Hydrochlorothiazide
Identification
- Summary
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat edema associated with a number of conditions, and hypertension.
- Brand Names
- Accuretic, Actelsar Hct, Aldactazide, Altace HCT, Atacand, Atacand Hct, Avalide, Benicar Hct, Diovan Hct, Dutoprol, Dyazide, Exforge Hct, Hyzaar, Ifirmacombi, Karvezide, Lopressor Hct, Lotensin Hct, Maxzide, Micardis-hct, Olmetec Plus, Rasilez HCT, Tekturna Hct, Teveten HCT, Tribenzor, Urozide, Vaseretic, Viskazide, Zestoretic, Ziac
- Generic Name
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00999
- Background
Hydrochlorothiazide is the most commonly prescribed thiazide diuretic.2 It is indicated to treat edema and hypertension.2,10,11 Hydrochlorothiazide use is common but declining in favour of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.2 Many combination products are available containing hydrochlorothiazide and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors14,15 or angiotensin II receptor blockers.12,13
Hydrochlorothiazide was granted FDA approval on 12 February 1959.9
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for Hydrochlorothiazide (DB00999)
- Weight
- Average: 297.739
Monoisotopic: 296.964474846 - Chemical Formula
- C7H8ClN3O4S2
- Synonyms
- HCTZ
- Hidroclorotiazida
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Hydrochlorothiazidum
- External IDs
- NSC-53477
- SU-5879
Pharmacology
- Indication
Hydrochlorothiazide is indicated alone or in combination for the management of edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy.10,11 Hydrochlorothiazide is also indicated alone or in combination for the management of hypertension.2,10,11
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- Acidosis, Renal Tubular
- Calcium Nephrolithiasis
- Cirrhosis of the Liver
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Edema
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
- Hypertension,Essential
- Hypokalemia caused by diuretics
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Premenstrual tension with edema
- Sodium retention
- Stroke
- Prophylaxis of preeclampsia
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Contraindications & Blackbox WarningsWith our commercial data, access important information on dangerous risks, contraindications, and adverse effects.Our Blackbox Warnings cover Risks, Contraindications, and Adverse Effects- Pharmacodynamics
Hydrochlorothiazide prevents the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal convoluted tubule, allowing for the increased elimination of water in the urine.2,3,4,10,11 Hydrochlorothiazide has a wide therapeutic window as dosing is individualized and can range from 25-100mg.10,11 Hydrochlorothiazide should be used with caution in patients with reduced kidney or liver function.10,11
- Mechanism of action
Hydrochlorothiazide is transported from the circulation into epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule by the organic anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, and OAT4.6,3 From these cells, hydrochlorothiazide is transported to the lumen of the tubule by multidrug resistance associated protein 4 (MRP4).6
Normally, sodium is reabsorbed into epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule and pumped into the basolateral interstitium by a sodium-potassium ATPase, creating a concentration gradient between the epithelial cell and the distal convoluted tubule that promotes the reabsorption of water.4
Hydrochlorothiazide acts on the proximal region of the distal convoluted tubule, inhibiting reabsorption by the sodium-chloride symporter, also known as Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 3 (SLC12A3).2,3,4 Inhibition of SLC12A3 reduces the magnitude of the concentration gradient between the epithelial cell and distal convoluted tubule, reducing the reabsorption of water.4
Target Actions Organism ASolute carrier family 12 member 3 inhibitorHumans ACalcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
An oral dose of hydrochlorothiazide is 65-75% bioavailable, with a Tmax of 1-5 hours, and a Cmax of 70-490ng/mL following doses of 12.5-100mg.10,11 When taken with a meal, bioavailability is 10% lower, Cmax is 20% lower, and Tmax increases from 1.6 to 2.9 hours.11
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution varies widely from one study to another with values of 0.83-4.19L/kg.8
- Protein binding
Hydrochlorothiazide is 40-68% protein bound in plasma.10,11 Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to bind to human serum albumin.5
- Metabolism
- Route of elimination
Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated in the urine as unchanged hydrochlorothiazide.10,11
- Half-life
The plasma half life of hydrochlorothiazide is 5.6-14.8h.10
- Clearance
The renal clearance of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with normal renal function is 285mL/min.7 Patients with a creatinine clearance of 31-80mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 75mL/min, and patients with a creatinine clearance of ≤30mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 17mL/min.7
- Adverse Effects
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The oral LD50 of hydrochlorothiazide is >10g/kg in mice and rats.10,11
Patients experiencing an overdose may present with hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and hyponatremia.10,11,2 Treat patients with symptomatic and supportive treatment including fluids and electrolytes.10,11,2 Vasopressors may be administered to treat hypotension and oxygen may be given for respiratory impairment.2,10,11
- Pathways
Pathway Category Hydrochlorothiazide Action Pathway Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbacavir Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy. Abciximab The therapeutic efficacy of Abciximab can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide. Acarbose The therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Acebutolol can be increased when used in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide. Aceclofenac The therapeutic efficacy of Hydrochlorothiazide can be decreased when used in combination with Aceclofenac. Acemetacin The therapeutic efficacy of Hydrochlorothiazide can be decreased when used in combination with Acemetacin. Acenocoumarol The therapeutic efficacy of Acenocoumarol can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide. Acetaminophen Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the excretion rate of Acetaminophen which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy. Acetohexamide The therapeutic efficacy of Acetohexamide can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide. Acetyldigitoxin Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypokalemic activities of Acetyldigitoxin. 
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- Avoid alcohol. Alcohol may potentiate orthostatic hypotension.
- Avoid multivalent ions. Take this medication 2 hours before or after the administration of antacids, calcium supplements, or iron supplements to avoid decreased absorption of hydrochlorothiazide.
- Avoid natural licorice. Licorice potentiates the hypokalemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide.
- Increase consumption of potassium-rich foods. This medication may cause potassium depletion. Foods containing potassium include bananas and orange juice.
- Limit salt intake. Avoid excessive salt, unless recommended by a physician.
- Take with or without food.
Products
Comprehensive & structured drug product infoFrom application numbers to product codes, connect different identifiers through our commercial datasets.Easily connect various identifiers back to our datasets- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Dichlotride (M & H) / Esidrex (Novartis) / HydroDIURIL (Merck)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Diuchlor H Tab 50mg Tablet Oral Medic Laboratory LtÉe 1964-12-31 1996-09-09 Canada 
Esidrix Tablet 50 mg/1 Oral Novartis 1959-02-12 2008-08-04 US 
Esidrix Tablet 25 mg/1 Oral Novartis 1959-02-12 2008-08-04 US Hydrochlorothiazide Capsule 12.5 mg/1 Oral Ipca Laboratories Limited 2009-04-15 Not applicable US Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet 25 mg Oral Sobio Pharmaceutical Canada Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet 25 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc 2011-02-08 Not applicable Canada Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet 25 mg Oral Pro Doc Limitee 2019-08-14 Not applicable Canada Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet 25 mg/1 Oral Vintage Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2007-08-02 2007-08-02 US Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet 50 mg/1 Oral Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd. 2007-03-27 Not applicable US Hydrochlorothiazide Capsule, gelatin coated 12.5 mg/1 Oral Vintage Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2007-03-22 2007-03-22 US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1975-12-31 Not applicable Canada Apo-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1988-12-31 Not applicable Canada Apo-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 2009-07-02 Not applicable Canada Apo-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 1974-12-31 Not applicable Canada Ava-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Avanstra Inc 2011-10-11 2014-08-21 Canada Ava-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Avanstra Inc 2011-10-11 2014-08-21 Canada Ava-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Avanstra Inc 2011-10-11 2014-08-21 Canada Bio-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Biomed Pharma 2003-04-11 Not applicable Canada Bio-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Biomed Pharma Not applicable Not applicable Canada Bio-hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Oral Biomed Pharma 2003-04-11 Not applicable Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Aa-amilzide Hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg) + Amiloride hydrochloride (5 mg) Tablet Oral Aa Pharma Inc 1989-12-31 Not applicable Canada Accel-candesartan/hctz Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) + Candesartan cilexetil (32 mg) Tablet Oral Accel Pharma Inc 2017-12-27 2020-03-05 Canada Accel-candesartan/hctz Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg) + Candesartan cilexetil (32 mg) Tablet Oral Accel Pharma Inc 2017-12-27 2020-03-05 Canada Accel-candesartan/hctz Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) + Candesartan cilexetil (16 mg) Tablet Oral Accel Pharma Inc 2017-12-27 2020-03-05 Canada Accuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1) + Quinapril Hydrochloride (10 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Parke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc 1999-12-28 Not applicable US Accuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1) + Quinapril Hydrochloride (20 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Parke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc 1999-12-28 Not applicable US Accuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/1) + Quinapril Hydrochloride (20 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Parke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc 1999-12-28 Not applicable US Accuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1) + Quinapril Hydrochloride (10 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Parke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc 2019-11-18 2019-11-18 US Accuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1) + Quinapril Hydrochloride (20 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Parke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc 2019-11-18 2019-11-18 US Accuretic Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/1) + Quinapril Hydrochloride (20 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Parke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc 2019-11-18 2019-11-18 US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Capozide Hydrochlorothiazide (15 mg/1) + Captopril (25 mg/1) Tablet Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1996-05-14 2011-05-31 US Capozide Hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/1) + Captopril (50 mg/1) Tablet Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1997-01-03 2002-06-30 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C09BX03 — Ramipril, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide
- C09BX — ACE inhibitors, other combinations
- C09B — ACE INHIBITORS, COMBINATIONS
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C03AX — Thiazides, combinations with other drugs
- C03A — LOW-CEILING DIURETICS, THIAZIDES
- C03 — DIURETICS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C03AB — Thiazides and potassium in combination
- C03A — LOW-CEILING DIURETICS, THIAZIDES
- C03 — DIURETICS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C09DX — Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), other combinations
- C09D — ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs), COMBINATIONS
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C03EA — Low-ceiling diuretics and potassium-sparing agents
- C03E — DIURETICS AND POTASSIUM-SPARING AGENTS IN COMBINATION
- C03 — DIURETICS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C09DX — Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), other combinations
- C09D — ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs), COMBINATIONS
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C09XA — Renin-inhibitors
- C09X — OTHER AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- G01AE — Sulfonamides
- G01A — ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTISEPTICS, EXCL. COMBINATIONS WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS
- G01 — GYNECOLOGICAL ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTISEPTICS
- G — GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES
- C09DX — Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), other combinations
- C09D — ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs), COMBINATIONS
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C03AA — Thiazides, plain
- C03A — LOW-CEILING DIURETICS, THIAZIDES
- C03 — DIURETICS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C09XA — Renin-inhibitors
- C09X — OTHER AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Amides
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Antihypertensive Agents Indicated for Hypertension
- Benzothiadiazines
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Diuretics
- Drugs causing inadvertant photosensitivity
- Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
- Gynecological Antiinfectives and Antiseptics
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Hyperglycemia-Associated Agents
- Hypotensive Agents
- Increased Diuresis
- Low-Ceiling Diuretics and Potassium-Sparing Agents
- Membrane Transport Modulators
- Natriuretic Agents
- Nephrotoxic agents
- Non Potassium Sparing Diuretics
- OAT1/SLC22A6 inhibitors
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Substrates
- Photosensitizing Agents
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
- Sulfonamides
- Sulfones
- Sulfur Compounds
- Thiazides
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides. These are aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine ring system with two S=O bonds at the 1-position.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Thiadiazines
- Sub Class
- Benzothiadiazines
- Direct Parent
- 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides
- Alternative Parents
- Secondary alkylarylamines / Organosulfonamides / Benzenoids / Aryl chlorides / Aminosulfonyl compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organochlorides / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide / Amine / Aminosulfonyl compound / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- sulfonamide, organochlorine compound, benzothiadiazine (CHEBI:5778)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 0J48LPH2TH
- CAS number
- 58-93-5
- InChI Key
- JZUFKLXOESDKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C7H8ClN3O4S2/c8-4-1-5-7(2-6(4)16(9,12)13)17(14,15)11-3-10-5/h1-2,10-11H,3H2,(H2,9,12,13)
- IUPAC Name
- 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1λ⁶,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide
- SMILES
- NS(=O)(=O)C1=C(Cl)C=C2NCNS(=O)(=O)C2=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Frederic J. Nugent, John K. C. Yen, "Process for preparing the combination products of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide." U.S. Patent US4804540, issued July, 1987.
US4804540- General References
- Pickkers P, Hughes AD, Russel FG, Thien T, Smits P: Thiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation. Hypertension. 1998 Dec;32(6):1071-6. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.6.1071. [Article]
- Herman LL, Bashir K: Hydrochlorothiazide . [Article]
- Akbari P, Khorasani-Zadeh A: Thiazide Diuretics . [Article]
- Gamba G: The thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter: molecular biology, functional properties, and regulation by WNKs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Oct;297(4):F838-48. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00159.2009. Epub 2009 May 27. [Article]
- Balaei F, Ghobadi S: Hydrochlorothiazide binding to human serum albumin induces some compactness in the molecular structure of the protein: A multi-spectroscopic and computational study. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 Jan 5;162:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.009. Epub 2018 Sep 5. [Article]
- Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Adachi M, Schuetz JD, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama Y: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 is involved in the urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;18(1):37-45. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005090966. Epub 2006 Nov 29. [Article]
- Niemeyer C, Hasenfuss G, Wais U, Knauf H, Schafer-Korting M, Mutschler E: Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;24(5):661-5. doi: 10.1007/bf00542218. [Article]
- Chen TM, Chiou WL: Large differences in the biological half-life and volume of distribution of hydrochlorothiazide in normal subjects from eleven studies. Correlation with their last blood sampling times. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992 Jan;30(1):34-7. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Esidrix Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets (Discontinued) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Capsules [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Irbesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablet [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Quinapril and Hydrochlorothiazide Oral Tablets [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0001928
- KEGG Drug
- D00340
- KEGG Compound
- C07041
- PubChem Compound
- 3639
- PubChem Substance
- 46504440
- ChemSpider
- 3513
- BindingDB
- 13076
- 5487
- ChEBI
- 5778
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL435
- ZINC
- ZINC000000896569
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000750
- PharmGKB
- PA449899
- PDBe Ligand
- HCZ
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- AHFS Codes
- 40:28.20 — Thiazide Diuretics
- PDB Entries
- 3ijx / 3ik6
- MSDS
- Download (72.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Basic Science Anxiety / High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Other Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Renal Function Disorder 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 1 4 Completed Diagnostic High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 4 Completed Diagnostic Hypertension,Essential 1 4 Completed Prevention Angina Pectoris / Cerebrovascular Accident / Diabetes Mellitus / Myocardial Infarction 1 4 Completed Prevention Atrial Fibrillation 1 4 Completed Prevention Diabetic Nephropathy 1 4 Completed Prevention High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 1 4 Completed Prevention High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Pre-Hypertension / Syndrome, Metabolic 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Apotex inc
- Aurobindo pharma ltd
- Cadista pharmaceuticals inc
- Ipca laboratories ltd
- Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Unichem laboratories ltd
- Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
- West ward pharmaceutical corp
- Watson laboratories inc
- Morton grove pharmaceuticals inc
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Abc holding corp
- Actavis elizabeth llc
- Alra laboratories inc
- Ascot hosp pharmaceuticals inc div travenol laboratories inc
- Barr laboratories inc
- Caraco pharmaceutical laboratories ltd
- Dava pharmaceuticals inc
- Elkins sinn div ah robins co inc
- Excellium pharmaceutical inc
- Heather drug co inc
- Heritage pharmaceuticals inc
- Impax laboratories inc
- Inwood laboratories inc sub forest laboratories inc
- Lannett holdings inc
- Mm mast and co
- Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
- Private formulations inc
- Sandoz inc
- Solvay pharmaceuticals
- Superpharm corp
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Tg united labs llc
- Usl pharma inc
- Vangard laboratories inc div midway medical co
- Warner chilcott div warner lambert co
- Whiteworth towne paulsen inc
- Halsey drug co inc
- Merck and co inc
- Abbott laboratories pharmaceutical products div
- Packagers
- Abbott Laboratories Ltd.
- Actavis Group
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Aidarex Pharmacuticals LLC
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Apotex Inc.
- Apotheca Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- AstraZeneca Inc.
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
- Barr Pharmaceuticals
- Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd.
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- Bryant Ranch Prepack
- BTA Pharmaceuticals
- C.O. Truxton Inc.
- Cadista Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Calvin Scott and Co. Inc.
- Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs
- Cardinal Health
- Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
- Central Texas Community Health Centers
- Ciba Geigy Ltd.
- Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
- Corepharma LLC
- Coupler Enterprises Inc.
- Darby Dental Supply Co. Inc.
- DAVA Pharmaceuticals
- Dee Stevens and Son Feeder
- DHHS Program Support Center Supply Service Center
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Doctor Reddys Laboratories Ltd.
- Duramed
- E.R. Squibb and Sons LLC
- Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Eon Labs
- Excellium Pharmaceutical Inc.
- Genpharm LP
- Glenmark Generics Ltd.
- Golden State Medical Supply Inc.
- Goldline Laboratories Inc.
- Greenstone LLC
- Group Health Cooperative
- H and H Laboratories
- H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Heritage Pharmaceuticals
- International Laboratories Inc.
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd.
- Ivax Pharmaceuticals
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Kraft Pharmaceutical Co. Inc.
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Lannett Co. Inc.
- Liberty Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Mckesson Corp.
- Medisca Inc.
- Medvantx Inc.
- Merck & Co.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Novartis AG
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Ohm Laboratories Inc.
- Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Par Pharmaceuticals
- Patheon Inc.
- PCA LLC
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Pharmedix
- Pharmpak Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Pliva Inc.
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Qualitest
- Quality Research Pharmaceutical Inc.
- Ranbaxy Laboratories
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Remedy Repack
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Roxane Labs
- Sandoz
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- Stat Rx Usa
- Stat Scripts LLC
- Talbert Medical Management Corp.
- Taro Pharmaceuticals USA
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- UDL Laboratories
- Unichem Laboratories Ltd.
- United Research Laboratories Inc.
- Va Cmop Dallas
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- West-Ward Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule, coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral Capsule Oral Capsule Oral 12.5 mg/1 Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 12.5 mg/1 Tablet Oral 12.5 mg/1 Tablet Oral 25 mg/25mg Tablet Oral 25 mg/1 Tablet Oral 50 mg/50mg Tablet Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral Capsule, liquid filled Oral Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet Oral 50 mg Tablet - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Niferex-150 Forte 100 80-70 mg capsule Box 109.86USD box Niferex 100 mg/5ml Elixir 236ml Bottle 80.55USD bottle Niferex 100 40-20 mg capsule Box 77.99USD box Capozide 50-25 mg tablet 3.63USD tablet Ziac 10-6.25 mg tablet 3.6USD tablet Ziac 2.5-6.25 mg tablet 3.6USD tablet Ziac 5-6.25 mg tablet 3.6USD tablet Capozide 50-15 tablet 3.49USD tablet Capozide 50-25 tablet 3.49USD tablet Capozide 50-15 mg tablet 2.59USD tablet Lotensin 20 mg tablet 2.25USD tablet Lotensin 10 mg tablet 2.09USD tablet Lotensin 40 mg tablet 2.09USD tablet Lotensin 5 mg tablet 2.09USD tablet Accuretic 20-12.5 mg tablet 2.04USD tablet Capozide 25-15 tablet 2.03USD tablet Capozide 25-25 tablet 2.03USD tablet Accuretic 10-12.5 mg tablet 2.0USD tablet Accuretic 20-25 mg tablet 2.0USD tablet Lotensin HCT 20-12.5 mg tablet 1.97USD tablet Lotensin HCT 10-12.5 mg tablet 1.95USD tablet Lotensin HCT 20-25 mg tablet 1.94USD tablet Lotensin hct 10-12.5 tablet 1.9USD tablet Lotensin hct 20-12.5 tablet 1.9USD tablet Lotensin hct 20-25 tablet 1.9USD tablet Lotensin hct 5-6.25 tablet 1.9USD tablet Niferex-150 150-50-50 mg capsule 1.62USD capsule Capozide 25-15 mg tablet 1.51USD tablet Lotensin HCT 5-6.25 mg tablet 1.31USD tablet Hydrochlorothiazide powder 1.1USD g Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg tablet 0.82USD tablet Moduretic 5-50 mg tablet 0.68USD tablet Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg capsule 0.5USD capsule Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg tablet 0.16USD tablet Apo-Hydro 100 mg Tablet 0.13USD tablet Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg tablet 0.11USD tablet Apo-Hydro 50 mg Tablet 0.06USD tablet Novo-Hydrazide 50 mg Tablet 0.06USD tablet Apo-Hydro 25 mg Tablet 0.04USD tablet Novo-Hydrazide 25 mg Tablet 0.04USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6294197 Yes 2001-09-25 2017-12-18 US US6358986 No 2002-03-19 2020-01-10 US US5559111 Yes 1996-09-24 2019-01-21 US US5616599 Yes 1997-04-01 2016-10-25 US US8618172 No 2013-12-31 2028-07-13 US US6878703 Yes 2005-04-12 2022-05-19 US US8101599 No 2012-01-24 2023-05-16 US US8475839 Yes 2013-07-02 2023-11-16 US US8618174 No 2013-12-31 2021-11-15 US US8183295 No 2012-05-22 2023-05-16 US US5994348 Yes 1999-11-30 2015-12-07 US US9023893 No 2015-05-05 2022-03-03 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 266-268 U.S. Patent 3,163,645. water solubility 722 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) logP -0.07 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) logS -2.62 ADME Research, USCD Caco2 permeability -6.06 ADME Research, USCD pKa 7.9 SANGSTER (1994) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 2.24 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.16 ALOGPS logP -0.58 ChemAxon logS -2.1 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 9.09 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -2.7 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 118.36 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 ChemAxon Refractivity 63.11 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 25.35 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 2 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9202 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9659 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8956 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6533 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8624 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8688 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8416 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7664 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8333 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6217 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9401 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9071 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9252 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9569 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9036 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.7986 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9964 Rat acute toxicity 2.0666 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9576 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9135
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (11.5 KB)
- Spectra
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Key mediator of sodium and chloride reabsorption in this nephron segment, accounting for a significant fraction of renal sodium reabsorption.
- Gene Name
- SLC12A3
- Uniprot ID
- P55017
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 12 member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 113138.04 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Ran XW, Wang C, Dai F, Jiang JJ, Tong NW, Li XJ, Liang JZ: [A case of Gitelman's syndrome presenting with severe hypocalcaemia and hypokalemic periodic paralysis]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2005 Jul;36(4):583-7. [Article]
- Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E: WNK1 kinase polymorphism and blood pressure response to a thiazide diuretic. Hypertension. 2005 Oct;46(4):758-65. Epub 2005 Sep 19. [Article]
- Abuladze N, Yanagawa N, Lee I, Jo OD, Newman D, Hwang J, Uyemura K, Pushkin A, Modlin RL, Kurtz I: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells express mutated NCCT mRNA in Gitelman's syndrome: evidence for abnormal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransport. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 May;9(5):819-26. [Article]
- Barry EL, Gesek FA, Kaplan MR, Hebert SC, Friedman PA: Expression of the sodium-chloride cotransporter in osteoblast-like cells: effect of thiazide diuretics. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jan;272(1 Pt 1):C109-16. [Article]
- Kurschat C, Heering P, Grabensee B: [Gitelman's syndrome: an important differential diagnosis of hypokalemia]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2003 May 30;128(22):1225-8. [Article]
- Monroy A, Plata C, Hebert SC, Gamba G: Characterization of the thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter: a new model for ions and diuretics interaction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Jul;279(1):F161-9. [Article]
- Significant Drug–Drug Interactions with Antineoplastics [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activati...
- Gene Name
- KCNMA1
- Uniprot ID
- Q12791
- Uniprot Name
- Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 137558.115 Da
References
- Pickkers P, Hughes AD, Russel FG, Thien T, Smits P: Thiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation. Hypertension. 1998 Dec;32(6):1071-6. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.6.1071. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Balaei F, Ghobadi S: Hydrochlorothiazide binding to human serum albumin induces some compactness in the molecular structure of the protein: A multi-spectroscopic and computational study. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 Jan 5;162:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.009. Epub 2018 Sep 5. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- Race JE, Grassl SM, Williams WJ, Holtzman EJ: Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel human renal organic anion transporters (hOAT1 and hOAT3). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Feb 16;255(2):508-14. [Article]
- Uwai Y, Saito H, Hashimoto Y, Inui KI: Interaction and transport of thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and acetazolamide via rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):261-5. [Article]
- Akbari P, Khorasani-Zadeh A: Thiazide Diuretics . [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TCC7
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 8
- Molecular Weight
- 59855.585 Da
References
- Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Adachi M, Schuetz JD, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama Y: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 is involved in the urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;18(1):37-45. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005090966. Epub 2006 Nov 29. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds.
- Gene Name
- SLC22A11
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NSA0
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 11
- Molecular Weight
- 59970.945 Da
References
- Akbari P, Khorasani-Zadeh A: Thiazide Diuretics . [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Atpase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances
- Specific Function
- May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification.
- Gene Name
- ABCC4
- Uniprot ID
- O15439
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4
- Molecular Weight
- 149525.33 Da
References
- Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Adachi M, Schuetz JD, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama Y: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 is involved in the urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;18(1):37-45. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005090966. Epub 2006 Nov 29. [Article]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated on May 10, 2021 04:39