Quinapril

Identification

Summary

Quinapril is an ACE inhibitor prodrug used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, and slow rate of progression of renal disease.

Brand Names
Accupril, Accuretic
Generic Name
Quinapril
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00881
Background

Quinapril is the ethyl ester prodrug of the non-sulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor quinaprilat.6,7 It is used to treat hypertension and heart failure.6,7 ACE inhibitors are commonly used as a first line therapy in the treatment of hypertension, along with thiazide diuretics or beta blockers.5

Quinapril was granted FDA approval on 19 November 1991.6 A combination tablet with hydrochlorothiazide was also approved on 28 December 1999.7

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 438.5161
Monoisotopic: 438.21547208
Chemical Formula
C25H30N2O5
Synonyms
  • Quinapril
  • Quinaprilum
External IDs
  • C09AA06

Pharmacology

Indication

Quinapril is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of heart failure.6 Quinapril in combination with hydrochlorothiazide is indicated for the treatment of hypertension.7

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Adjunct therapy in management ofCongestive heart failure••••••••••••
Management ofDiabetic nephropathy••• •••••
Used in combination to manageHypertensionCombination Product in combination with: Hydrochlorothiazide (DB00999)••••••••••••
Management ofHypertension••• ••••••••••••••
Management ofHypertension••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Quinapril is a prodrug of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension or adjunct in the treatment of heart failure.1,2,6 Quinapril has a wide therapeutic window and a long duration of action as it is given in doses of 10-80mg once daily.6

Mechanism of action

Angiotensin II constricts coronary blood vessels and is positively inotropic, which under normal circumstances, would increase vascular resistance and oxygen consumption.4 This action can eventually lead to myocyte hypertrophy and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.4 Angiotensin II also stimulates production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), increasing the risk of thrombosis.2

Quinaprilat prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme, and also reduces the breakdown of bradykinin.1,2 Reduced levels of angiotensin II lead to lower levels of PAI-1, reducing the risk of thrombosis, especially after a myocardial infarction.2

TargetActionsOrganism
AAngiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Quinapril if 50-80% bioavailable.1 Quinapril has a Tmax of <1 hour,6 while quinaprilat has a Tmax of 2.5h.1 The Cmax of quinaprilat is highly variable but reaches 1526ng/mL with an AUC of 2443ng*h/mL in healthy males given a 10mg dose.1 A high fat meal reduces the absorption of quinapril by 25-30%.1

Volume of distribution

The mean volume of distribution of quinaprilat is 13.9L.1

Protein binding

Quinapril and the active metabolite quinaprilat are 97% protein bound in plasma.6,7

Metabolism

Quinapril is de-esterified to the active quinaprilat or dehydrated to form the inactive PD109488.1,3 PD109488 can undergo O-deethylation to form another inactive metabolite, PD113413.1,3

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Quinaprilat is up to 96% eliminated in the urine.6 The eliminated metabolites PD109488 and PD113413 account for approximately 6% of a dose of quinapril each.1,3 A small fraction of the dose recovered in the urine is accounted for by unmetabolized quinapril.3

Half-life

The active metabolite quinaprilat has an elimination half life of 2.3 hours.1,6

Clearance

The clearance of quinaprilat is 68mL/min.1

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral LD50 in rats is 3541mg/kg and in mice is 1739mg/kg.8

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with symptoms of severe hypotension.6,7 Due to the extensive protein binding of quinapril and the active metabolite quinaprilat, hemodialysis is not expected to remove the drug from circulation.6,7 Treat patients with symptomatic and supportive measures, including normal saline infusions to restore normal blood pressure.6,7

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Quinapril Metabolism PathwayDrug metabolism
Quinapril Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Quinapril is combined with Abaloparatide.
AcebutololQuinapril may increase the hypotensive activities of Acebutolol.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypertension can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Quinapril.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypertension can be increased when Acemetacin is combined with Quinapril.
Acetylsalicylic acidThe therapeutic efficacy of Quinapril can be decreased when used in combination with Acetylsalicylic acid.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid fatty foods.
  • Avoid hypertensive herbs (e.g. bayberry, blue cohosh, cayenne, ephedra, and licorice).
  • Avoid potassium-containing products. Potassium products increase the risk of hyperkalemia.
  • Limit salt intake. Salt may attenuate the antihypertensive effect.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Quinapril Hydrochloride33067B3N2M82586-55-8IBBLRJGOOANPTQ-JKVLGAQCSA-N
Active Moieties
NameKindUNIICASInChI Key
Quinaprilatprodrug34SSX5LDE582768-85-2FLSLEGPOVLMJMN-YSSFQJQWSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Accuprin (Pfizer (Italy)) / Accupro (Pfizer (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Ukraine), Godecke (Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Russia), Parke, Davis (Germany)) / Acequin / Acuitel / Korec / Quinazil
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AccuprilTablet, film coated5 mg/1OralParke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc2019-11-192019-11-19US flag
AccuprilTablet, film coated10 mg/1OralParke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc1991-11-19Not applicableUS flag
AccuprilTablet, film coated40 mg/1Oralbryant ranch prepack1991-11-192006-12-01US flag
AccuprilTablet, film coated20 mg/1OralParke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc2019-11-192019-11-19US flag
AccuprilTablet, film coated40 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1994-12-052011-06-30US flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-quinaprilTablet40 mgOralApotex Corporation2013-07-02Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-quinaprilTablet5 mgOralApotex Corporation2013-07-02Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-quinaprilTablet20 mgOralApotex Corporation2013-07-02Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-quinaprilTablet10 mgOralApotex Corporation2013-07-02Not applicableCanada flag
Auro-quinaprilTablet10 mgOralAuro Pharma IncNot applicableNot applicableCanada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AccureticQuinapril Hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralParke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc2021-12-06Not applicableUS flag
AccureticQuinapril Hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralParke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc1999-12-282022-04-30US flag
AccureticQuinapril Hydrochloride (20 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg)TabletOralPfizer Italia S.R.L.2003-06-022024-04-05Canada flag
ACCURETICQuinapril (20 MG) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 MG)Tablet, coatedOralPfizer Italia S.R.L.2014-07-08Not applicableItaly flag
AccureticQuinapril Hydrochloride (10 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1)Tablet, film coatedOralParke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc2021-11-29Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C09AA06 — QuinaprilC09BA06 — Quinapril and diuretics
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent
Dipeptides
Alternative Parents
Alpha amino acid esters / N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids / Alpha amino acid amides / Tetrahydroisoquinolines / Fatty acid esters / Aralkylamines / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Tertiary carboxylic acid amides / Amino acids
show 8 more
Substituents
Alpha-amino acid amide / Alpha-amino acid ester / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Alpha-dipeptide / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle
show 22 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
dicarboxylic acid monoester, ethyl ester, isoquinolines (CHEBI:8713)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
RJ84Y44811
CAS number
85441-61-8
InChI Key
JSDRRTOADPPCHY-HSQYWUDLSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C25H30N2O5/c1-3-32-25(31)21(14-13-18-9-5-4-6-10-18)26-17(2)23(28)27-16-20-12-8-7-11-19(20)15-22(27)24(29)30/h4-12,17,21-22,26H,3,13-16H2,1-2H3,(H,29,30)/t17-,21-,22-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(3S)-2-[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}propanoyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
SMILES
CCOC(=O)[C@H](CCC1=CC=CC=C1)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1CC2=CC=CC=C2C[C@H]1C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Om P. Goel, Uldis Krolls, "Crystalline quinapril and a process for producing the same." U.S. Patent US4761479, issued August, 1982.

US4761479
General References
  1. Kieback AG, Felix SB, Reffelmann T: Quinaprilat: a review of its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicological data and clinical application. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009 Oct;5(10):1337-47. doi: 10.1517/17425250903282773. [Article]
  2. Tsikouris JP, Suarez JA, Meyerrose GE, Ziska M, Fike D, Smith J: Questioning a class effect: does ACE inhibitor tissue penetration influence the degree of fibrinolytic balance alteration following an acute myocardial infarction? J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;44(2):150-7. [Article]
  3. Kaplan HR, Taylor DG, Olson SC, Andrews LK: Quinapril--a preclinical review of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology. Angiology. 1989 Apr;40(4 Pt 2):335-50. doi: 10.1177/000331978904000403. [Article]
  4. Goa KL, Balfour JA, Zuanetti G: Lisinopril. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the early management of acute myocardial infarction. Drugs. 1996 Oct;52(4):564-88. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199652040-00011. [Article]
  5. Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R: First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 18;4:CD001841. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3. [Article]
  6. FDA Approved Drug Products: Quinapril Oral Tablet [Link]
  7. FDA Approved Drug Products: Quinapril and Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets [Link]
  8. Cayman Chemicals: Quinapril MSDS [Link]
  9. Pfizer Canada: Quinapril Oral Tablets [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015019
KEGG Drug
D03752
KEGG Compound
C07398
PubChem Compound
54892
PubChem Substance
46506309
ChemSpider
49565
BindingDB
50368166
RxNav
35208
ChEBI
8713
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1592
ZINC
ZINC000003801163
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000588
PharmGKB
PA451205
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Quinapril

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) / COVID / Hypertension1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableHealthy Volunteers (HV)2somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableHypertension1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedTreatmentArterial Occlusive Diseases1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedTreatmentDiabetes / Hypertension1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Pfizer pharmaceuticals ltd
  • Actavis totowa llc
  • Apotex inc
  • Genpharm inc
  • Invagen pharmaceuticals inc
  • Lupin ltd
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Ranbaxy laboratories ltd
  • Sandoz inc
  • Sun pharmaceutical industries ltd
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Watson laboratories inc florida
Packagers
  • Actavis Group
  • Apotex Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
  • Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Direct Dispensing Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Doctor Reddys Laboratories Ltd.
  • Eon Labs
  • Goedecke GmbH
  • Greenstone LLC
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • InvaGen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Lupin Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Mylan
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Ohm Laboratories Inc.
  • PCA LLC
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmacia Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prepackage Specialists
  • Ranbaxy Laboratories
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, coatedOral10 mg
Tablet, coatedOral40 mg
TabletOral5 mg
TabletOral10 mg
TabletOral20 mg
TabletOral40 mg
Injection, solutionIntravenous5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral10 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral20 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral5 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral10 mg/1
TabletOral20 mg/1
TabletOral40 mg/1
TabletOral5 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral10 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral20 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral40 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral5 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral
Injection, solutionIntravenous5 MG/5ML
SolutionIntravenous5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral40 MG
Tablet, coatedOral20 mg
Tablet, coatedOral5 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Accupril 10 mg tablet2.02USD tablet
Accupril 20 mg tablet2.02USD tablet
Accupril 40 mg tablet2.02USD tablet
Accupril 5 mg tablet2.02USD tablet
Quinapril 10 mg tablet1.57USD tablet
Quinapril 20 mg tablet1.57USD tablet
Quinapril 40 mg tablet1.57USD tablet
Quinapril 5 mg tablet1.57USD tablet
Quinapril HCl 10 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Quinapril HCl 20 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Quinapril HCl 40 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Quinapril HCl 5 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Quinaretic 10-12.5 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Quinaretic 20-12.5 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Quinaretic 20-25 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Accupril 10 mg Tablet0.96USD tablet
Accupril 20 mg Tablet0.96USD tablet
Accupril 40 mg Tablet0.96USD tablet
Accupril 5 mg Tablet0.96USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5684016No1997-11-042015-05-04US flag
CA2023089No2003-01-142010-08-10Canada flag
CA1331615No1994-08-232011-08-23Canada flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)120-130 °CChemspider
logP0.86Pfizer Canada Monograph
pKa2.8Pfizer Canada Monograph
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0085 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.4ALOGPS
logP1.96Chemaxon
logS-4.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.7Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)5.2Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area95.94 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity119.96 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability47.36 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.5597
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9409
Caco-2 permeable-0.8208
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8895
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.7344
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.5869
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8258
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8594
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8412
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5356
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8597
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.6832
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8636
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.6016
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.5347
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5162
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9091
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9294
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9596
Rat acute toxicity2.2690 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9763
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.7176
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001r-0691700000-82303c3856cd6e62fe34
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0012900000-04b3b6ea3f77b8f1dc7f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0234900000-fd23fbf3591b99270851
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-1443900000-7274da9c336a0ec4ae52
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00y0-0329300000-6a41e5b23e6b348e1beb
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00mo-5935000000-fe969fe74d21c4b305a1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03yl-2910000000-a9991297abe2ab6a93a3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0910000000-39d10481a4939bdddca9
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-225.6050325
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-195.3161
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+225.4173325
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+197.71169
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+225.8529325
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+203.62419
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that removes dipeptides from the C-terminus of a variety of circulating hormones, such as angiotensin I, bradykinin or enkephalins, thereby playing a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis or synaptic plasticity (PubMed:15615692, PubMed:20826823, PubMed:2558109, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:7523412, PubMed:7683654). Composed of two similar catalytic domains, each possessing a functional active site, with different selectivity for substrates (PubMed:10913258, PubMed:1320019, PubMed:1851160, PubMed:19773553, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:7876104). Plays a major role in the angiotensin-renin system that regulates blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin (PubMed:11432860, PubMed:1851160, PubMed:19773553, PubMed:23056909, PubMed:4322742). Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and therefore enhance the blood pressure response (PubMed:15615692, PubMed:2558109, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:6055465, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:7683654). Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating cleavage of neuropeptide hormones, such as substance P, neurotensin or enkephalins (PubMed:15615692, PubMed:6208535, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:656131). Catalyzes degradation of different enkephalin neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and possibly Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) (PubMed:2982830, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:656131). Acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens of the brain by mediating cleavage of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a strong ligand of Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1, into Met-enkephalin (By similarity). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe cleavage by ACE decreases activation of OPRM1, leading to long-term synaptic potentiation of glutamate release (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by mediating degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) (PubMed:26403559, PubMed:7876104, PubMed:8257427, PubMed:8609242). Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 (PubMed:18077343). Involved in amyloid-beta metabolism by catalyzing degradation of Amyloid-beta protein 40 and Amyloid-beta protein 42 peptides, thereby preventing plaque formation (PubMed:11604391, PubMed:16154999, PubMed:19773553). Catalyzes cleavage of cholecystokinin (maturation of Cholecystokinin-8 and Cholecystokinin-5) and Gonadoliberin-1 (both maturation and degradation) hormones (PubMed:10336644, PubMed:2983326, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:9371719). Degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) and amyloid-beta proteins is mediated by the N-terminal catalytic domain, while angiotensin I and cholecystokinin cleavage is mediated by the C-terminal catalytic region (PubMed:10336644, PubMed:19773553, PubMed:7876104)
Specific Function
actin binding
Gene Name
ACE
Uniprot ID
P12821
Uniprot Name
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Molecular Weight
149713.675 Da
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  2. Culy CR, Jarvis B: Quinapril: a further update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disorders. Drugs. 2002;62(2):339-85. [Article]
  3. Klutchko S, Blankley CJ, Fleming RW, Hinkley JM, Werner AE, Nordin I, Holmes A, Hoefle ML, Cohen DM, Essenburg AD, et al.: Synthesis of novel angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril and related compounds. A divergence of structure-activity relationships for non-sulfhydryl and sulfhydryl types. J Med Chem. 1986 Oct;29(10):1953-61. [Article]
  4. Song JC, White CM: Clinical pharmacokinetics and selective pharmacodynamics of new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(3):207-24. [Article]
  5. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs (PubMed:18762277, PubMed:7980644, PubMed:9169443, PubMed:9490062). Hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, but has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl-CoA ester (PubMed:18762277, PubMed:7980644, PubMed:9169443, PubMed:9490062). Hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of cocaine to form benzoylecgonine (PubMed:7980644). Catalyzes the transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene (PubMed:7980644). Displays fatty acid ethyl ester synthase activity, catalyzing the ethyl esterification of oleic acid to ethyloleate (PubMed:7980644). Converts monoacylglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol. Hydrolyzes of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and prostaglandins (PubMed:21049984). Hydrolyzes cellular cholesteryl esters to free cholesterols and promotes reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by facilitating both the initial and final steps in the process (PubMed:11015575, PubMed:16024911, PubMed:16971496, PubMed:18762277). First of all, allows free cholesterol efflux from macrophages to extracellular cholesterol acceptors and secondly, releases free cholesterol from lipoprotein-delivered cholesteryl esters in the liver for bile acid synthesis or direct secretion into the bile (PubMed:16971496, PubMed:18599737, PubMed:18762277)
Specific Function
carboxylesterase activity
Gene Name
CES1
Uniprot ID
P23141
Uniprot Name
Liver carboxylesterase 1
Molecular Weight
62520.62 Da
References
  1. Tarkiainen EK, Tornio A, Holmberg MT, Launiainen T, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT, Niemi M: Effect of carboxylesterase 1 c.428G > A single nucleotide variation on the pharmacokinetics of quinapril and enalapril. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Nov;80(5):1131-8. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12667. Epub 2015 Jun 11. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
Specific Function
antioxidant activity
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Shi JH, Pan DQ, Jiang M, Liu TT, Wang Q: In vitro study on binding interaction of quinapril with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2017 Aug;35(10):2211-2223. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1213663. Epub 2016 Aug 7. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Electrogenic proton-coupled amino-acid transporter that transports oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. Transports neutral and monovalently charged peptides with a proton to peptide stoichiometry of 1:1 or 2:1 (By similarity) (PubMed:15521010, PubMed:18367661, PubMed:19685173, PubMed:26320580, PubMed:7896779, PubMed:8914574, PubMed:9835627). Primarily responsible for the absorption of dietary di- and tripeptides from the small intestinal lumen (By similarity). Mediates transepithelial transport of muramyl and N-formylated bacterial dipeptides contributing to recognition of pathogenic bacteria by the mucosal immune system (PubMed:15521010, PubMed:9835627)
Specific Function
dipeptide transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLC15A1
Uniprot ID
P46059
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 15 member 1
Molecular Weight
78805.265 Da
References
  1. Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.143339. Epub 2008 Aug 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Proton-coupled amino-acid transporter that transports oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides (PubMed:16434549, PubMed:18367661, PubMed:7756356). Transports neutral and anionic dipeptides with a proton to peptide stoichiometry of 2:1 or 3:1 (By similarity). In kidney, involved in the absorption of circulating di- and tripeptides from the glomerular filtrate (PubMed:7756356). Can also transport beta-lactam antibiotics, such as the aminocephalosporin cefadroxil, and other antiviral and anticancer drugs (PubMed:16434549). Transports the dipeptide-like aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin (By similarity). Also able to transport carnosine (PubMed:31073693). Involved in innate immunity by promoting the detection of microbial pathogens by NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (By similarity). Mediates transport of bacterial peptidoglycans across the plasma membrane or, in macrophages, the phagosome membrane: catalyzes the transport of certain bacterial peptidoglycans, such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the NOD2 ligand (PubMed:20406817)
Specific Function
dipeptide transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLC15A2
Uniprot ID
Q16348
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 15 member 2
Molecular Weight
81782.77 Da
References
  1. Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.143339. Epub 2008 Aug 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
Quinaprilat is the active metabolite of quinapril; its substrate profile was demonstrated in vitro using HEK293 cells.
General Function
Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15644426, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804, PubMed:31553721). Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) (PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:15864504, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain (PubMed:11306713, PubMed:14586168, PubMed:15846473). E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange (PubMed:26377792). Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule (PubMed:11907186). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside (PubMed:15644426). May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:15846473, PubMed:16455804). Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) (PubMed:14675047). May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals (PubMed:15864504). Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
Specific Function
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLC22A8
Uniprot ID
Q8TCC7
Uniprot Name
Organic anion transporter 3
Molecular Weight
59855.585 Da
References
  1. VanWert AL, Gionfriddo MR, Sweet DH: Organic anion transporters: discovery, pharmacology, regulation and roles in pathophysiology. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2010 Jan;31(1):1-71. doi: 10.1002/bdd.693. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at November 03, 2024 19:35