Atogepant
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Identification
- Summary
Atogepant is an oral CGRP antagonist used for the preventative therapy of episodic migraine headaches.
- Brand Names
- Qulipta
- Generic Name
- Atogepant
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB16098
- Background
Atogepant is an oral antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors indicated for the prevention of episodic migraine headaches. It was developed by AbbVie and received FDA approval under the brand name Qulipta in September 2021.7 While its approval was predated by two other members of the same drug family, namely ubrogepant and rimegepant, these agents are indicated only for abortive migraine therapy - atogepant is novel in that it is the first and only oral CGRP antagonist approved for preventative use in migraine.7 In December 2022, atogepant received Health Canada approval for the prevention of episodic migraine in adults.8 It also received approval for preventive treatment of adult migraine by the EMA in August 2023.12
In patients requiring preventative migraine therapy, current practice guidelines recommend the use of certain anti-epileptic medications (e.g. valproic acid or topiramate) or beta-blockers (e.g. propranolol), all of which can be associated with significant adverse effects.5 The "gepants" family of drugs, including atogepant, are comparatively well-tolerated1,6 and may provide a desirable treatment option for patients struggling with adverse reactions to other preventative therapies.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 603.525
Monoisotopic: 603.170508599 - Chemical Formula
- C29H23F6N5O3
- Synonyms
- Atogepant
- External IDs
- AGN-241689
- MK-8031
Pharmacology
- Indication
Atogepant is indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults by the FDA, EMA, and Health Canada.9,10,11
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prevention of Episodic migraine •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Prophylaxis of Migraine •••••••••••• ••••• •• ••••• • •••••••• •••• ••• ••••• •••••• Prevention of Migraine •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Atogepant helps to prevent migraine headaches by antagonizing the activity of a pronociceptive molecule (CGRP) which has been implicated in migraine pathophysiology.6 Intended for preventative use, rather than abortive migraine therapy, atogepant is administered once daily.6
While no dose adjustments are required for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, atogepant should be avoided in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Similarly, no dose adjustments are required for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment, but patients with severe renal impairment should be limited to a maximum daily dose of 10mg.6
- Mechanism of action
The currently accepted theory of migraine pathophysiology considers dysfunction of the central nervous system, in particular the trigeminal ganglion, to be the root cause behind the condition.1 Activation of the trigeminal ganglion triggers the stimulation of trigeminal afferents that project to the spinal cord and synapse on various pain-sensing intra- and extracranial structures, such as the dura mater. Pain signals are then further transmitted via second-order ascending neurons to the brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamic nuclei, and from there to several cortical regions (e.g. auditory, visual, motor cortices).1 The trigeminal ganglion appears to amplify and perpetuate the migraine headache pain through the activation of perivascular fibers and the release of molecules involved in pain generation, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).1
The α-isoform of CGRP, expressed in primary sensory neurons, is a potent vasodilator and has been implicated in migraine pathogenesis - CGRP levels are acutely elevated during migraine attacks, return to normal following treatment with triptan medications, and intravenous infusions of CGRP have been shown to trigger migraine-like headaches in migraine patients. In addition to its vasodilatory properties, CGRP appears to be a pronociceptive factor that modulates neuronal excitability to facilitate pain responses.2
Atogepant is an antagonist of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor6 - it competes with CGRP for occupancy at these receptors, preventing the actions of CGRP and its ability to induce and perpetuate migraine headache pain.
Target Actions Organism ACalcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor antagonistHumans - Absorption
The time to peak plasma concentration following oral administration is approximately 2-3 hours.6 Atogepant displays dose-proportional pharmacokinetics up to approximately 3-fold its recommended maximum dosage, and its pharmacokinetics are not significantly influenced by co-administration with food.6
- Volume of distribution
The mean apparent volume of distribution of atogepant is 292 L.6
- Protein binding
Atogepant is extensively (~95.3%) protein-bound in plasma.6
- Metabolism
The metabolism of atogepant is mediated primarily via CYP3A4.6 The most prevalent circulating compounds in plasma are atogepant itself and a glucuronide conjugate metabolite (M23),6 comprising approximately 75% and 15% of the administered dose, respectively,3 with at least 10 other metabolites detected in feces representing <10% of the administered dose.
- Route of elimination
The elimination of atogepant occurs primarily via metabolism by CYP3A4.6 Following a single oral dose of radiolabeled atogepant to healthy male subjects, 42% of the administered dose was recovered as unchanged parent drug in the feces and 5% as unchanged parent drug in the urine.6 In total, approximately 81% of the radioactivity was recovered in the feces, with only 8% recovered in the urine.3
- Half-life
The elimination half-life of atogepant following oral administration is approximately 11 hours.6
- Clearance
The mean apparent oral clearance of atogepant is approximately 19 L/h.6
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
There are no data regarding overdosage with atogepant. Symptoms of atogepant overdose are likely to be consistent with its adverse effect profile and may therefore include significant gastrointestinal effects, such as nausea and constipation, as well as fatigue and somnolence.6 A single oral dose of 300mg (5x the maximum recommended dose) did not result in any serious adverse events and did not appear to impact cardiac function.4
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Atogepant can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Acetylcysteine The serum concentration of Atogepant can be increased when it is combined with Acetylcysteine. Amiodarone The serum concentration of Atogepant can be increased when it is combined with Amiodarone. Amprenavir The serum concentration of Atogepant can be increased when it is combined with Amprenavir. Apalutamide The serum concentration of Atogepant can be decreased when it is combined with Apalutamide. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. Co-administration with food does not affect the pharmacokinetics of atogepant to a clinically significant extent.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- International/Other Brands
- Qulipta (AbbVie)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Aquipta Tablet 10 mg Oral Abbvie 2023-08-30 Not applicable EU Aquipta Tablet 10 mg Oral Abbvie 2023-08-30 Not applicable EU Aquipta Tablet 60 mg Oral Abbvie 2023-08-30 Not applicable EU Aquipta Tablet 60 mg Oral Abbvie 2023-08-30 Not applicable EU Qulipta Tablet 30 mg Oral Abbvie 2023-02-23 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N02CD07 — Atogepant
- Drug Categories
- Analgesics
- Antimigraine Preparations
- BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Antagonists
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- MATE 1 Inhibitors
- MATE inhibitors
- Nervous System
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Substrates
- OATP1B3 inhibitors
- OATP1B3 substrates
- OCT1 inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 7CRV8RR151
- CAS number
- 1374248-81-3
- InChI Key
- QIVUCLWGARAQIO-OLIXTKCUSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C29H23F6N5O3/c1-13-16(22-18(30)4-5-19(31)23(22)32)8-20(26(42)40(13)12-29(33,34)35)38-25(41)15-7-14-9-28(10-21(14)37-11-15)17-3-2-6-36-24(17)39-27(28)43/h2-7,11,13,16,20H,8-10,12H2,1H3,(H,38,41)(H,36,39,43)/t13-,16-,20+,28+/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (6S)-N-[(3S,5S,6R)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5-(2,3,6-trifluorophenyl)piperidin-3-yl]-2'-oxo-1',2',5,7-tetrahydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-6,3'-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine]-3-carboxamide
- SMILES
- C[C@@H]1[C@@H](C[C@H](NC(=O)C2=CN=C3C[C@]4(CC3=C2)C(=O)NC2=C4C=CC=N2)C(=O)N1CC(F)(F)F)C1=C(F)C(F)=CC=C1F
References
- General References
- Negro A, Martelletti P: Gepants for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019 Jun;28(6):555-567. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1618830. Epub 2019 May 17. [Article]
- Martelletti P, Giamberardino MA: Advances in orally administered pharmacotherapy for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Feb;20(2):209-218. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1549223. Epub 2018 Nov 26. [Article]
- Rowe J, Chan H, Chandrasekar P, Rojo J, Boinpally R: Mass Balance and Metabolism of Carbon-14 Atogepant in Healthy Male Participants. Neurology. 2021 April 13;96(15):Supplement 1425. [Article]
- Boinpally R, McNamee B, Yao L, Butler M, McGeeney D, Borbridge L, Periclou A: A Single Supratherapeutic Dose of Atogepant Does Not Affect Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Adults: Results From a Randomized, Single-Dose, Phase 1 Crossover Trial. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2021 Sep;10(9):1099-1107. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.940. Epub 2021 May 4. [Article]
- Ha H, Gonzalez A: Migraine Headache Prophylaxis. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):17-24. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- PR Newswire: FDA Approves QULIPTA™ (atogepant), the First and Only Oral CGRP Receptor Antagonist Specifically Developed for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine [Link]
- Cision Newswire: QULIPTA™ Now Approved by Health Canada for the Preventive Treatment of Episodic Migraine in Adults [Link]
- Health Canada Product Monograph: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: QULIPTA (atogepant) tablets, for oral use (April 2023) [Link]
- EMA Approved Drug Products: AQULIPTA (atogepant) tablets, for oral use [Link]
- AbbVie Announces European Commission Approval of AQUIPTA® (atogepant) for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine in Adults [Link]
- External Links
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Enrolling by Invitation Not Available Detrusor Hyperreflexia / Interstitial Cystitis / Migraine / Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OABS) / Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Not Yet Recruiting Not Available Prophylaxis of migraine headaches 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Recruiting Not Available Chronic Migraine / Episodic Migraine / Migraine 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Recruiting Not Available Chronic Migraine / Migraine / Migraine With Aura / Migraine Without Aura 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Treatment Episodic Migraine 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 10 mg Tablet Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet Oral 30 mg Tablet Oral 60 mg/1 Tablet Oral 60 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US10117836 No 2018-11-06 2035-01-30 US US9499545 No 2016-11-22 2031-11-10 US US8754096 No 2014-06-17 2032-07-19 US US9850246 No 2017-12-26 2033-03-13 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility Practically insoluble in water https://www.rxabbvie.com/pdf/qulipta_pi.pdf - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0263 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.62 ALOGPS logP 3.5 Chemaxon logS -4.4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 11.74 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 3.83 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 104.29 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 141.62 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 53.45 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 6 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Receptor for calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) together with RAMP1 and receptor for adrenomedullin together with RAMP3 (By similarity). Receptor for adrenomedullin together with RAMP2 (PubMed:22102369, PubMed:30115739). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase (PubMed:22102369, PubMed:30115739)
- Specific Function
- adrenomedullin binding
- Gene Name
- CALCRL
- Uniprot ID
- Q16602
- Uniprot Name
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 52978.05 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoid leukotriene C4, prostaglandin E2 and L-thyroxine (T4) (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards sulfated steroids, taurocholate and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver (PubMed:22232210). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) such as pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:15159445). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Secondary active transporter that functions as a Na(+)-independent organic anion (OA)/dicarboxylate antiporter where the uptake of one molecule of OA into the cell is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of intracellular dicarboxylate such as 2-oxoglutarate or glutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:11907186, PubMed:14675047, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370, PubMed:28534121, PubMed:9950961). Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine (PubMed:9887087). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion (PubMed:11907186). Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP (PubMed:26377792). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). May transport glutamate (PubMed:26377792). Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:14675047). Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate (PubMed:14675047, PubMed:26377792). Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) (PubMed:11669456). May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
- Specific Function
- (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17509534). Plays a physiological role in the excretion of cationic compounds including endogenous metabolites, drugs, toxins through the kidney and liver, into urine and bile respectively (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as creatinine, vitamin B1/thiamine, agmatine and estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). May also contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC47A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96FL8
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61921.585 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Qulipta (atogepant) tablets for oral use [Link]
Drug created at December 15, 2020 18:05 / Updated at October 21, 2024 12:41