Empagliflozin
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Identification
- Summary
Empagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Brand Names
- Glyxambi, Jardiance, Synjardy, Trijardy
- Generic Name
- Empagliflozin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB09038
- Background
Empagliflozin is an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), the transporters primarily responsible for the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney.10 It is used clinically as an adjunct to diet and exercise, often in combination with other drug therapies,15,16,13 for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.18
The first known inhibitor of SGLTs, phlorizin, was isolated from the bark of apple trees in 1835 and researched extensively into the 20th century, but was ultimately deemed inappropriate for clinical use given its lack of specificity and significant gastrointestinal side effects.12 Attempts at overcoming these limitations first saw the development of O-glucoside analogs of phlorizin (e.g. remogliflozin etabonate), but these molecules proved relatively pharmacokinetically unstable. The development of C-glucoside phlorizin analogs remedied the issues observed in the previous generation, and led to the FDA approval of canagliflozin in 2013 and both dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in 2014.12 As the most recently approved of the "flozin" drugs, empagliflozin carries the highest selectivity for SGLT2 over SGLT1 (approximately 2700-fold). Empagliflozin was further approved by the EMA in March 2022 and Health Canada in April 2022, making it the first and only approved treatment in Europe and Canada for adults with symptomatic chronic heart failure regardless of ejection fraction.22,19
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 450.91
Monoisotopic: 450.1445309 - Chemical Formula
- C23H27ClO7
- Synonyms
- (1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-(4-chloro-3-{4-[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]benzyl}phenyl)-D-glucitol
- 1-chloro-4-(glucopyranos-1-yl)-2-(4-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)benzyl)benzene
- Empagliflozin
- Empagliflozina
- Empagliflozine
- Empagliflozinum
- External IDs
- BI 10773
- BI-10773
- BI10773
Pharmacology
- Indication
Empagliflozin is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in patients aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes. It is used either alone or in combination with metformin or linagliptin.16,15,18 It is also indicated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in adult patients with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease, either alone or as a combination product with metformin.18,21
An extended-release combination product containing empagliflozin, metformin, and linagliptin was approved by the FDA in January 2020 for the improvement of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus when used adjunctively with diet and exercise.13
Empagliflozin is also approved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization due to heart failure in adult patients with heart failure, either alone or in combination with metformin.18,23 It is also indicated in adults to reduce the risk of sustained decline in eGFR, end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular death, and hospitalization in adults with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression.21,24
Empagliflozin is not approved for use in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prevention of Cardiovascular mortality •••••••••••• ••••• •••• •••• ••• ••••••••••• •• •••••• ••••••• •••••• Used in combination to prevent Cardiovascular mortality Combination Product in combination with: Metformin (DB00331) •••••••••••• ••••• ••••• •••••••• •••• • •••••••• •••••••• •••••• Used in combination to prevent Cardiovascular mortality Combination Product in combination with: Metformin (DB00331) •••••••••••• ••••• •••• • •••••••• ••••••••• •••••••••••••• ••••••• ••••• •••••• Used in combination to prevent Cardiovascular mortality Combination Product in combination with: Linagliptin (DB08882) •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••••• •••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••• Prevention of Cardiovascular mortality •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Empagliflozin lowers blood glucose levels by preventing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing the amount of glucose excreted in the urine.18 It has a relatively long duration of action requiring only once-daily dosing. Patients should be monitored closely for signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis regardless of blood glucose level as empagliflozin may precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis in the absence of hyperglycemia.18 As its mechanism of action is contingent on the renal excretion of glucose, empagliflozin may be held in cases of acute kidney injury and/or discontinued in patients who develop chronic renal disease.
The overexcretion of glucose creates a sugar-rich urogenital environment which increases the risk of urogenital infections in both male and female patients - monitor closely for signs and symptoms of developing infection.18
- Mechanism of action
The vast majority of glucose filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed within the proximal tubule, primarily via SGLT2 (sodium-glucose linked co-transporter-2) which is responsible for ~90% of the total glucose reabsorption within the kidneys. Na+/K+-ATPase on the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells utilize ATP to actively pump Na+ ions into the interstitium surrounding the tubule, establishing a Na+ gradient within the tubular cell. SGLT2 on the apical membrane of these cells then utilize this gradient to facilitate secondary active co-transport of both Na+ and glucose out of the filtrate, thereby reabsorbing glucose back into the blood – inhibiting this co-transport, then, allows for a marked increase in glucosuria and decrease in blood glucose levels.10 Empagliflozin is a potent inhibitor of renal SGLT2 transporters located in the proximal tubules of the kidneys and works to lower blood glucose levels via an increase in glucosuria.18
Empagliflozin also appears to exert cardiovascular benefits - specifically in the prevention of heart failure - independent of its blood glucose-lowering effects, though the exact mechanism of this benefit is not precisely understood. Several theories have been posited, including the potential inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) 1 in the myocardium and NHE3 in the proximal tubule, reduction of pre-load via diuretic/natriuretic effects and reduction of blood pressure, prevention of cardiac fibrosis via suppression of pro-fibrotic markers, and reduction of pro-inflammatory adipokines.11
Target Actions Organism ASodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Following oral administration, peak plasma concentrations are reached in approximately 1.5 hours (Tmax). At steady-state, plasma AUC and Cmax were 1870 nmol·h/L and 259 nmol/L, respectively, following therapy with empagliflozin 10mg daily and 4740 nmol·h/L and 687 nmol/L, respectively, following therapy with empagliflozin 25mg daily.18 Administration with food does not significantly affect the absorption of empagliflozin.
- Volume of distribution
The estimated apparent steady-state volume of distribution is 73.8 L.18
- Protein binding
Empagliflozin is approximately 86.2% protein-bound in plasma.18
- Metabolism
Empagliflozin undergoes minimal metabolism. It is primarily metabolized via glucuronidation by 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases 2B7, 1A3, 1A8, and 1A9 to yield three glucuronide metabolites: 2-O-, 3-O-, and 6-O-glucuronide.18 No metabolite represented more than 10% of total drug-related material.
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
After oral administration of radiolabeled empagliflozin approximately 41.2% of the administered dose was found eliminated in feces and 54.4% eliminated in urine. The majority of radioactivity in the feces was due to unchanged parent drug while approximately half of the radioactivity in urine was due to unchanged parent drug.18
- Half-life
The apparent terminal elimination half-life was found to be 12.4 h based on population pharmacokinetic analysis.18
- Clearance
Apparent oral clearance was found to be 10.6 L/h based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis.18
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
Experience with empagliflozin overdose is limited - employ standard symptomatic and supportive measures, as well as gastric decontamination when appropriate. The use of hemodialysis in empagliflozin overdose has not been studied but is unlikely to be of benefit given the drug's relatively high protein-binding.18
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbaloparatide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Abaloparatide is combined with Empagliflozin. Acarbose Empagliflozin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Acarbose. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Empagliflozin can be increased when used in combination with Acebutolol. Acetazolamide Empagliflozin may increase the diuretic activities of Acetazolamide. Acetohexamide Empagliflozin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Acetohexamide. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. Co-administration with food slightly alters pharmacokinetics, but not to a clinically significant extent.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Images
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Jardiance Tablet, film coated 10 mg/1 Oral REMEDYREPACK INC. 2019-03-27 Not applicable US Jardiance Tablet, film coated 10 mg Oral Boehringer Ingelheim 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU Jardiance Tablet, film coated 25 mg/1 Oral Cardinal Health 107, LLC 2014-08-01 Not applicable US Jardiance Tablet, film coated 25 mg Oral Boehringer Ingelheim 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU Jardiance Tablet, film coated 10 mg/1 Oral A-S Medication Solutions 2014-08-01 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Glyxambi Empagliflozin (25 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral Boehringer Ingelheim 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU Glyxambi Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Tablet Oral Boehringer Ingelheim 2016-12-21 2021-06-11 Canada GLYXAMBI Empagliflozin (25 MG) + Linagliptin (5 MG) Tablet, film coated Oral Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh 2017-03-10 Not applicable Italy Glyxambi Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral Boehringer Ingelheim 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU GLYXAMBI Empagliflozin (25 MG) + Linagliptin (5 MG) Tablet, film coated Oral Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh 2017-03-10 Not applicable Italy
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A10BD19 — Linagliptin and empagliflozin
- A10BD — Combinations of oral blood glucose lowering drugs
- A10B — BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS
- A10 — DRUGS USED IN DIABETES
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- A10BD — Combinations of oral blood glucose lowering drugs
- A10B — BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS
- A10 — DRUGS USED IN DIABETES
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- A10BK — Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
- A10B — BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS
- A10 — DRUGS USED IN DIABETES
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- Drug Categories
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
- Benzene Derivatives
- Blood Glucose Lowering Agents
- Diuretics
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Drugs Used in Diabetes
- Glycosides
- Hypotensive Agents
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Substrates
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Substrates
- OATP1B3 substrates
- Oral Hypoglycemics
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
- UGT1A3 substrates
- UGT1A9 Substrates
- UGT2B7 substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Phenolic glycosides
- Alternative Parents
- Diphenylmethanes / C-glycosyl compounds / Phenoxy compounds / Phenol ethers / Alkyl aryl ethers / Chlorobenzenes / Aryl chlorides / Oxanes / Monosaccharides / Tetrahydrofurans show 7 more
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Benzenoid / C-glycosyl compound / Chlorobenzene / Dialkyl ether / Diphenylmethane show 17 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- aromatic ether, monochlorobenzenes, C-glycosyl compound, tetrahydrofuryl ether (CHEBI:82720)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- HDC1R2M35U
- CAS number
- 864070-44-0
- InChI Key
- OBWASQILIWPZMG-QZMOQZSNSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C23H27ClO7/c24-18-6-3-14(23-22(28)21(27)20(26)19(11-25)31-23)10-15(18)9-13-1-4-16(5-2-13)30-17-7-8-29-12-17/h1-6,10,17,19-23,25-28H,7-9,11-12H2/t17-,19+,20+,21-,22+,23-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-chloro-3-({4-[(3S)-oxolan-3-yloxy]phenyl}methyl)phenyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
- SMILES
- OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C(CC2=CC=C(O[C@H]3CCOC3)C=C2)=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Wang XJ, Zhang L, Byrne D, Nummy L, Weber D, Krishnamurthy D, Yee N, Senanayake CH: Efficient synthesis of Empagliflozin, an inhibitor of SGLT-2, utilizing an AlCl3-promoted silane reduction of a beta-glycopyranoside. Org Lett. 2014 Aug 15;16(16):4090-3.
- General References
- Scheen AJ: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015 Jul;54(7):691-708. doi: 10.1007/s40262-015-0264-4. [Article]
- Gangadharan Komala M, Mather A: Empagliflozin for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2014 May;7(3):271-9. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2014.908703. Epub 2014 Apr 9. [Article]
- Lamos EM, Younk LM, Davis SN: Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2014 Jun;23(6):875-82. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2014.909407. Epub 2014 Apr 19. [Article]
- Liakos A, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, Sarigianni M, Mainou M, Papatheodorou K, Bekiari E, Tsapas A: Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Oct;16(10):984-93. doi: 10.1111/dom.12307. Epub 2014 May 28. [Article]
- Haring HU, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, Weimer M, Meinicke T, Broedl UC, Woerle HJ: Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jun;37(6):1650-9. doi: 10.2337/dc13-2105. Epub 2014 Apr 10. [Article]
- Neumiller JJ: Empagliflozin: a new sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Drugs Context. 2014 Jun 11;3:212262. doi: 10.7573/dic.212262. eCollection 2014. [Article]
- Bogdanffy MS, Stachlewitz RF, van Tongeren S, Knight B, Sharp DE, Ku W, Hart SE, Blanchard K: Nonclinical safety of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin. Int J Toxicol. 2014 Nov-Dec;33(6):436-49. doi: 10.1177/1091581814551648. Epub 2014 Sep 26. [Article]
- Authors unspecified: Empagliflozin (Jardiance) for diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2014 Oct 13;56(1453):99-100. [Article]
- Jahagirdar V, Barnett AH: Empagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014 Nov;15(16):2429-41. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2014.966078. [Article]
- Kalra S: Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: A Review of Their Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Diabetes Ther. 2014 Dec;5(2):355-66. doi: 10.1007/s13300-014-0089-4. Epub 2014 Nov 26. [Article]
- Verma S, McMurray JJV: SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review. Diabetologia. 2018 Oct;61(10):2108-2117. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7. Epub 2018 Aug 22. [Article]
- Choi CI: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors from Natural Products: Discovery of Next-Generation Antihyperglycemic Agents. Molecules. 2016 Aug 27;21(9). pii: molecules21091136. doi: 10.3390/molecules21091136. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Trijardy XR (empagliflozin/linagliptin/metformin) extended-release tablets [Link]
- FDA Summary Review: Empagliflozin [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Glyxambi (empagliflozin/linagliptin) oral tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Synjardy (empagliflozin/metformin) oral tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Synjardy XR (empagliflozin/metformin) extended-release tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Health Canada Product Monograph: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- CaymanChem: Empagliflozin MSDS [Link]
- EMA Summary of Product Characteristics: Jardiance (Empagliflozin) Oral Tablets [Link]
- BusinessWire News: Jardiance® (empagliflozin) becomes the first and only approved treatment in Europe for adults with symptomatic chronic heart failure regardless of ejection fraction [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Synjardy (empagliflozin/metformin) oral tablets (March 2023) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: JARDIANCE (empagliflozin) tablets, for oral use (September 2023) [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D10459
- PubChem Compound
- 11949646
- PubChem Substance
- 310264986
- ChemSpider
- 10123957
- BindingDB
- 150162
- 1545653
- ChEBI
- 82720
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL2107830
- ZINC
- ZINC000036520252
- PharmGKB
- PA166163327
- PDBe Ligand
- 7R3
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Empagliflozin
- PDB Entries
- 7vsi / 7y0b
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Not Available Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Diabetes 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Fatty Liver, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD / Steatosis, Liver 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Heart Failure 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 10.00 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 25.00 mg Tablet Oral 10 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 10 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 10 mg Tablet, coated Oral 25 mg Tablet, delayed release Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 25.00 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 10.0 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg Tablet Oral 25.000 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, coated Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region USWO201416191 No 2014-04-03 2034-04-03 US US7407955 Yes 2008-08-05 2025-11-02 US US6488962 No 2002-12-03 2020-06-20 US US6303661 No 2001-10-16 2017-04-24 US US6890898 No 2005-05-10 2019-02-02 US US7078381 No 2006-07-18 2019-02-02 US US7459428 No 2008-12-02 2019-02-02 US US8119648 No 2012-02-21 2023-08-12 US US8178541 No 2012-05-15 2023-08-12 US US8846695 Yes 2014-09-30 2030-12-04 US US9173859 Yes 2015-11-03 2027-11-04 US US8673927 Yes 2014-03-18 2027-11-04 US US8883805 Yes 2014-11-11 2026-05-26 US US9155705 Yes 2015-10-13 2030-11-21 US US8551957 Yes 2013-10-08 2030-04-14 US US7713938 Yes 2010-05-11 2027-10-15 US US7579449 Yes 2009-08-25 2029-02-01 US US9415016 Yes 2016-08-16 2029-10-02 US US9949998 Yes 2018-04-24 2034-12-11 US US9949997 Yes 2018-04-24 2034-11-17 US US10022379 Yes 2018-07-17 2029-10-02 US US10258637 Yes 2019-04-16 2034-10-03 US US10406172 No 2019-09-10 2030-06-15 US US10596120 Yes 2020-03-24 2032-09-07 US US10610489 Yes 2020-04-07 2031-03-30 US US11090323 Yes 2021-08-17 2034-10-03 US US11033552 Yes 2021-06-15 2027-11-04 US US11564886 No 2012-03-07 2032-03-07 US US11666590 No 2014-04-03 2034-04-03 US US11833166 No 2014-04-03 2034-04-03 US US11813275 No 2014-04-03 2034-04-03 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility 0.28 mg/mL Canadian monograph - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.111 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1.79 ALOGPS logP 1.66 Chemaxon logS -3.6 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 12.57 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 108.61 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 Chemaxon Refractivity 113.79 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 46.12 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0gx0-1006900000-85178c9cdb186fad8150 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-066s-9006500000-88136d1272a126b2b4e2 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-001i-0019600000-ef965f18c308ec439535 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-053r-7002900000-f0d47c7d9a212fedcc1c Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0kur-3159800000-cf687cf8ec6c3d6b6ccf Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-057l-9042000000-4c4bd9459b4032df7469 Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 191.71667 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 193.54156 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 199.32545 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic Na(+)-coupled sugar symporter that actively transports D-glucose at the plasma membrane, with a Na(+) to sugar coupling ratio of 1:1. Transporter activity is driven by a transmembrane Na(+) electrochemical gradient set by the Na(+)/K(+) pump (PubMed:20980548, PubMed:28592437, PubMed:34880493). Has a primary role in D-glucose reabsorption from glomerular filtrate across the brush border of the early proximal tubules of the kidney (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- alpha-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC5A2
- Uniprot ID
- P31639
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 72895.995 Da
References
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:10702251, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:26220143). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (epitestosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:2159463, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Also regulates the levels of retinoic acid, a major metabolite of vitamin A involved in apoptosis, cellular growth and differentiation, and embryonic development (PubMed:10702251). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, caderastan and zolarsatan, drugs which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B7
- Uniprot ID
- P16662
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
- Molecular Weight
- 60720.15 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:24641623). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estrone (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of calcidiol, which is the major circulating form of vitamin D3, essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis (PubMed:24641623). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonists losartan, candesartan and zolarsartan, which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A3
- Uniprot ID
- P35503
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3
- Molecular Weight
- 60337.835 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19545173, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:23288867). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens and estrogens (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:16595710, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Produces dihydrotestosterone (DHT) diglucuronide from the DHT after two subsequent glucoronidation steps (PubMed:16595710). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist caderastan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18004212)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HAW9
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8
- Molecular Weight
- 59741.035 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:19545173). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estrone (PubMed:15472229). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist caderastan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:20610558). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18004212)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A9
- Uniprot ID
- O60656
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9
- Molecular Weight
- 59940.495 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15644426, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804, PubMed:31553721). Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:15864504, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain (PubMed:11306713, PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473). E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange (PubMed:26377792). Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule (PubMed:11907186). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside (PubMed:15644426). May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804). Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) (PubMed:14675047). May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals (PubMed:15864504). Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TCC7
- Uniprot Name
- Organic anion transporter 3
- Molecular Weight
- 59855.585 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoid leukotriene C4, prostaglandin E2 and L-thyroxine (T4) (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards sulfated steroids, taurocholate and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver (PubMed:22232210). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) such as pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:15159445). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Jardiance (empagliflozin) oral tablets [Link]
Drug created at April 01, 2015 02:20 / Updated at October 21, 2024 08:50