin flexpro 15 mg/1.5 1179.54USD ml Norditropin 15 mg/1.5ml Solution 1.5ml Cartridge 1168.32USD cartridge Norditropin NordiFlex Pen 15 mg/1.5ml Solution 1 Syringe = 1.5ml 1168.32USD pen Norditropin 15 mg/1.5 ml cartridge 1123.38USD ml Norditropin nordiflx 15 mg/1.5 1123.38USD ml Genotropin 12 mg Solution 928.36USD each Humatrope 12 mg cartridge 911.45USD cartridge Nutropin 10 mg vial 784.7USD vial Nutropin aq 20 mg/2ml pen cart 759.55USD ml Nutropin aq nuspin 20 pen cart 759.55USD ml Norditropin NordiFlex Pen 10 mg/1.5ml Solution 1 Syringe = 1.5ml 753.86USD pen Norditropin nordiflex 30 mg/3 748.92USD ml Saizen 8.8 mg Solution Vial 626.1USD vial Saizen Click.Easy 8.8 mg Solution Vial 626.1USD vial Saizen 8.8 mg vial 602.02USD vial Protropin 10 mg Solution Vial 549.9USD vial Humatrope 6 mg cartridge 455.72USD cartridge Genotropin MiniQuick 0.8 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 433.56USD box Serostim 8.8 mg vial 418.66USD vial Nutropin 5 mg vial 392.35USD vial Saizen 5 mg Solution Vial 391.31USD vial Genotropin 5.8 mg Cartridge 391.21USD cartridge Norditropin 5 mg/1.5ml Solution 1.5ml Cartridge 389.44USD cartridge Norditropin NordiFlex Pen 5 mg/1.5ml Solution 1 Syringe = 1.5ml 389.44USD pen Saizen 5 mg vial 376.26USD vial Serostim 6 mg vial 332.86USD vial Genotropin MiniQuick 0.6 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 326.67USD box Omnitrope 5.8 mg Solution Vial 283.38USD vial Serostim 5 mg vial 277.38USD vial Protropin 5 mg Solution Vial 274.95USD vial Tev-Tropin 5 mg Solution Vial 259.45USD vial Tev-tropin 5 mg vial 239.51USD vial Genotropin MiniQuick 0.4 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 228.45USD box Serostim 4 mg vial 221.9USD vial Genotropin MiniQuick 2 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 154.72USD cartridge Genotropin miniquick 2 mg 150.46USD each Genotropin miniquick 1.8 mg 135.41USD each Genotropin MiniQuick 1.6 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 123.78USD cartridge Genotropin miniquick 1.6 mg 120.37USD each Genotropin MiniQuick 0.2 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 110.52USD box Genotropin MiniQuick 1.4 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 108.78USD cartridge Genotropin miniquick 1.4 mg 105.32USD each Genotropin MiniQuick 1.2 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 92.83USD cartridge Genotropin miniquick 1.2 mg 90.28USD each Genotropin MiniQuick 1 mg (7 Cartridges Per Box) 77.36USD cartridge Genotropin miniquick 1 mg 75.23USD each Genotropin miniquick 0.8 mg 60.19USD each Genotropin miniquick 0.6 mg 45.14USD each Genotropin miniquick 0.4 mg 30.09USD each Genotropin miniquick 0.2 mg 15.05USD each DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5288703 No 1994-02-22 2011-10-07 US CA2252535 No 2009-06-23 2017-04-24 Canada CA1326439 No 1994-01-25 2011-01-25 Canada US6152897 No 2000-11-28 2018-11-20 US US5898030 No 1999-04-27 2016-04-27 US US8672898 Yes 2014-03-18 2022-07-02 US US8684969 Yes 2014-04-01 2026-04-20 US US9132239 Yes 2015-09-15 2032-08-01 US US8920383 Yes 2014-12-30 2027-01-17 US US7686786 No 2010-03-30 2026-08-03 US US6899699 Yes 2005-05-31 2022-07-01 US US9108002 Yes 2015-08-18 2026-07-26 US USRE41956 Yes 2010-11-23 2021-07-21 US US6004297 Yes 1999-12-21 2019-07-28 US USRE43834 No 2012-11-27 2019-01-28 US US5849700 No 1998-12-15 2015-12-15 US US5849704 No 1998-12-15 2015-12-15 US US8841252 No 2014-09-23 2017-12-26 US US6235004 No 2001-05-22 2019-01-28 US US9486588 Yes 2016-11-08 2022-07-02 US US9457154 Yes 2016-10-04 2028-03-27 US USRE46363 Yes 2017-04-11 2027-02-03 US US9687611 Yes 2017-06-27 2027-08-27 US US9775953 Yes 2017-10-03 2027-01-17 US US8579869 Yes 2013-11-12 2023-12-30 US US7762994 Yes 2010-07-27 2024-11-23 US US9861757 Yes 2018-01-09 2026-07-20 US US9616180 Yes 2017-04-11 2026-07-20 US US10220155 Yes 2019-03-05 2027-01-17 US US10357616 No 2019-07-23 2026-01-20 US US10376652 No 2019-08-13 2026-01-20 US
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 76 °C at pH 3.5 Gomez-Orellana, I. et al., Protein Sci. 7:1352-1358 (1998) hydrophobicity -0.411 Not Available isoelectric point 5.27 Not Available
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Receptor for pituitary gland growth hormone (GH1) involved in regulating postnatal body growth (PubMed:1549776, PubMed:2825030, PubMed:8943276). On ligand binding, couples to the JAK2/STAT5 pathway (PubMed:1549776, PubMed:15690087, PubMed:2825030, PubMed:8943276)
- Specific Function
- cytokine binding
- Gene Name
- GHR
- Uniprot ID
- P10912
- Uniprot Name
- Growth hormone receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 71498.885 Da
References
- Walenkamp MJ, Wit JM: Genetic disorders in the growth hormone - insulin-like growth factor-I axis. Horm Res. 2006;66(5):221-30. [Article]
- Wu XY, Xu Z, Chen C, Liu FK, Li JS: [Correlation of growth hormone receptor expression to preoperative radiosensitivity of rectal cancer patients]. Ai Zheng. 2006 Sep;25(9):1162-7. [Article]
- Adriani M, Garbi C, Amodio G, Russo I, Giovannini M, Amorosi S, Matrecano E, Cosentini E, Candotti F, Pignata C: Functional interaction of common gamma-chain and growth hormone receptor signaling apparatus. J Immunol. 2006 Nov 15;177(10):6889-95. [Article]
- Choi JH, Kim HS, Kim SH, Yang YR, Bae YS, Chang JS, Kwon HM, Ryu SH, Suh PG: Phospholipase Cgamma1 negatively regulates growth hormone signalling by forming a ternary complex with Jak2 and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;8(12):1389-97. Epub 2006 Nov 26. [Article]
- Bernstein RM, Leigh SR, Donovan SM, Monaco MH: Hormones and body size evolution in papionin primates. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007 Feb;132(2):247-60. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Reh CS, Geffner ME: Somatotropin in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome in pediatric patients: a review. Clin Pharmacol. 2010;2:111-22. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S6525. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- This is a receptor for the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL). Acts as a prosurvival factor for spermatozoa by inhibiting sperm capacitation through suppression of SRC kinase activation and stimulation of AKT. Isoform 4 is unable to transduce prolactin signaling. Isoform 6 is unable to transduce prolactin signaling
- Specific Function
- cytokine binding
- Gene Name
- PRLR
- Uniprot ID
- P16471
- Uniprot Name
- Prolactin receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 69505.045 Da
References
- Keeler C, Jablonski EM, Albert YB, Taylor BD, Myszka DG, Clevenger CV, Hodsdon ME: The kinetics of binding human prolactin, but not growth hormone, to the prolactin receptor vary over a physiologic pH range. Biochemistry. 2007 Mar 6;46(9):2398-410. Epub 2007 Feb 6. [Article]
- Ahmed TA, Buzzelli MD, Lang CH, Capen JB, Shumate ML, Navaratnarajah M, Nagarajan M, Cooney RN: Interleukin-6 inhibits growth hormone-mediated gene expression in hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007 Jun;292(6):G1793-803. Epub 2007 Mar 29. [Article]
- Moderscheim TA, Gorba T, Pathipati P, Kokay IC, Grattan DR, Williams CE, Scheepens A: Prolactin is involved in glial responses following a focal injury to the juvenile rat brain. Neuroscience. 2007 Mar 30;145(3):963-73. Epub 2007 Feb 20. [Article]
- Cunningham BC, Bass S, Fuh G, Wells JA: Zinc mediation of the binding of human growth hormone to the human prolactin receptor. Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1709-12. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Jurgens G, Lange KH, Reuther LO, Rasmussen BB, Brosen K, Christensen HR: Effect of growth hormone on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in healthy elderly men. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Mar;71(3):162-8. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121373. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- Jurgens G, Lange KH, Reuther LO, Rasmussen BB, Brosen K, Christensen HR: Effect of growth hormone on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in healthy elderly men. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Mar;71(3):162-8. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121373. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Wu SJ, Robinson JR: Transport of human growth hormone across Caco-2 cells with novel delivery agents: evidence for P-glycoprotein involvement. J Control Release. 1999 Nov 1;62(1-2):171-7. doi: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00035-8. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 10, 2024 12:49