Nitrous oxide
Identification
- Summary
Nitrous oxide is an inhalatory gas used as an adjunct to improve oxygenation and reduce the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in certain neonates with hypoxic respiratory failure.
- Brand Names
- Alnox, Entonox
- Generic Name
- Nitrous oxide
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB06690
- Background
Nitrous oxide, commonly known as "laughing gas", is a chemical compound with the chemical formula N2O. At room temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable gas, with a pleasant, slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic effects. It is known as "laughing gas" due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as an inhalant drug.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for Nitrous oxide (DB06690)
- Weight
- Average: 44.0128
Monoisotopic: 44.001062632 - Chemical Formula
- N2O
- Synonyms
- Dinitrogen oxide
- N2O
- Nitrious oxide
- Nitrous oxide
- óxido nitroso
- External IDs
- E-942
- FEMA NO. 2779
- INS NO.942
- INS-942
Pharmacology
- Indication
Not Available
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Findings to date indicate that nitrous oxide induces opioid peptide release in the brain stem leading to the activation of descending noradrenergic neurones, which results in modulation of the nociceptive process in the spinal cord. Several receptor–effector mechanisms including dopamine receptors, α2 adrenoceptors, benzodiazepine receptors and -methyl- -aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated although the relationship of one with the other is not known.
- Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nitrous oxide is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Acebutolol Nitrous oxide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Acebutolol. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Nitrous oxide is combined with Aceclofenac. Acemetacin The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Nitrous oxide is combined with Acemetacin. Acetaminophen The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetaminophen is combined with Nitrous oxide. Acetazolamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Nitrous oxide. Acetophenazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acetophenazine is combined with Nitrous oxide. Acetylsalicylic acid The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Nitrous oxide. Aclidinium Nitrous oxide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Aclidinium. Agomelatine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Agomelatine is combined with Nitrous oxide. 
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- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Nitrous Oxide Gas 99 L/100L Respiratory (inhalation) Compressed Gases Inc 1980-01-01 Not applicable US 
Nitrous Oxide Gas 990 mL/1L Respiratory (inhalation) Roberts Oxygen Company, Inc. 1967-01-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Gas 990 mL/1L Respiratory (inhalation) NexAir, LLC 1996-06-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Gas 992 mL/1L Respiratory (inhalation) Airgas Mid South, Inc 1997-11-06 2010-08-06 US Nitrous Oxide Gas 99 L/100L Respiratory (inhalation) Indianapolis Welding Supply, Inc 1972-01-01 2013-04-12 US Nitrous Oxide Gas 995 mL/1L Respiratory (inhalation) Medical-Technical Gases, Inc. 1963-01-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Gas 99 L/100L Respiratory (inhalation) Badger Welding Supplies, Inc 1955-01-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Gas 995 mL/1L Respiratory (inhalation) General Air Service & Supply Co 1976-11-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Gas 99 L/100L Respiratory (inhalation) Welding & Therapy Service, Inc 1971-11-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Gas 992 mL/1L Respiratory (inhalation) Airgas Norpac Inc. 1983-01-01 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Alnox Gas Nitrous oxide (50 %) + Oxygen (50 %) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Air Liquide Canada Inc. 1995-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Entonox Nitrous oxide (50 %) + Oxygen (50 %) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Linde Llc 1995-12-31 Not applicable Canada Liqui-med Analgesic Gas Nitrous oxide (50 %) + Oxygen (50 %) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Praxair, Inc. 1983-12-31 Not applicable Canada Nitrous Oxide In Oxygen Nitrous oxide (50 %) + Oxygen (50 %) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Matheson Gas Products Canada Inc. 1982-12-31 1997-12-24 Canada OXICALM® Nitrous oxide (50 %) + Oxygen (50 %) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) GASES INDUSTRIALES DE COLOMBIA S.A. CRYOGAS S.A. 2016-08-12 Not applicable Colombia 
- Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 L/100L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Compressed Gases Inc 1980-01-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 L/100L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Indianapolis Welding Supply, Inc 1972-01-01 2013-04-12 US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 L/100L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Welding & Therapy Service, Inc 1971-11-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (992 mL/1L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Airgas Norpac Inc. 1983-01-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 kg/100kg) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Holston Gases, Inc. 1958-01-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 mL/1L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Boggs Gases Div. Boggs Fire Equipment 1995-09-28 2009-11-04 US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 L/100L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Argyle Welding Supply Company, Inc. 1974-01-01 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 L/100L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Air Liquide Canada Inc. 1960-01-01 2016-10-01 US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (99 L/100L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Fullerton Welding Supply 2008-02-06 Not applicable US Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (990 mL/1L) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Abco Welding And Industrial Supply Inc 2010-05-01 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N01AX13 — Nitrous oxideN01AX63 — Nitrous oxide, combinations
- Drug Categories
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Analgesics
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
- Anesthetics
- Anesthetics, General
- Anesthetics, Inhalation
- Anions
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Electrolytes
- Gases
- Ions
- Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
- Nervous System
- Nitrogen Compounds
- Nitrogen Oxides
- Oxides
- Oxygen Compounds
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Sensory System Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as other non-metal nitrides. These are inorganic compounds of nitrogen where nitrogen has a formal oxidation state of -3, and the heaviest atom bonded to it belongs to the class of 'other non-metals'.
- Kingdom
- Inorganic compounds
- Super Class
- Homogeneous non-metal compounds
- Class
- Other non-metal organides
- Sub Class
- Other non-metal nitrides
- Direct Parent
- Other non-metal nitrides
- Alternative Parents
- Inorganic oxides / Inorganic nitrides
- Substituents
- Inorganic nitride / Inorganic oxide / Other non-metal nitride
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- nitrogen oxide (CHEBI:17045) / a non-metabolic compound (NITROUS-OXIDE)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- K50XQU1029
- CAS number
- 10024-97-2
- InChI Key
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/N2O/c1-2-3
- IUPAC Name
- diazooxidane
- SMILES
- [N-]=[N+]=O
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0035807
- KEGG Drug
- D00102
- KEGG Compound
- C00887
- PubChem Compound
- 948
- PubChem Substance
- 310264877
- ChemSpider
- 923
- 7486
- ChEBI
- 17045
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1234579
- PharmGKB
- PA450645
- PDBe Ligand
- N2O
- Wikipedia
- Nitrous_oxide
- PDB Entries
- 2icq / 2ie7 / 2ppa / 3pk3 / 3pks / 3pkt / 3pku / 3ple / 3plg / 3plh … show 7 more
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Not Available Anaesthesia therapy 1 4 Completed Basic Science Adverse Side Effects / General Anesthesia / Nitrous Oxide 1 4 Completed Basic Science Healthy Subjects (HS) 1 4 Completed Diagnostic Depth of Anaesthesia 1 4 Completed Diagnostic Glaucoma / Sedation 1 4 Completed Diagnostic Malignancies / Pain 1 4 Completed Other Lumbar Punctures / Minor Incision Drainage of Abscesses Not Requiring Extensive Debridement / Sedation, Conscious / Simple Lacerations Less Than 4 cm 1 4 Completed Prevention Effects of Nitrous Oxide Following Anaesthesia / Induced Endothelial Dysfunction / Quality of Recovery From Anaesthesia 1 4 Completed Supportive Care Leukemias / Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) 1 4 Completed Treatment Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Gas Intravenous; Respiratory (inhalation) 100 % Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 100 % Gas Intravenous; Respiratory (inhalation) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Gas Gas Rectal 990 mL/1L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 900 mL/1L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 98 % Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99 kg/100kg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99 mL/1L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99 mL/100mL Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99 L/100L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99.5 L/1L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99.5 L/100L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 990 mL/1L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 992 mL/1L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 995 mL/1L Liquid Respiratory (inhalation) 99 L/100L Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99 % v/v Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 99 % - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) -90.81 °C PhysProp boiling point (°C) -88.46 °C PhysProp logP 0.36 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source logP -0.45 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.65 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -7.3 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 51.21 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 ChemAxon Refractivity 27.67 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 2.55 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 0 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9467 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9872 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5561 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.9009 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9747 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9944 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9407 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8867 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8789 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7447 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.7496 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9074 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9293 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9089 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9871 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9435 Ames test AMES toxic 0.7381 Carcinogenicity Carcinogens 0.6906 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9704 Rat acute toxicity 2.8320 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.8497 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.971
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-9000000000-2eee7435817186856ef7 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-001j-9000000000-d1a5381e3dd214cad7ab Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-000t-9000000000-3ae2e01e3d626729760b Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004l-9000000000-c53ff0d270e0310b3375 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004i-9000000000-c8b9d8f80d3f41ad7f54 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-002f-9000000000-12c3fe456373daff732e
Drug created on September 02, 2008 15:56 / Updated on September 25, 2021 16:29