Siponimod

Identification

Summary

Siponimod is a medication used to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Brand Names
Mayzent 0.25 Mg Starter Pack
Generic Name
Siponimod
DrugBank Accession Number
DB12371
Background

Siponimod, also known as Mayzent, by Novartis, is a new drug formulated for the management of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It was approved by the FDA on March 26, 2019 6 and by Health Canada on February 20, 2020.8 This drug is considered a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator and is thought to play a role in suppressing the central nervous system inflammation that is associated with MS Label.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is chronic and inflammatory, disrupting communication between the brain and other parts of the body. Most patients diagnosed with this illness experience their initial disease symptoms between the age of 20 to 40, often the most productive years of life. Symptoms may include but are not limited to fatigue, gait changes, bowel or bladder dysfunction, abnormal muscle twitching, vision disturbance, and depressing or mood swings.7 MS is one of the most common causes of neurological disability in young adults and is found to occur more frequently in women than in men.1,6

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 516.605
Monoisotopic: 516.259977484
Chemical Formula
C29H35F3N2O3
Synonyms
  • Siponimod
External IDs
  • BAF-312
  • BAF312
  • NVP-BAF312-NX

Pharmacology

Indication

This drug is indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease in adults Label.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofRelapsing multiple sclerosis (rms)•••••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Immune system effects

Siponimod causes a dose-dependent decrease of the peripheral blood lymphocyte count within 6 hours of the first dose, caused by the reversible accumulation of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues, due to lack of lymphocyte release Label. This results in a decrease in the inflammation that is involved in multiple sclerosis. Lymphocyte counts return to normal in 90% of patients within 10 days after the cessation of therapy Label.

Effects on heart rate and rhythm

Siponimod causes a temporary decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction upon beginning treatment. The maximum fall in heart rate is observed in the first 6 hours post ingestion. Autonomic heart responses, including diurnal variation of heart rate and response to exercise activities, are not altered by siponimod treatment Label.

Effects on pulmonary function

Dose-dependent decreases in absolute forced expiratory volume over a time frame of 1 second were noted in siponimod-treated patients and were higher than in patients taking placebo Label.

Mechanism of action

Inflammation of the white and gray matter tissues in the central nervous system caused by localized immune cell infiltration and their cytokines are the initial cause of damage in MS. B lymphocytes and their cytokines are other factors in the pathogenesis of MS. Lymphotoxin [or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)] and TNF-α produced by these cells encourage inflammation 1. The S1P receptor is an important receptor related to the function of lymphocytes and can be found in the central nervous system 4. S1P receptor (S1PR) signaling is associated with a wide variety of physiological processes for lymphocytes, including their egress and recirculation 2,3.

Siponimod is classified as a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator. Siponimod binds with high affinity to both S1P receptors 1 and 5. This drug blocks the ability of lymphocytes to release from the lymph nodes, decreasing the number of lymphocytes found in the peripheral blood. The mechanism by which siponimod exerts therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis is not known at this time, but may involve the abovementioned decrease of lymphocytes into the central nervous system, decreasing the inflammatory effects of MS Label.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1
modulator
Humans
USphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5
modulator
Humans
Absorption

The time (Tmax) to attain maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) after oral administration of immediate-release oral doses of siponimod was found to be approximately 4 hours ( with a range 3 - 8 hours). Siponimod is heavily absorbed (at a rate greater than or equal to 70%). The absolute oral bioavailability of siponimod is about 84%. Steady-state concentrations were attained after approximately 6 days of daily administration of a single dose of siponimod Label.

Effects of food on absorption

Food ingestion leads to delayed siponimod absorption (the median Tmax increased by approximately 2-3 hours). Food intake has no effect on the systemic exposure of siponimod (Cmax and AUC). Therefore, siponimod may be taken without regard to food Label.

Volume of distribution

Siponimod distributes to body tissues with an average volume of distribution of 124 L. Siponimod fraction mesaured in plasma is 68% in humans. Animal studies demonstrate that siponimod readily crosses the blood-brain-barrier Label.

Protein binding

Protein binding of siponimod is higher than 99.9% in healthy patients as well as hepatic and renal impaired patients Label.

Because of the high plasma protein binding of siponimod, hemodialysis is not likely to change the total and unbound siponimod concentration and no dose adjustments are expected based on this Label.

Metabolism

Siponimod is extensively metabolized, mainly by CYP2C9 enzyme (79.3%), and subsequently by CYP3A4 enzyme (18.5%). The pharmacological activity of the main metabolites M3 and M17 is not expected to be responsible for the clinical effect and the safety of siponimod in humans Label.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Siponimod is eliminated from the systemic circulation mainly due to metabolism, and subsequent biliary/fecal excretion. Unchanged siponimod was not detected in urine Label.

Half-life

The apparent elimination half-life is approximately 30 hours Label.

Clearance

Apparent systemic clearance of 3.11 L/h has been estimated in MS patients Label.

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Carcinogenesis

Oral carcinogenicity studies of siponimod were performed in mice and rats. There was an increase in malignant lymphoma in females at all doses and in hemangiosarcoma and combined hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma at all doses in males and females. The lowest dose tested is approximately 5 times the recommended human dose (RHD) of 2 mg/day Label.

Mutagenesis

Siponimod was negative in several in vitro (Ames, chromosomal aberration in mammalian cells) and in vivo (micronucleus in mouse and rat) assays Label.

Impairment of fertility

When siponimod was administered orally (0, 2, 20, or 200 mg/kg) to male rats (mated with untreated females) before and throughout the mating period, there was a dose-related increase in the precoital interval at any dose. A decrease in implantation sites, an increase in preimplantation loss, and a decrease in the number of viable fetuses were noted at the highest dose tested. The higher no-effect dose for adverse effects on fertility (20 mg/kg) is approximately 100 times the recommended human dose Label.

When siponimod was administered orally (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg) to female rats (mated with untreated males) prior to and during mating, and continuing to Day 6 of gestation, no effects on fertility were noted up to the highest dose studied (1 mg/kg). Plasma siponimod exposure (AUC) at the highest dose studied is about 16 times that in humans at the recommended human dose Label.

Use in pregnancy and lactation

Siponimod may cause fetal harm, based on the results of animal studies. Because it takes about 10 days to eliminate this drug from the body, women of childbearing potential should use adequate contraception to avoid pregnancy during and for 10 days after the cessation of treatment Label. No data currently exist regarding the presence of siponimod in human milk Label. A study in lactating rats demonstrated excretion of the drug and/or its metabolites in milk. The benefits nursing should be considered as well as the mother’s clinical requirement for this drug and any possible adverse effects on the breastfed infant from siponimod Label.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Siponimod can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Siponimod can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Siponimod.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Siponimod.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Siponimod can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid St. John's Wort. Avoid the use of St. John's wort in patients with CYP2C9 genotype *1/*3 and*2/*3.
  • Take with or without food.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Siponimod fumarateZ7G02XZ0M61234627-85-0JNLIKIBISICTMS-PEJBKAKVSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
MayzentTablet, film coated2 mgOralNovartis Europharm Limited2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag
MayzentTablet0.25 mgOralNovartis2020-04-24Not applicableCanada flag
MayzentTablet, film coated1 mgOralNovartis Europharm Limited2022-05-04Not applicableEU flag
MayzentTablet, film coated1 mg/1OralNovartis Farma S.P.A.2019-03-26Not applicableUS flag
MayzentTablet, film coated0.25 mgOralNovartis Europharm Limited2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag

Categories

ATC Codes
L04AE03 — Siponimod
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as trifluoromethylbenzenes. These are organofluorine compounds that contain a benzene ring substituted with one or more trifluoromethyl groups.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Trifluoromethylbenzenes
Direct Parent
Trifluoromethylbenzenes
Alternative Parents
Phenylmethylamines / Benzylamines / Azetidinecarboxylic acids / Aralkylamines / Trialkylamines / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds
show 5 more
Substituents
Alkyl fluoride / Alkyl halide / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Azetidine / Azetidinecarboxylic acid
show 19 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
RR6P8L282I
CAS number
1230487-00-9
InChI Key
KIHYPELVXPAIDH-HNSNBQBZSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C29H35F3N2O3/c1-3-21-14-23(10-11-24(21)15-34-16-25(17-34)28(35)36)19(2)33-37-18-20-9-12-26(22-7-5-4-6-8-22)27(13-20)29(30,31)32/h9-14,22,25H,3-8,15-18H2,1-2H3,(H,35,36)/b33-19+
IUPAC Name
1-({4-[(1E)-1-({[4-cyclohexyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy}imino)ethyl]-2-ethylphenyl}methyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid
SMILES
CCC1=CC(=CC=C1CN1CC(C1)C(O)=O)C(\C)=N\OCC1=CC=C(C2CCCCC2)C(=C1)C(F)(F)F

References

General References
  1. Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E: Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy. Cell J. 2017 Apr-Jun;19(1):1-10. Epub 2016 Dec 21. [Article]
  2. Chiba K, Matsuyuki H, Maeda Y, Sugahara K: Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 1 in lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues and thymus. Cell Mol Immunol. 2006 Feb;3(1):11-9. [Article]
  3. Garris CS, Blaho VA, Hla T, Han MH: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 signalling in T cells: trafficking and beyond. Immunology. 2014 Jul;142(3):347-53. doi: 10.1111/imm.12272. [Article]
  4. Healy LM, Antel JP: Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors in the Central Nervous and Immune Systems. Curr Drug Targets. 2016;17(16):1841-1850. [Article]
  5. Dumitrescu L, Constantinescu CS, Tanasescu R: Siponimod for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Feb;20(2):143-150. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1551363. Epub 2018 Dec 5. [Article]
  6. FDA approves new oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis [Link]
  7. MS Society Document, Canada [Link]
  8. Health Canada Product Monograph: Mayzent (siponimod) oral tablets [Link]
PubChem Compound
44599207
PubChem Substance
347828622
ChemSpider
29315058
BindingDB
50428142
RxNav
2121085
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2336071
ZINC
ZINC000006717453
Wikipedia
Siponimod
FDA label
Download (982 KB)
MSDS
Download (22.4 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableAvailableNot AvailableMultiple Sclerosis1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableSecondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableRecruitingNot AvailableMultiple Sclerosis1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4Active Not RecruitingTreatmentRelapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4CompletedTreatmentCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) / Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral0.25 mg
TabletOral1 mg
TabletOral2 mg
TabletOral2.224 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral0.25 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral1 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral1 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral2 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral0.25 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral2 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US8492441No2013-07-232030-11-30US flag
US7939519No2011-05-102024-05-19US flag
US11944602No2016-07-242036-07-24US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)111-112https://www.trc-canada.com/product-detail/?CatNum=S487800&CAS=342026-92-0&Chemical_Name=Sipoglitazar&Mol_Formula=C₂₅H₂₅N₃O₄S
boiling point (°C)419https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/dsstoxdb/calculation_details?model_id=27&search=153847
water solubility100 mg/mL , warm water https://www.selleckchem.com/products/baf312-siponimod.html
logP6.77https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL2336071/
pKa2.69 (Acidic), 9.15 (Basic)https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL2336071/
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00032 mg/mLALOGPS
logP5.85ALOGPS
logP4.31Chemaxon
logS-6.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.33Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.5Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area62.13 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity138.6 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability55.99 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014r-0015920000-e1c9b1db333e730aa2ae
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014r-0090440000-e918aac447f16f70c706
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014r-6316920000-fdba93735d09f510408e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udl-4191310000-73225d3dc4dd5f7431c9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0gc4-5396740000-78d0d3f7b239ec3a1a70
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0032-3901210000-a8209359677d994c95d7
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-209.99857
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+212.39412
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+218.30664
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Modulator
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for the bioactive lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) that seems to be coupled to the G(i) subclass of heteromeric G proteins. Signaling leads to the activation of RAC1, SRC, PTK2/FAK1 and MAP kinases. Plays an important role in cell migration, probably via its role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of lamellipodia in response to stimuli that increase the activity of the sphingosine kinase SPHK1. Required for normal chemotaxis toward sphingosine 1-phosphate. Required for normal embryonic heart development and normal cardiac morphogenesis. Plays an important role in the regulation of sprouting angiogenesis and vascular maturation. Inhibits sprouting angiogenesis to prevent excessive sprouting during blood vessel development. Required for normal egress of mature T-cells from the thymus into the blood stream and into peripheral lymphoid organs. Plays a role in the migration of osteoclast precursor cells, the regulation of bone mineralization and bone homeostasis (By similarity). Plays a role in responses to oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by pulmonary endothelial cells and in the protection against ventilator-induced lung injury
Specific Function
G protein-coupled receptor activity
Gene Name
S1PR1
Uniprot ID
P21453
Uniprot Name
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1
Molecular Weight
42810.195 Da
References
  1. Pan S, Gray NS, Gao W, Mi Y, Fan Y, Wang X, Tuntland T, Che J, Lefebvre S, Chen Y, Chu A, Hinterding K, Gardin A, End P, Heining P, Bruns C, Cooke NG, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B: Discovery of BAF312 (Siponimod), a Potent and Selective S1P Receptor Modulator. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jan 4;4(3):333-7. doi: 10.1021/ml300396r. eCollection 2013 Mar 14. [Article]
  2. Gianguzza M, Dolcemascolo G: On the ultrastructure of the test cells of Ascidia malaca during oogenesis. Acta Embryol Exp (Palermo). 1979;(2):173-89. [Article]
  3. Gajofatto A: Spotlight on siponimod and its potential in the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: the evidence to date. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Nov 2;11:3153-3157. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S122249. eCollection 2017. [Article]
  4. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
  5. Siponimod FDA label [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Modulator
General Function
Receptor for the lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effect on most types of cells and tissues. Is coupled to both the G(i/0)alpha and G(12) subclass of heteromeric G-proteins (By similarity). May play a regulatory role in the transformation of radial glial cells into astrocytes and may affect proliferative activity of these cells
Specific Function
G protein-coupled receptor activity
Gene Name
S1PR5
Uniprot ID
Q9H228
Uniprot Name
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5
Molecular Weight
41774.515 Da
References
  1. Gajofatto A: Spotlight on siponimod and its potential in the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: the evidence to date. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Nov 2;11:3153-3157. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S122249. eCollection 2017. [Article]
  2. Glaenzel U, Jin Y, Nufer R, Li W, Schroer K, Adam-Stitah S, Peter van Marle S, Legangneux E, Borell H, James AD, Meissner A, Camenisch G, Gardin A: Metabolism and Disposition of Siponimod, a Novel Selective S1P1/S1P5 Agonist, in Healthy Volunteers and In Vitro Identification of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Involved in Its Oxidative Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Jul;46(7):1001-1013. doi: 10.1124/dmd.117.079574. Epub 2018 May 7. [Article]
  3. O'Sullivan C, Schubart A, Mir AK, Dev KK: The dual S1PR1/S1PR5 drug BAF312 (Siponimod) attenuates demyelination in organotypic slice cultures. J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Feb 8;13:31. doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0494-x. [Article]
  4. Siponimod FDA label [File]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Glaenzel U, Jin Y, Nufer R, Li W, Schroer K, Adam-Stitah S, Peter van Marle S, Legangneux E, Borell H, James AD, Meissner A, Camenisch G, Gardin A: Metabolism and Disposition of Siponimod, a Novel Selective S1P1/S1P5 Agonist, in Healthy Volunteers and In Vitro Identification of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Involved in Its Oxidative Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Jul;46(7):1001-1013. doi: 10.1124/dmd.117.079574. Epub 2018 May 7. [Article]
  2. Siponimod FDA label [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
Specific Function
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Glaenzel U, Jin Y, Nufer R, Li W, Schroer K, Adam-Stitah S, Peter van Marle S, Legangneux E, Borell H, James AD, Meissner A, Camenisch G, Gardin A: Metabolism and Disposition of Siponimod, a Novel Selective S1P1/S1P5 Agonist, in Healthy Volunteers and In Vitro Identification of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Involved in Its Oxidative Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Jul;46(7):1001-1013. doi: 10.1124/dmd.117.079574. Epub 2018 May 7. [Article]
  2. Siponimod FDA label [File]

Drug created at October 20, 2016 22:06 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:23