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Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000027MetabolicPantothenic acid, pantetheine 4’-phosphate and pantetheine are all found in red blood cells. … It is a precursor of coenzyme A, which is an essential part of many reactions in the body, specifically important in the production of compounds like cholesterol and different fatty acids.
Enzymes: Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1Starch and Sucrose Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000058MetabolicOnce released from starch or once ingested, sucrose can be degraded into beta-D-fructose and alpha-D-glucose via lysosomal alpha-glucosidase or sucrose-isomaltase. … Beta-D-fructose can be converted to beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate by glucokinase and then to alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate by the action of glucose phosphate isomerase.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · NADH · ATP · Calcium · Magnesium cation · Uridine diphosphate glucose +4 moreEnzymes: 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzymeSpermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000445MetabolicSpermidine and spermine are produced in many tissues, as they are involved in the regulation of genetic processes from DNA synthesis to cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. … The Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis pathway highlights the creation of these cruicial polyamines.
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000008Metabolicinto polypeptides (via tyrosyl tRNA synthetase and phenylalyl tRNA synthetase) and the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroxylase. … Tyrosine can be converted into L-DOPA, which is further converted into dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline).
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Adenosine phosphate · Tyrosine · Glutamic acid · ATP +11 moreEnzymes: Phenylalanine--tRNA ligase alpha subunitArginine and Proline Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000020MetabolicThe resulting mitochondrial ornithine can then be acted on by the enzyme ornithine amino transferase (OAT), which combines alpha-ketoglutarate with ornithine to produce glutamate and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate … The arginine and proline metabolism pathway illustrates the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids including arginine, ornithine, proline, citrulline, and glutamate in mammals.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ademetionine · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · Adenosine phosphate +21 moreEnzymes: Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-3Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000032MetabolicIsovaleryl-CoA is produced from leucine by these two reactions, alpha-methylbutyryl-CoA from isoleucine, and isobutyryl-CoA from valine. … and acetyl-CoA) and glucose (succinyl-CoA).
Enzymes: Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrial, 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase subunit alpha, mitochondrialThreonine and 2-Oxobutanoate Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000452MetabolicIn this pathway the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex is depicted. … , and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) with a flavin cofactor.
Enzymes: Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrial, 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase subunit alpha, mitochondrialApoptotic DNA Fragmentation and Tissue Homeostasis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0063772SignalingICAD and CAD exist in the nucleus in normal cells and is a major endonuclease in apoptosis. Its activation is normally caspase dependent. … EndoG resides in mitochondria in normal cells and travels to the nucleus, where it fragments chromosomal DNA upon activation of apoptosis.
Drugs: ZincEnzymes: DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha, DNA fragmentation factor subunit alphaMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Creatinine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123283MetabolicIf not cleared, it can reduce cardiomyocyte contractility and weaken cardiac efficiency, leading to systolic dysfunction and heart failure. … Arginine from the diet is absorbed into systemic circulation and enters hepatocytes through an amino acid transporter, where it undergoes a series of metabolic reactions.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124865MetabolicThe purines are guanine and adenine. These undergo metabolism in the liver to form xanthine. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. … Xanthine then enters the blood where it can have detrimental effects on other organs such as the kidney (causing renal failure) and the blood vessel (causing endothelial dysfunction).