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Identification
- Summary
Estrone is an estrogen used to treat perimenopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.
- Brand Names
- Estragyn
- Generic Name
- Estrone
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00655
- Background
Estrone, one of the major mammalian estrogens, is an aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone. It is produced in vivo from androstenedione or from testosterone via estradiol. It is produced primarily in the ovaries, placenta, and in peripheral tissues (especially adipose tissue) through conversion of adrostenedione. Estrone may be further metabolized to 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone, which may be reduced to estriol by estradiol dehydrogenase.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Estrone (DB00655)
- Weight
- Average: 270.3661
Monoisotopic: 270.161979948 - Chemical Formula
- C18H22O2
- Synonyms
- 3-Hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one
- Estrona
- Estrone
- Estronum
- Follicular hormone
- Folliculin
- Oestrone
- External IDs
- WAY 164397
Pharmacology
- Indication
For management of perimenopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Symptomatic treatment of Vulvovaginal atrophy •••••••••••• ••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Estrone, a synthetically prepared or naturally occurring steroidal estrogen obtained from pregnant equine urine, is the primary circulating estrogen after menopause. Estrone is naturally derived from the peripheral conversion of androstenedione by an aromatase enzyme found in adipose tissues and is converted to estradiol in peripheral tissues. The estrogenic potency of estrone is one third that of estradiol. Estropipate is piperazine-stabilized estrone sulfate. Estrone, and estropipate are used to treat abnormalities related to gonadotropin hormone dysfunction, vasomotor symptoms, atrophic vaginitis, and vulvar atrophy associated with menopause, and for the prevention of osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency.
- Mechanism of action
Estrogens enter the cells of responsive tissues (e.g. female organs, breasts, hypothalamus, pituitary) where they interact with estrogen receptors. Hormone-bound estrogen receptors dimerize, translocate to the nucleus of cells and bind to estrogen response elements (ERE) of genes. Binding to ERE alters the transcription rate of affected genes. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from the anterior pituitary.
Target Actions Organism AEstrogen receptor agonistHumans UEstrogen receptor beta Not Available Humans UAndrogen receptor Not Available Humans UAromatase Not Available Humans USex hormone-binding globulin Not Available Humans - Absorption
43%
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
> 95%
- Metabolism
Hepatic.
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
19 hours
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Symptoms of overdose include nausea and vomiting. Estrogen related side effects include nausea, breast tenderness, fluid retention and edema, headaches and/or migraines, chloasma and poor contact lens fit. Estrogen hormone deficiency is associated with breakthrough bleeding, hypomenorrhea, irritability, depression and menopausal symptoms. Withdrawal bleeds may occur in females.
- Pathways
Pathway Category Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency Disease Estrone Metabolism Metabolic Androgen and Estrogen Metabolism Metabolic Aromatase Deficiency Disease Sulfate/Sulfite Metabolism Metabolic 17-beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase III Deficiency Disease Androstenedione Metabolism Metabolic - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Estrone can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abciximab Estrone may increase the thrombogenic activities of Abciximab. Acetohexamide The therapeutic efficacy of Acetohexamide can be decreased when used in combination with Estrone. Adalimumab Estrone may increase the thrombogenic activities of Adalimumab. Aducanumab Estrone may increase the thrombogenic activities of Aducanumab. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Ingesting alcohol may increase serum concentrations of estradiol.
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 and therefore, may increase estrone concentrations, potentially increasing its adverse effects.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- Estrone (Watson)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Estragyn Vaginal Cream Cream 0.1 % w/w Vaginal Searchlight Pharma Inc 1987-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Oestrilin Cones Vaginaux Suppository .25 mg / sup Vaginal Desbergers LtÉe, Division Of Technilab Inc. 1951-12-31 2004-08-09 Canada Oestrilin Creme Vaginale 1mg Cream 1 mg / g Vaginal Desbergers LtÉe, Division Of Technilab Inc. 1968-12-31 2004-08-23 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- G03CC04 — Estrone
- G03CC — Estrogens, combinations with other drugs
- G03C — ESTROGENS
- G03 — SEX HORMONES AND MODULATORS OF THE GENITAL SYSTEM
- G — GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES
- Drug Categories
- 17-Ketosteroids
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Estradiol Congeners
- Estranes
- Estrenes
- Estrogens
- Fused-Ring Compounds
- Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
- Gonadal Hormones
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones
- Hormones
- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
- Ketosteroids
- Natural and Semisynthetic Estrogens, Plain
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Substrates
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein inducers
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Sex Hormones and Modulators of the Genital System
- Steroids
- Thyroxine-binding globulin inducers
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Steroids and steroid derivatives
- Sub Class
- Estrane steroids
- Direct Parent
- Estrogens and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- 3-hydroxysteroids / 17-oxosteroids / Phenanthrenes and derivatives / Tetralins / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Ketones / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 17-oxosteroid / 3-hydroxysteroid / Aromatic homopolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group / Estrogen-skeleton / Hydrocarbon derivative / Hydroxysteroid / Ketone
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homopolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- 17-oxo steroid, 3-hydroxy steroid (CHEBI:17263) / estrane, C18 steroids (estrogens) and derivatives, Estrane and derivatives, Estrogens (C00468) / C18 steroids (estrogens) and derivatives (LMST02010004)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 2DI9HA706A
- CAS number
- 53-16-7
- InChI Key
- DNXHEGUUPJUMQT-CBZIJGRNSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C18H22O2/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(19)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)20/h3,5,10,14-16,19H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,18+/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (3aS,3bR,9bS,11aS)-7-hydroxy-11a-methyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,3bH,4H,5H,9bH,10H,11H,11aH-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-1-one
- SMILES
- [H][C@@]12CCC(=O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])C3=C(CC[C@@]21[H])C=C(O)C=C3
References
- Synthesis Reference
Seiichi Takano, Kunio Ogasawara, "Method for producing (+)-estrone derivatives." U.S. Patent US5424462, issued January, 1965.
US5424462- General References
- Miyoshi Y, Tanji Y, Taguchi T, Tamaki Y, Noguchi S: Association of serum estrone levels with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer risk in postmenopausal Japanese women. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jun;9(6):2229-33. [Article]
- Kajta M, Lason W, Bien E, Marszal M: Neuroprotective effects of estrone on NMDA-induced toxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons are independent of estrogen receptors. Pol J Pharmacol. 2002 Nov-Dec;54(6):727-9. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000145
- KEGG Drug
- D00067
- KEGG Compound
- C00468
- PubChem Compound
- 5870
- PubChem Substance
- 46505916
- ChemSpider
- 5660
- BindingDB
- 17289
- 4103
- ChEBI
- 17263
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1405
- ZINC
- ZINC000013509425
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001020
- PharmGKB
- PA449512
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- J3Z
- Wikipedia
- Estrone
- PDB Entries
- 5hs6 / 6mnc / 6mne / 7ry4 / 7x3z
- MSDS
- Download (99.6 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data2 Unknown Status Diagnostic Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Unknown Status Treatment Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Wyeth ayerst laboratories
- Watson laboratories inc
- Parkedale pharmaceuticals inc
- Packagers
- Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
- Clint Pharmaceutical Inc.
- Consolidated Midland Corp.
- Gallipot
- Martin Surgical Supply
- Medisca Inc.
- Merit Pharmaceuticals
- National Pharmaceuticals
- North America Genescience LLC
- Primedics Laboratories
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Cream Vaginal 0.1 % w/w Suppository Vaginal .25 mg / sup Cream Vaginal 1 mg / g - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Estrone powder 21.42USD g Estrone crystal 11.76USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 258-261 °C 'MSDS' boiling point (°C) 445.2 °C 'MSDS' water solubility 0.76 g/L at 20 ºC 'MSDS' logP 2.6 'MSDS' logS -3.96 ADME Research, USCD - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00394 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.03 ALOGPS logP 4.31 Chemaxon logS -4.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 10.33 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -5.4 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 37.3 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 79.08 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 31.24 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 1.0 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9529 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8934 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6001 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9066 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8882 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.73 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.6624 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.729 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.9017 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9353 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9599 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8954 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8681 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9268 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8917 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9717 Rat acute toxicity 1.9267 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.8711 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.5459
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (9.95 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 173.1393473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 162.8952464 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 173.0936473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 172.9716473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 177.81871 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M-H]- 173.1393473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 162.8952464 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 173.0936473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 172.9716473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 177.81871 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 174.6389473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 174.6442997 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 173.5386473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 174.1581473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 180.21426 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 174.6389473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 174.6442997 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 173.5386473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 174.1581473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 180.21426 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 173.0156473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 173.2148473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 173.1836473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 173.6687473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 186.12682 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 173.0156473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 173.2148473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 173.1836473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 173.6687473 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 186.12682 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3 (PubMed:17922032). Maintains neuronal survival in response to ischemic reperfusion injury when in the presence of circulating estradiol (17-beta-estradiol/E2) (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- 14-3-3 protein binding
- Gene Name
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID
- P03372
- Uniprot Name
- Estrogen receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 66215.45 Da
References
- Margeat E, Bourdoncle A, Margueron R, Poujol N, Cavailles V, Royer C: Ligands differentially modulate the protein interactions of the human estrogen receptors alpha and beta. J Mol Biol. 2003 Feb 7;326(1):77-92. [Article]
- Sasson S: Equilibrium binding analysis of estrogen agonists and antagonists: relation to the activation of the estrogen receptor. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1991 Jan;39(1):59-69. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1/ER-alpha, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner (PubMed:20074560)
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- ESR2
- Uniprot ID
- Q92731
- Uniprot Name
- Estrogen receptor beta
- Molecular Weight
- 59215.765 Da
References
- Gutendorf B, Westendorf J: Comparison of an array of in vitro assays for the assessment of the estrogenic potential of natural and synthetic estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens. Toxicology. 2001 Sep 14;166(1-2):79-89. [Article]
- Dang Z: Comparison of relative binding affinities to fish and mammalian estrogen receptors: the regulatory implications. Toxicol Lett. 2010 Feb 15;192(3):298-315. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.004. Epub 2009 Nov 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues (PubMed:19022849). Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins like ZBTB7A that recruits NCOR1 and NCOR2 to the androgen response elements/ARE on target genes, negatively regulating androgen receptor signaling and androgen-induced cell proliferation (PubMed:20812024). Transcription activation is also down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3
- Specific Function
- androgen binding
- Gene Name
- AR
- Uniprot ID
- P10275
- Uniprot Name
- Androgen receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 99187.115 Da
References
- Kojima H, Iida M, Katsura E, Kanetoshi A, Hori Y, Kobayashi K: Effects of a diphenyl ether-type herbicide, chlornitrofen, and its amino derivative on androgen and estrogen receptor activities. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Apr;111(4):497-502. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of C19 androgens, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) and testosterone to the C18 estrogens, estrone and estradiol, respectively (PubMed:27702664, PubMed:2848247). Catalyzes three successive oxidations of C19 androgens: two conventional oxidations at C19 yielding 19-hydroxy and 19-oxo/19-aldehyde derivatives, followed by a third oxidative aromatization step that involves C1-beta hydrogen abstraction combined with cleavage of the C10-C19 bond to yield a phenolic A ring and formic acid (PubMed:20385561). Alternatively, the third oxidative reaction yields a 19-norsteroid and formic acid. Converts dihydrotestosterone to delta1,10-dehydro 19-nordihydrotestosterone and may play a role in homeostasis of this potent androgen (PubMed:22773874). Also displays 2-hydroxylase activity toward estrone (PubMed:22773874). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:20385561, PubMed:22773874)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP19A1
- Uniprot ID
- P11511
- Uniprot Name
- Aromatase
- Molecular Weight
- 57882.48 Da
References
- Numazawa M, Ando M, Watari Y, Tominaga T, Hayata Y, Yoshimura A: Structure-activity relationships of 2-, 4-, or 6-substituted estrogens as aromatase inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Jun;96(1):51-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. Regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration
- Specific Function
- androgen binding
- Gene Name
- SHBG
- Uniprot ID
- P04278
- Uniprot Name
- Sex hormone-binding globulin
- Molecular Weight
- 43778.755 Da
References
- Hong H, Branham WS, Ng HW, Moland CL, Dial SL, Fang H, Perkins R, Sheehan D, Tong W: Human sex hormone-binding globulin binding affinities of 125 structurally diverse chemicals and comparison with their binding to androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, and alpha-fetoprotein. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Feb;143(2):333-48. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu231. Epub 2014 Oct 27. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Lee AJ, Cai MX, Thomas PE, Conney AH, Zhu BT: Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98. [Article]
- Niwa T, Murayama N, Imagawa Y, Yamazaki H: Regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones by human cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Rev. 2015 May;47(2):89-110. doi: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1011658. Epub 2015 Feb 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15258110, PubMed:20972997). Exhibits catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2- and 4-hydroxy E1 and E2. Displays a predominant hydroxylase activity toward E2 at the C-4 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes testosterone and progesterone to B or D ring hydroxylated metabolites (PubMed:10426814). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:15258110). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA. Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EpETrE) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15- EpETrE, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Additionally, displays dehydratase activity toward oxygenated eicosanoids hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoates (HpETEs). This activity is independent of cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH, and O2 (PubMed:21068195). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, particularly converting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aryl amines procarcinogens to DNA-damaging products (PubMed:10426814). Plays an important role in retinal vascular development. Under hyperoxic O2 conditions, promotes retinal angiogenesis and capillary morphogenesis, likely by metabolizing the oxygenated products generated during the oxidative stress. Also, contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of trabecular meshwork tissue through modulation of POSTN expression (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q16678
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 60845.33 Da
References
- Thomas MP, Potter BV: The structural biology of oestrogen metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Sep;137:27-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.014. Epub 2013 Jan 4. [Article]
- van Duursen MB, Sanderson JT, van der Bruggen M, van der Linden J, van den Berg M: Effects of several dioxin-like compounds on estrogen metabolism in the malignant MCF-7 and nontumorigenic MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cell lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003 Aug 1;190(3):241-50. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00166-2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:21289075). Hydroxylates steroid hormones, including testosterone at C-16 and estrogens at C-2 (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including plant lipids and drugs (PubMed:11695850, PubMed:22909231). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850)
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID
- P20813
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2B6
- Molecular Weight
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
- Zanger UM, Klein K: Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6): advances on polymorphisms, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Front Genet. 2013 Mar 5;4:24. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00024. eCollection 2013. [Article]
- Mo SL, Liu YH, Duan W, Wei MQ, Kanwar JR, Zhou SF: Substrate specificity, regulation, and polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 2B6. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Sep;10(7):730-53. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
- Modugno F, Knoll C, Kanbour-Shakir A, Romkes M: A potential role for the estrogen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Dec;82(3):191-7. doi: 10.1023/B:BREA.0000004376.21491.44. [Article]
- Uno T, Nakano R, Kitagawa R, Okada M, Kanamaru K, Takenaka S, Uno Y, Imaishi H: Metabolism of steroids by cytochrome P450 2C9 variants. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2018 Sep;39(8):371-377. doi: 10.1002/bdd.2153. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics (Probable)
- Specific Function
- 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2E1
- Uniprot ID
- P05181
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2E1
- Molecular Weight
- 56848.42 Da
References
- Ohe T, Hirobe M, Mashino T: Novel metabolic pathway of estrone and 17beta-estradiol catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):110-2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Huang Z, Guengerich FP, Kaminsky LS: 16Alpha-hydroxylation of estrone by human cytochrome P4503A4/5. Carcinogenesis. 1998 May;19(5):867-72. [Article]
- Lee AJ, Cai MX, Thomas PE, Conney AH, Zhu BT: Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98. [Article]
- Cribb AE, Knight MJ, Dryer D, Guernsey J, Hender K, Tesch M, Saleh TM: Role of polymorphic human cytochrome P450 enzymes in estrone oxidation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Mar;15(3):551-8. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0801. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Lin Y, Lu P, Tang C, Mei Q, Sandig G, Rodrigues AD, Rushmore TH, Shou M: Substrate inhibition kinetics for cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Apr;29(4 Pt 1):368-74. [Article]
- Ueno T, Tamura S, Frels WI, Shou M, Gonzalez FJ, Kimura S: A transgenic mouse expressing human CYP1A2 in the pancreas. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Sep 15;60(6):857-63. [Article]
- Yamazaki H, Shaw PM, Guengerich FP, Shimada T: Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4 in the oxidation of estradiol and estrone in human liver microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 Jun;11(6):659-65. doi: 10.1021/tx970217f. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C15-alpha and C16-alpha positions (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15805301). Displays different regioselectivities for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) hydroxylation (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Displays an absolute stereoselectivity in the epoxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) producing the 17(R),18(S) enantiomer (PubMed:15041462). May play an important role in all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P04798
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 58164.815 Da
References
- Ohe T, Hirobe M, Mashino T: Novel metabolic pathway of estrone and 17beta-estradiol catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):110-2. [Article]
- van Duursen MB, Sanderson JT, van der Bruggen M, van der Linden J, van den Berg M: Effects of several dioxin-like compounds on estrogen metabolism in the malignant MCF-7 and nontumorigenic MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cell lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003 Aug 1;190(3):241-50. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00166-2. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Tan E, Lu T, Pang KS: Futile cycling of estrone sulfate and estrone in the recirculating perfused rat liver preparation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):423-36. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of steroid sulfate conjugates and other specific organic anions (PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:11932330, PubMed:12724351, PubMed:14610227, PubMed:16908597, PubMed:18501590, PubMed:20507927, PubMed:22201122, PubMed:23531488, PubMed:25132355, PubMed:26383540, PubMed:27576593, PubMed:28408210, PubMed:29871943, PubMed:34628357). Responsible for the transport of estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) through the basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast, highlighting a potential role in the placental absorption of fetal-derived sulfated steroids including the steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (PubMed:11932330, PubMed:12409283). Also facilitates the uptake of sulfated steroids at the basal/sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, therefore accounting for the major part of organic anions clearance of liver (PubMed:11159893). Mediates the intestinal uptake of sulfated steroids (PubMed:12724351, PubMed:28408210). Mediates the uptake of the neurosteroids DHEA-S and pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) into the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier as the first step to enter the brain (PubMed:16908597, PubMed:25132355). Also plays a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons (PubMed:25132355). May act as a heme transporter that promotes cellular iron availability via heme oxygenase/HMOX2 and independently of TFRC (PubMed:35714613). Also transports heme by-product coproporphyrin III (CPIII), and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). Mediates the uptake of other substrates such as prostaglandins D2 (PGD2), E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2), taurocholate, L-thyroxine, leukotriene C4 and thromboxane B2 (PubMed:10873595, PubMed:14610227, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:29871943, Ref.25). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:14610227, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:22201122). The exact transport mechanism has not been yet deciphered but most likely involves an anion exchange, coupling the cellular uptake of organic substrate with the efflux of an anionic compound (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:20507927, PubMed:26277985). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as a probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Cytoplasmic glutamate may also act as counteranion in the placenta (PubMed:26277985). An inwardly directed proton gradient has also been proposed as the driving force of E1S uptake with a (H(+):E1S) stoichiometry of (1:1) (PubMed:20507927)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO2B1
- Uniprot ID
- O94956
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76697.93 Da
References
- Tamai I, Nozawa T, Koshida M, Nezu J, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Functional characterization of human organic anion transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) in comparison with liver-specific OATP-C. Pharm Res. 2001 Sep;18(9):1262-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInducer
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Noguchi K, Kawahara H, Kaji A, Katayama K, Mitsuhashi J, Sugimoto Y: Substrate-dependent bidirectional modulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance by erlotinib. Cancer Sci. 2009 Sep;100(9):1701-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01213.x. Epub 2009 May 12. [Article]
- Kim WY, Benet LZ: P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1)-mediated efflux of sex-steroid hormones and modulation of P-gp expression in vitro. Pharm Res. 2004 Jul;21(7):1284-93. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Na(+)-independent transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of a broad range of organic anions such as the endogenous bile salts cholate and deoxycholate, either in their unconjugated or conjugated forms (taurocholate and glycocholate), at the plasmam membrane (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:7557095). Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) (PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:23918469, PubMed:25560245, PubMed:9539145). Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision (PubMed:25560245). Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs (PubMed:17301733, PubMed:20686826, PubMed:27777271). Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) (PubMed:19129463, PubMed:20358049). Also transports prostaglandin E2 (PubMed:19129463). Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons (PubMed:25132355). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P46721
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 74144.105 Da
References
- Kanai N, Lu R, Bao Y, Wolkoff AW, Vore M, Schuster VL: Estradiol 17 beta-D-glucuronide is a high-affinity substrate for oatp organic anion transporter. Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 2):F326-31. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- Imai Y, Tsukahara S, Asada S, Sugimoto Y: Phytoestrogens/flavonoids reverse breast cancer resistance protein/ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance. Cancer Res. 2004 Jun 15;64(12):4346-52. [Article]
- Sugimoto Y, Tsukahara S, Imai Y, Sugimoto Y, Ueda K, Tsuruo T: Reversal of breast cancer resistance protein-mediated drug resistance by estrogen antagonists and agonists. Mol Cancer Ther. 2003 Jan;2(1):105-12. [Article]
- Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Sugimoto Y, Sugiyama Y: ABCG2 transports sulfated conjugates of steroids and xenobiotics. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 20;278(25):22644-9. Epub 2003 Apr 7. [Article]
- Imai Y, Asada S, Tsukahara S, Ishikawa E, Tsuruo T, Sugimoto Y: Breast cancer resistance protein exports sulfated estrogens but not free estrogens. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;64(3):610-8. [Article]
- Miwa M, Tsukahara S, Ishikawa E, Asada S, Imai Y, Sugimoto Y: Single amino acid substitutions in the transmembrane domains of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) alter cross resistance patterns in transfectants. Int J Cancer. 2003 Dec 10;107(5):757-63. [Article]
- Imai Y, Tsukahara S, Ishikawa E, Tsuruo T, Sugimoto Y: Estrone and 17beta-estradiol reverse breast cancer resistance protein-mediated multidrug resistance. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002 Mar;93(3):231-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Tamai I, Nozawa T, Koshida M, Nezu J, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Functional characterization of human organic anion transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) in comparison with liver-specific OATP-C. Pharm Res. 2001 Sep;18(9):1262-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15644426, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804, PubMed:31553721). Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:15864504, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain (PubMed:11306713, PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473). E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange (PubMed:26377792). Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule (PubMed:11907186). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside (PubMed:15644426). May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804). Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) (PubMed:14675047). May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals (PubMed:15864504). Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TCC7
- Uniprot Name
- Organic anion transporter 3
- Molecular Weight
- 59855.585 Da
References
- FDA Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers [Link]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 10, 2024 16:22