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Starch and Sucrose Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000058MetabolicThe action of enterocytes of the small intestine microvilli further break down limit dextrins and disaccharides into monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, and fructose. … Amylase enzymes secreted in saliva by the parotid gland and in the small intestine play an important role in initiating starch digestion.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · NADH · ATP · Calcium · Magnesium cation · Uridine diphosphate glucose +4 moreSpermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000445MetabolicSpermidine and spermine are produced in many tissues, as they are involved in the regulation of genetic processes from DNA synthesis to cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. … The Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis pathway highlights the creation of these cruicial polyamines.
Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Phenyl glucuronide
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123227MetabolicPhenyl glucuronide is a phenolic compound that is formed through gut microbial metabolism from dietary tyrosine and a glucuronidation reaction in liver hepatic cells. … After being transported into gut microbes, tyrosine undergoes a reaction with the enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase to form phenol.
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000008MetabolicFumarylacetoacetate is finally split via fumarylacetoacetate-hydrolase into fumarate (also a metabolite of the citric acid cycle) and acetoacetate (3-ketobutyroate). … This reaction functions both as the first step in tyrosine/phenylalanine catabolism by which the body disposes of excess phenylalanine, and as a source of the amino acid tyrosine.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Phenylalanine · Adenosine phosphate · Tyrosine · Glutamic acid · ATP +11 moreEnzymes: L-amino-acid oxidaseArginine and Proline Metabolism
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000020MetabolicIn particular, the amino acid citrulline is first synthesized from several other amino acids (glutamine, glutamate, and proline) in the mitochondria of the intestinal enterocytes (PMID: 9806879). … The arginine and proline metabolism pathway illustrates the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids including arginine, ornithine, proline, citrulline, and glutamate in mammals.
Drugs: Pyridoxal phosphate · Ademetionine · Arginine · Aspartic acid · Ornithine · Adenosine phosphate +21 moreEnzymes: D-amino-acid oxidaseValine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000032MetabolicAs a result, three different α-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD), yielding the three different CoA derivatives. … Valine, isoleuciine, and leucine are essential amino acids and are identified as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs).
Enzymes: Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic, Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialThreonine and 2-Oxobutanoate Degradation
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0000452Metabolic2-oxobutanoate, also known as 2-Ketobutyric acid, is a 2-keto acid that is commonly produced in the metabolism of amino acids such as methionine and threonine. … , and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) with a flavin cofactor.
Enzymes: Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialApoptotic DNA Fragmentation and Tissue Homeostasis
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0063772SignalingICAD and CAD exist in the nucleus in normal cells and is a major endonuclease in apoptosis. Its activation is normally caspase dependent. … EndoG resides in mitochondria in normal cells and travels to the nucleus, where it fragments chromosomal DNA upon activation of apoptosis.
Drugs: ZincMetabolism and Physiological Effects of Creatinine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0123283MetabolicArginine from the diet is absorbed into systemic circulation and enters hepatocytes through an amino acid transporter, where it undergoes a series of metabolic reactions. … If not cleared, it can reduce cardiomyocyte contractility and weaken cardiac efficiency, leading to systolic dysfunction and heart failure.
Enzymes: Y+L amino acid transporter 2Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthine
smpdb.ca/view/SMP0124865MetabolicThe purines are guanine and adenine. These undergo metabolism in the liver to form xanthine. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. … Xanthine then enters the blood where it can have detrimental effects on other organs such as the kidney (causing renal failure) and the blood vessel (causing endothelial dysfunction).