Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Amprenavir is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV infection.
- Generic Name
- Amprenavir
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00701
- Background
Amprenavir is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV infection.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Amprenavir (DB00701)
- Weight
- Average: 505.627
Monoisotopic: 505.224656557 - Chemical Formula
- C25H35N3O6S
- Synonyms
- (3S)-Tetrahydro-3-furanyl ((1S,2R)-3-(((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)(2-methylpropyl)amino)-2-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)propyl)carbamate
- Amprenavir
- Amprénavir
- Amprenavirum
- External IDs
- 141 W 94
- 141W94
- KVX 478
- KVX-478
- VX-478
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of HIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Amprenavir is a protease inhibitor with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Protease inhibitors block the part of HIV called protease. HIV-1 protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursors into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV-1. Amprenavir binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. This inhibition prevents cleavage of the viral polyproteins resulting in the formation of immature non-infectious viral particles. Protease inhibitors are almost always used in combination with at least two other anti-HIV drugs.
- Mechanism of action
Amprenavir inhibits the HIV viral proteinase enzyme which prevents cleavage of the gag-pol polyprotein, resulting in noninfectious, immature viral particles.
Target Actions Organism APol polyprotein inhibitorHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 AGag-Pol polyprotein inhibitor- Absorption
Rapidly absorbed after oral administration in HIV-1-infected patients with a time to peak concentration (Tmax) typically between 1 and 2 hours after a single oral dose. The absolute oral bioavailability of amprenavir in humans has not been established.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Very high (90%). Amprenavir has the highest affinity for alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein.
- Metabolism
Hepatic. Amprenavir is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme system. The 2 major metabolites result from oxidation of the tetrahydrofuran and aniline moieties. Glucuronide conjugates of oxidized metabolites have been identified as minor metabolites in urine and feces.
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
7.1-10.6 hours
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The metabolism of 1,2-Benzodiazepine can be decreased when combined with Amprenavir. Abametapir The serum concentration of Amprenavir can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Amprenavir can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abemaciclib The metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Amprenavir. Abiraterone The metabolism of Abiraterone can be decreased when combined with Amprenavir. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Drug impairs alcohol metabolism.
- Avoid fatty foods.
- Take with or without food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- Agemerase (GlaxoSmithKline) / Prozei (Kissei Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Agenerase Capsule 150 mg Oral Glaxo Group Limited 2016-09-07 2010-04-29 EU 
Agenerase Liquid 15 mg / mL Oral Glaxosmithkline Inc 2001-03-26 2008-05-27 Canada 
Agenerase Solution 15 mg/1mL Oral Glaxosmithkline Inc 1999-04-15 2008-10-31 US 
Agenerase Capsule 150 mg Oral Glaxo Group Limited 2016-09-07 2010-04-29 EU Agenerase Capsule 150 mg Oral Glaxosmithkline Inc 2001-03-16 2008-05-27 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- J05AE05 — Amprenavir
- Drug Categories
- Acids, Acyclic
- Amides
- Amprenavir and Prodrugs
- Anti-HIV Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Anti-Retroviral Agents
- Antibiotics, Antitubercular
- Antiinfectives for Systemic Use
- Antiviral Agents
- Antivirals for Systemic Use
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strong)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Direct Acting Antivirals
- Drugs for Treatment of Tuberculosis
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- HIV Protease Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein inducers
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- Protease Inhibitors
- Sulfones
- Sulfur Compounds
- Viral Protease Inhibitors
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzenesulfonamides. These are organic compounds containing a benzenesulfonamide moiety with an amine group attached to the benzene ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Benzenesulfonamides
- Direct Parent
- Aminobenzenesulfonamides
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylbutylamines / Amphetamines and derivatives / Benzenesulfonyl compounds / Aniline and substituted anilines / Organosulfonamides / Tetrahydrofurans / Aminosulfonyl compounds / Carbamate esters / Secondary alcohols / Organic carbonic acids and derivatives show 7 more
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Amine / Aminobenzenesulfonamide / Aminosulfonyl compound / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Benzenesulfonyl group / Carbamic acid ester / Carbonic acid derivative show 21 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- carbamate ester, sulfonamide, tetrahydrofuryl ester (CHEBI:40050)
- Affected organisms
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 5S0W860XNR
- CAS number
- 161814-49-9
- InChI Key
- YMARZQAQMVYCKC-OEMFJLHTSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C25H35N3O6S/c1-18(2)15-28(35(31,32)22-10-8-20(26)9-11-22)16-24(29)23(14-19-6-4-3-5-7-19)27-25(30)34-21-12-13-33-17-21/h3-11,18,21,23-24,29H,12-17,26H2,1-2H3,(H,27,30)/t21-,23-,24+/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (3S)-oxolan-3-yl N-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-4-[N-(2-methylpropyl)4-aminobenzenesulfonamido]-1-phenylbutan-2-yl]carbamate
- SMILES
- CC(C)CN(C[C@@H](O)[C@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)NC(=O)O[C@H]1CCOC1)S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US5585397
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014839
- KEGG Drug
- D00894
- KEGG Compound
- C08086
- PubChem Compound
- 65016
- PubChem Substance
- 46507537
- ChemSpider
- 58532
- BindingDB
- 577
- 228656
- ChEBI
- 40050
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL116
- ZINC
- ZINC000003809192
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000170
- PharmGKB
- PA448422
- PDBe Ligand
- 478
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Amprenavir
- PDB Entries
- 1hpv / 1t7j / 3ekp / 3ekv / 3nu3 / 3nu6 / 3nu9 / 3nuj / 3nuo / 3oxv … show 13 more
- FDA label
- Download (120 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data4 Completed Diagnostic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Unknown Status Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 4 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 17 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Glaxosmithkline
- Packagers
- Catalent Pharma Solutions
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral Capsule Oral 150 mg Capsule Oral 50 mg/1 Capsule Oral 50 mg Liquid Oral 15 mg / mL Solution Oral Solution Oral 15 mg/1mL Solution Oral 15 mg/ml Solution Oral 1.5 g Capsule, liquid filled Oral 150 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Agenerase 50 mg capsule 0.65USD capsule Agenerase 15 mg/ml Solution 0.21USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5585397 No 1996-12-17 2013-12-17 US US6730679 No 2004-05-04 2017-11-11 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0491 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1.85 ALOGPS logP 2.43 Chemaxon logS -4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.61 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 2.39 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 131.19 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 11 Chemaxon Refractivity 134.08 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 53.57 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9132 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.5886 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8866 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7175 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.7973 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8383 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8815 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.5 CYP450 2D6 substrate Substrate 0.8919 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6176 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.7641 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.6591 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8821 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.6641 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.6185 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7229 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.6097 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8218 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 2.4787 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9884 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8733
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 239.3044098 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 218.90154 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 238.4493098 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 220.90411 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 238.8571098 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 226.81706 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human immunodeficiency virus 1
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Aspartic-type endopeptidase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- pol
- Uniprot ID
- Q72874
- Uniprot Name
- Pol polyprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 10778.7 Da
References
- Wittayanarakul K, Hannongbua S, Feig M: Accurate prediction of protonation state as a prerequisite for reliable MM-PB(GB)SA binding free energy calculations of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Comput Chem. 2008 Apr 15;29(5):673-85. [Article]
- Dandache S, Sevigny G, Yelle J, Stranix BR, Parkin N, Schapiro JM, Wainberg MA, Wu JJ: In vitro antiviral activity and cross-resistance profile of PL-100, a novel protease inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Nov;51(11):4036-43. Epub 2007 Jul 16. [Article]
- Sadler BM, Hanson CD, Chittick GE, Symonds WT, Roskell NS: Safety and pharmacokinetics of amprenavir (141W94), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 protease inhibitor, following oral administration of single doses to HIV-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Jul;43(7):1686-92. [Article]
- Authors unspecified: Amprenavir: a new HIV protease inhibitor. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1999 Jul 16;41(1057):64-6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Not Available
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Gag-Pol polyprotein: Mediates, with Gag polyrotein, the essential events in virion assembly, including binding the plasma membrane, making the protein-protein interactions necessary to create spher...
- Gene Name
- gag-pol
- Uniprot ID
- P03366
- Uniprot Name
- Gag-Pol polyprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 163287.51 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:21289075). Hydroxylates steroid hormones, including testosterone at C-16 and estrogens at C-2 (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including plant lipids and drugs (PubMed:11695850, PubMed:22909231). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850)
- Specific Function
- Anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID
- P20813
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2B6
- Molecular Weight
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Hesse LM, von Moltke LL, Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ: Ritonavir, efavirenz, and nelfinavir inhibit CYP2B6 activity in vitro: potential drug interactions with bupropion. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Feb;29(2):100-2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Amprenavir at high concentrations has been shown to inhibit CYP2C19 in vitro. The clinical correlation is unknown.
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
- Specific Function
- (r)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55944.565 Da
References
- Veronese L, Rautaureau J, Sadler BM, Gillotin C, Petite JP, Pillegand B, Delvaux M, Masliah C, Fosse S, Lou Y, Stein DS: Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, in subjects with normal or impaired hepatic function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Apr;44(4):821-6. doi: 10.1128/aac.44.4.821-826.2000. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (r)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Fung HB, Kirschenbaum HL, Hameed R: Amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Clin Ther. 2000 May;22(5):549-72. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80044-2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- Anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Fung HB, Kirschenbaum HL, Hameed R: Amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Clin Ther. 2000 May;22(5):549-72. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80044-2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- Aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Treluyer JM, Bowers G, Cazali N, Sonnier M, Rey E, Pons G, Cresteil T: Oxidative metabolism of amprenavir in the human liver. Effect of the CYP3A maturation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Mar;31(3):275-81. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitorInducer
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
- Brophy DF, Israel DS, Pastor A, Gillotin C, Chittick GE, Symonds WT, Lou Y, Sadler BM, Polk RE: Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and clarithromycin in healthy male volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Apr;44(4):978-84. doi: 10.1128/aac.44.4.978-984.2000. [Article]
- Granfors MT, Wang JS, Kajosaari LI, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: Differential inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4, 3A5 and 3A7 by five human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors in vitro. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006 Jan;98(1):79-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_249.x. [Article]
- Fung HB, Kirschenbaum HL, Hameed R: Amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Clin Ther. 2000 May;22(5):549-72. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80044-2. [Article]
- Treluyer JM, Bowers G, Cazali N, Sonnier M, Rey E, Pons G, Cresteil T: Oxidative metabolism of amprenavir in the human liver. Effect of the CYP3A maturation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Mar;31(3):275-81. [Article]
- Wire MB, Shelton MJ, Studenberg S: Fosamprenavir : clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of the amprenavir prodrug. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(2):137-68. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200645020-00002. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInducer
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- Abc-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Perloff MD, von Moltke LL, Fahey JM, Daily JP, Greenblatt DJ: Induction of P-glycoprotein expression by HIV protease inhibitors in cell culture. AIDS. 2000 Jun 16;14(9):1287-9. [Article]
- Polli JW, Wring SA, Humphreys JE, Huang L, Morgan JB, Webster LO, Serabjit-Singh CS: Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Nov;299(2):620-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm (PubMed:10064732, PubMed:11114332, PubMed:16230346, PubMed:7961706, PubMed:9281595). Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotrexate, antiviral drugs and other xenobiotics (PubMed:10064732, PubMed:11114332, PubMed:16230346, PubMed:7961706, PubMed:9281595). Confers resistance to anticancer drugs by decreasing accumulation of drug in cells, and by mediating ATP- and GSH-dependent drug export (PubMed:9281595). Hydrolyzes ATP with low efficiency (PubMed:16230346). Catalyzes the export of sphingosine 1-phosphate from mast cells independently of their degranulation (PubMed:17050692). Participates in inflammatory response by allowing export of leukotriene C4 from leukotriene C4-synthezing cells (By similarity). Mediates ATP-dependent, GSH-independent cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) export (PubMed:36070769). Thus, by limiting intracellular cGAMP concentrations negatively regulates the cGAS-STING pathway (PubMed:36070769)
- Specific Function
- Abc-type glutathione s-conjugate transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC1
- Uniprot ID
- P33527
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 171589.5 Da
References
- Olson DP, Scadden DT, D'Aquila RT, De Pasquale MP: The protease inhibitor ritonavir inhibits the functional activity of the multidrug resistance related-protein 1 (MRP-1). AIDS. 2002 Sep 6;16(13):1743-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
- Specific Function
- Bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Karlgren M, Ahlin G, Bergstrom CA, Svensson R, Palm J, Artursson P: In vitro and in silico strategies to identify OATP1B1 inhibitors and predict clinical drug-drug interactions. Pharm Res. 2012 Feb;29(2):411-26. doi: 10.1007/s11095-011-0564-9. Epub 2011 Aug 23. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:23