Chlorhexidine
Identification
- Name
- Chlorhexidine
- Accession Number
- DB00878
- Description
Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial biguanide used as a topical antiseptic and in dental practice for the treatment of inflammatory dental conditions caused by microorganisms.11 It is one of the most common skin and mucous membrane antiseptic agents in use today.2 The molecule itself is a cationic bis-guanide consisting of two 4-chlorophenyl rings and two biguanide groups joined by a central hexamethylene chain.7 Topical chlorhexidine for disinfection, as well as oral rinses for dental use, carries activity against a broad range of pathogens including bacteria, yeasts, and viruses.12,11,7
Chlorhexidine was developed in the UK by Imperial Chemical Industries in the early 1950s9 and was introduced to the US in the 1970s.18
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for Chlorhexidine (DB00878)
- Weight
- Average: 505.447
Monoisotopic: 504.203196424 - Chemical Formula
- C22H30Cl2N10
- Synonyms
- 1,1'-Hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide)
- Chlorhexidin
- Chlorhexidine
- Chlorhexidinum
- Cloresidina
- Clorhexidina
- N,N'-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide
Pharmacology
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Chlorhexidine is available over-the-counter in various formulations (e.g. solution, sponge, cloth, swab) as a topical antiseptic to sanitize prior to surgeries and/or medical procedures.12,13,14,15 Dental formulations, available by prescription only, include an oral rinse indicated for the treatment of gingivitis11 and a slow-release "chip" which is inserted into periodontal pockets and is indicated for the reduction of pocket depth in adult patients with periodontitis as an adjunct therapy to dental scaling and root planing procedures.16
- Associated Conditions
- Catarrh of the throat
- Chemotherapy Induced Mucositis
- Chronic Wounds
- Decubitus Ulcer
- Dental Cavity
- Eczema infected
- Foeter Ex Ore
- Gingival Bleeding
- Gingival disorders NEC
- Gingivitis
- Glossitis
- Hoarseness
- Infection
- Infectious Periodontal Diseases
- Injury Throat
- Mild to Moderate Inflammatory Reaction of the Oral Cavity
- Mild to Moderate Inflammatory Reaction of the Pharynx
- Mouth injury
- Mucositis
- Neurodermatitis
- Ocular Inflammation
- Ocular Irritation
- Oral Aphthous Ulcer
- Oral Infection
- Pain
- Periodontitis
- Pharyngitis
- Plaque, Dental
- Postoperative Wound Infection
- Purulent Gingivitis
- Radiation Mucositis
- Red eye
- Ringworm
- Skin Infections
- Skin bacterial infection
- Sore Throat
- Stomatitis
- Surgical Wound
- Swallowing Disorders
- Tissue Damage
- Tonsillitis
- Ulcer, Aphthous
- Ulcers, Leg
- Wound Infections
- Dry, cracked skin
- Gum disorder
- Gum pain
- Moderate Gingivitis
- Oral lesions
- Recurrent Oral fungal infection
- Severe Gingivitis
- Superficial Wounds
- Throat disinfection
- Tongue inflammation
- Associated Therapies
- Anesthesia of Mucous Membrane
- Antimicrobial Therapy
- Contact Lens Care
- Disinfection
- Disinfection of External Genitalia
- Disinfection of the Urethra
- Disinfection of the Vaginal Mucosa
- Irrigation therapy
- Lubrication of the Urethra
- Oral Care
- Oral Hygiene
- Oropharyngeal antisepsis
- Skin disinfection
- Surgical Scrubbing
- Topical Antisepsis
- Urethral Anesthesia
- Wound Cleansing
- Wound Healing
- Oral antisepsis
- Oral disinfection
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Contraindications & Blackbox WarningsWith our commercial data, access important information on dangerous risks, contraindications, and adverse effects.Our Blackbox Warnings cover Risks, Contraindications, and Adverse Effects- Pharmacodynamics
Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial with demonstrated activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and viruses.2 Antimicrobial activity is dose-dependent - chlorhexidine is bacteriostatic at lower concentrations (0.02%-0.06%) and bactericidal at higher concentrations (>0.12%).2 Pharmacokinetic studies of oral chlorhexidine rinses indicate that approximately 30% of the active ingredient is retained in the mouth following rinsing, which is subsequently slowly released into oral fluids.11 This ability to adsorb to dentine, shared with tetracycline antibiotics such as doxycycline, is known as "substantivity" and is the result of chlorhexidine's positive charge - it is likely that this substantivity plays at least some role in chlorhexidine's antimicrobial activity, as its persistence on surfaces such as dentine prevent microbial colonization.7
Dental chlorhexidine rinses may result in staining of oral surfaces, such as teeth. This effect is not ubiquitous and appears to be more significant with extended therapy (i.e. up to 6 months) - nevertheless, patients for whom oral staining is unacceptable should use chlorhexidine rinse with caution and for the shortest effective interval.11 Allergic reactions to chlorhexidine have been associated with the development of anaphylaxis.8
- Mechanism of action
Chlorhexidine’s broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects are due to its ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes. The positively charged chlorhexidine molecule reacts with negatively charged phosphate groups on microbial cell surfaces - this reaction both destroys the integrity of the cell, allowing leakage of intracellular material, and allows chlorhexidine to enter the cell, causing precipitation of cytoplasmic components and ultimately cell death.16,7 The specific means of cell death is dependent on the concentration of chlorhexidine - lower concentrations are bacteriostatic and result in leakage of intracellular substances such as potassium and phosphorous, whereas higher concentrations are bactericidal and cause cytoplasmic precipitation.7
Target Actions Organism ABacterial outer membrane incorporation into and destabilizationBacteria - Absorption
Topically, chlorhexidine is unlikely to undergo any degree of systemic absorption. Orally administered chlorhexidine, such as that found in oral rinses for dental purposes, is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract - the Cmax in human subjects following an oral dose of 300mg was 0.206 µg/g and occurred approximately 30 minutes after ingestion (Tmax).11 Following the insertion of 4 PerioChips in 18 adult patients, no detectable plasma or urine chlorhexidine levels were observed.16
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
Chlorhexidine is known to bind albumin in both serum and saliva,5 though the extent of this binding is unclear.
- Metabolism
As chlorhexidine is very poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, it is unlikely to undergo metabolic conversion to any significant extent.11
- Route of elimination
Excretion of chlorhexidine gluconate occurs almost exclusively via the feces, with less than 1% of an ingested dose excreted in the urine.11
- Half-life
- Not Available
- Clearance
- Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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The LD50 of subcutaneously administered chlorhexidine in mice is >5 g/kg.17
Small children are likely to be more susceptible to chlorhexidine overdose - ingestion of 1-2 ounces by a small child may result in gastric distress, nausea, and intoxication. Treatment should consist of symptomatic and supportive measures. Seek medical attention if a child ingests >4 ounces of chlorhexidine solution or if symptoms of intoxication develop post-exposure.11
- Affected organisms
- Bacteria
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.No interactions found.
- Food Interactions
- Take separate from meals. May affect the taste of food and beverages. Avoid eating or drinking for 30 minutes following use.
Products
Comprehensive & structured drug product infoFrom application numbers to product codes, connect different identifiers through our commercial datasets.Easily connect various identifiers back to our datasets- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Chlorhexidine acetate 5908ZUF22Y 56-95-1 WDRFFJWBUDTUCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorhexidine gluconate MOR84MUD8E 18472-51-0 YZIYKJHYYHPJIB-UUPCJSQJSA-N Chlorhexidine hydrochloride E64XL9U38K 3697-42-5 WJLVQTJZDCGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Cida-Stat (Ecolab) / Corsodyl (GlaxoSmithKline) / DentiSept / Dyna-Hex (Xttrium) / Exidine (Xttrium) / Hexadol (Green Cross) / Hibiscrub (AstraZeneca) / Hibitane (Imperial Chemical Industries) / Microderm (Johnson & Johnson) / Periogard Oral Rinse (Colgate) / Pharmaseal Scrub Care (CareFusion) / Prevacare R (Johnson & Johnson) / Rotersept (Roter) / Sterilon (Emcure) / Tubulicid
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Antiseptic Skin Cleanser Solution 4 g/100mL Topical Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 2012-01-01 Not applicable US 
Antiseptic Skin Cleanser Solution 4 g/100mL Topical Cardinal Health 2012-01-01 2020-10-31 US Betasept Solution 0.04 mg/1mL Topical Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 1993-06-01 Not applicable US Chlorhexidine Mouthwash 0.12 % Buccal Bajaj Medical, Llc 2000-08-29 Not applicable Canada 
Chlorhexidine Mouthwash 0.12 % Buccal Euro Pharm International Canada Inc 2017-10-19 Not applicable Canada Chlorhexidine Alcohol Free Mouthwash Buccal Euro Pharm International Canada Inc 2018-02-20 Not applicable Canada Chlorhexidine Gluconate Rinse 0.12 mg/1mL Oral Actavis Mid Atlantic LLC, 2009-02-11 Not applicable US Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse, USP Mouthwash Buccal Sage Products LLC 2016-02-03 Not applicable Canada Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse, USP Liquid; Mouthwash Oral Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Denticare Chlorhexidine Gluconate Oral Rinse 0.12% Mouthwash Buccal Amd Medicom Inc 1999-11-26 Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Henry Schein, Inc. 2009-10-01 Not applicable US Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Henry Schein, Inc. 2013-02-01 Not applicable US Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 2009-10-01 Not applicable US Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 2013-02-01 Not applicable US Chlorhexidine Solution 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Pharmaceutical Associates, Inc. 1995-12-15 Not applicable US Chlorhexidine Solution 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals,inc. 1995-12-15 Not applicable US Chlorhexidine Gluconante Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Amd Medicom Inc. 2006-06-02 Not applicable US Chlorhexidine Gluconate Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 2010-08-05 Not applicable US Chlorhexidine Gluconate Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral A-S Medication Solutions 2010-06-01 2017-12-21 US Chlorhexidine Gluconate Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Medline Industries, Inc. 2010-08-05 Not applicable US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Akilgeld Hand Sanitizer Gel Topical Delta Pharma Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Akilspray Hand Sanitizer Spray Topical Delta Pharma Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Alsoft A Hand Disinfectant 0.2% w/v Solution Goodmaid Chemicals Corp. Sdn. Bhd. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
Anti Mucedine Feminine Wash Liquid 0.1 g/100mL Topical Jiangxi Renhetang pharmaceutical chain Co., Ltd. 2021-03-16 Not applicable US Anti-bac Hand Soap 0.45 g/100mL Topical Fujian Jinghua Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. 2020-04-25 Not applicable US Antibacterial Protective Hand Lotion .07075 g/14.15g Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US Antibacterial Protective Hand Lotion .0045 g/.9g Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US Antimicrobial Foam Handwash Liquid 20 mg/1mL Topical GOJO Industries, Inc. 2018-04-01 Not applicable US Antimicrobial Skin Cleanser Liquid 20 mg/1mL Topical GOJO Industries, Inc. 2008-03-01 Not applicable US Antiseptic Body Cleanser Cloth Topical Sage Products LLC 2006-02-14 Not applicable Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image (Fruli) Quick-Dry Disposable Hand Sanitizer Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.5 mg/100mL) + Ethanol (70 mL/100mL) Liquid Topical Shandong Zhuojian Medical Technology Co., Ltd. 2020-05-01 Not applicable US (Qiqing) Chlorhexidine Gluconate Alcohol Disinfectant Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.45 mg/100mL) + Ethanol (75 mL/100mL) Liquid Topical Qingdao precision medical technology co., LTD. Zibo branch 2020-05-01 Not applicable US 3M AVAGARD Chlorhexidine gluconate (5.325 g) + Ethanol (65.78 g) Solution Topical 2006-11-10 2016-08-25 Colombia 
3M Avagard Chlorhexidine gluconate (8.3 mg/1mL) + Ethanol (506.3 mg/1mL) Lotion Topical 3M Company 2001-06-14 Not applicable US 3M SoluPrep Chlorhexidine gluconate (20 mg/1mL) + Isopropyl alcohol (0.7 mL/1mL) Solution Topical 3M Company 2018-10-08 Not applicable US 3M SoluPrep Chlorhexidine gluconate (20 mg/1mL) + Isopropyl alcohol (0.7 mL/1mL) Solution Topical 3M Company 2018-10-08 Not applicable US 3m Soluprep Sponge Chlorhexidine gluconate (2 %) + Isopropyl alcohol (70 %) Sponge Topical 3 M Pharmaceuticals 2013-09-11 Not applicable Canada 3เอ็ม ซีเอชจี แพด Chlorhexidine (0.114 ML/1.142ML) + Isopropyl alcohol (0.8 ML/1.142ML) Solution Topical บริษัท 3 เอ็ม ประเทศไทย จำกัด 2018-08-10 Not applicable Thailand 
Alcohol Antibacterial Wipes Chlorhexidine acetate (0.1 g/100a) + Benzalkonium chloride (0.1 g/100a) + Ethanol (15 g/100a) Cloth Topical Kunming Ansheng Industry & Trade Co., Ltd. 2020-03-30 Not applicable US Alcohol Disinfectant Wipes Chlorhexidine acetate (1 mg/1) + Benzalkonium chloride (1 mg/1) + Ethanol (750 mg/1) Cloth Topical Kunming Ansheng Industry & Trade Co., Ltd. 2020-06-17 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Anti Mucedine Feminine Wash Chlorhexidine acetate (0.1 g/100mL) Liquid Topical Jiangxi Renhetang pharmaceutical chain Co., Ltd. 2021-03-16 Not applicable US Anti-bac Hand Chlorhexidine acetate (0.45 g/100mL) Soap Topical Fujian Jinghua Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. 2020-04-25 Not applicable US Antibacterial Protective Hand Chlorhexidine gluconate (.07075 g/14.15g) Lotion Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US Antibacterial Protective Hand Chlorhexidine gluconate (.0045 g/.9g) Lotion Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US Antiseptic Cleansing Wipes Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.0002 mg/1mg) Swab Topical Guangdong Comfort Medical Products Co., Ltd. 2017-07-17 Not applicable US Antiseptic Cleansing Wipes Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.0002 mg/1mg) Swab Topical Foshan Flying Medical Products Co., Ltd. 2012-12-27 Not applicable US Bei Ling Tong Bao Er Zheng Yuan Antibacterial Creams Chlorhexidine acetate (0.03 g/15g) Cream Topical Jilin Mancaotang Health Management Group Co Ltd 2018-11-20 2019-10-21 US Chinese Herb Essence Bacteriostatic Feminine Wash Chlorhexidine acetate (0.1 g/100mL) Liquid Topical Jiangxi Renhetang pharmaceutical chain Co., Ltd. 2021-03-16 Not applicable US DermacinRx Clorhexacin Chlorhexidine gluconate (4 g/100mL) + Dimethicone (50 mg/1mL) + Mupirocin (20 mg/1g) Kit Topical PureTek Corporation 2016-06-02 Not applicable US DermacinRx Surgical ComboPak Chlorhexidine gluconate (4 g/100mL) + Dimethicone (50 mg/1mL) Kit Topical PureTek Corporation 2015-04-28 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- R02AA05 — ChlorhexidineS03AA04 — Chlorhexidine
- S03AA — Antiinfectives
- S03A — ANTIINFECTIVES
- S03 — OPHTHALMOLOGICAL AND OTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
- S — SENSORY ORGANS
- D08AC — Biguanides and amidines
- D08A — ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
- D08 — ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
- D — DERMATOLOGICALS
- D08AC — Biguanides and amidines
- D08A — ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
- D08 — ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
- D — DERMATOLOGICALS
- D09AA — Medicated dressings with antiinfectives
- D09A — MEDICATED DRESSINGS
- D09 — MEDICATED DRESSINGS
- D — DERMATOLOGICALS
- B05CA — Antiinfectives
- B05C — IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS
- B05 — BLOOD SUBSTITUTES AND PERFUSION SOLUTIONS
- B — BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS
- A01AB — Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment
- A01A — STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
- A01 — STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- Drug Categories
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- Amidines
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents, Local
- Antiinfectives and Antiseptics for Local Oral Treatment
- Antiseptics and Disinfectants
- Biguanides
- Biguanides and Amidines
- Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
- Decreased Cell Wall Integrity
- Dental Agents
- Dermatologicals
- Disinfectants
- Guanidines
- Household Products
- Irrigating Solutions
- Medicated Dressings
- Medicated Dressings With Antiinfectives
- Miscellaneous Anti-infectives
- Miscellaneous Local Anti-infectives
- Mouthwashes
- Ophthalmological and Otological Preparations
- Ophthalmologicals
- Otologicals
- Sensory Organs
- Stomatological Preparations
- Throat Preparations
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as chlorobenzenes. These are compounds containing one or more chlorine atoms attached to a benzene moiety.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Halobenzenes
- Direct Parent
- Chlorobenzenes
- Alternative Parents
- Biguanides / Aryl chlorides / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidamides / Organopnictogen compounds / Organochlorides / Imines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Biguanide / Carboximidamide / Chlorobenzene / Guanidine / Hydrocarbon derivative / Imine / Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- monochlorobenzenes, biguanides (CHEBI:3614)
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- R4KO0DY52L
- CAS number
- 55-56-1
- InChI Key
- GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C22H30Cl2N10/c23-15-5-9-17(10-6-15)31-21(27)33-19(25)29-13-3-1-2-4-14-30-20(26)34-22(28)32-18-11-7-16(24)8-12-18/h5-12H,1-4,13-14H2,(H5,25,27,29,31,33)(H5,26,28,30,32,34)
- IUPAC Name
- N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-3-(6-{N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamimidamidomethanimidoyl]amino}hexyl)carbamimidamidomethanimidamide
- SMILES
- ClC1=CC=C(NC(=N)NC(=N)NCCCCCCNC(=N)NC(=N)NC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)C=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Rose, F.L. and Swain, G.; US. Patent 2,684,924; July 27, 1954; assigned to Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.
US2684924- General References
- McBain AJ, Bartolo RG, Catrenich CE, Charbonneau D, Ledder RG, Gilbert P: Effects of a chlorhexidine gluconate-containing mouthwash on the vitality and antimicrobial susceptibility of in vitro oral bacterial ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Aug;69(8):4770-6. [PubMed:12902270]
- Karpinski TM, Szkaradkiewicz AK: Chlorhexidine--pharmaco-biological activity and application. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Apr;19(7):1321-6. [PubMed:25912596]
- Betcher DL, Burnham N: Chlorhexidine. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 1990 Apr;7(2):82-3. doi: 10.1177/104345429000700227. [PubMed:2363891]
- Kuyyakanond T, Quesnel LB: The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Dec 15;100(1-3):211-5. [PubMed:1335944]
- Hjeljord LG, Rolla G, Bonesvoll P: Chlorhexidine-protein interactions. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;12:11-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1973.tb02158.x. [PubMed:4269593]
- Radford JR, Homer KA, Naylor MN, Beighton D: Inhibition of human subgingival plaque protease activity by chlorhexidine. Arch Oral Biol. 1992 Apr;37(4):245-8. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(92)90045-a. [PubMed:1520091]
- Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV: The properties and applications of chlorhexidine in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2009 Apr;42(4):288-302. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01540.x. Epub 2009 Feb 7. [PubMed:19220510]
- Sharp G, Green S, Rose M: Chlorhexidine-induced anaphylaxis in surgical patients: a review of the literature. ANZ J Surg. 2016 Apr;86(4):237-43. doi: 10.1111/ans.13269. Epub 2015 Sep 11. [PubMed:26361890]
- Lim KS, Kam PC: Chlorhexidine--pharmacology and clinical applications. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008 Jul;36(4):502-12. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0803600404. [PubMed:18714617]
- Health Canada Product Monograph: Peridex (chlorhexidine gluconate) oral rinse [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Peridex (chlorhexidine gluconate) oral rinse [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Avagard (chlorhexidine/ethyl alcohol) topical solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Pre-Scrub (chlorhexidine gluconate) topical scrub [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: ChloraPrep One-Step (chlorhexidine/isopropyl alcohol) topical swab [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Chlorhexidine gluconate topical cloth [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: PerioChip (chlorhexidine gluconate) chip for oral insertion [Link]
- CaymanChem: Chlorhexidine MSDS [Link]
- WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (2009) [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015016
- KEGG Drug
- D07668
- KEGG Compound
- C06902
- PubChem Compound
- 9552079
- PubChem Substance
- 46506388
- ChemSpider
- 2612
- BindingDB
- 50170723
- 2358
- ChEBI
- 3614
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL790
- ZINC
- ZINC000014768621
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001326
- PharmGKB
- PA164776863
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Chlorhexidine
- AHFS Codes
- 34:00.00 — Dental Agents
- 52:04.92 — Miscellaneous Anti-infectives
- 84:04.92 — Miscellaneous Local Anti-infectives
- FDA label
- Download (56 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Arrhythmia / Heart Failure 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Hospitalizations / Infection 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Impacted Third Molar Tooth 2 4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Intravenous Drug Abuse, S Aureus Colonization 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Propionibacterium Acnes 1 4 Completed Not Available Antimicrobial Effectiveness 2 4 Completed Not Available Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip 1 4 Completed Not Available Healthy Volunteers 1 4 Completed Not Available This Study Evaluated the Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine Mouthrinse on Subgingival Microbiota 1 4 Completed Health Services Research Human Microbiome 2
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Xttrium laboratories inc
- Sage products inc
- Actavis mid atlantic llc
- Hi tech pharmacal co inc
- John o butler co
- Novex pharma
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
- 3m co
- Colgate oral pharmaceuticals inc
- Soapco inc
- Ecolab inc
- Regent medical americas llc
- Johnson and johnson medical inc
- Matrix medical corp
- Kw griffen co
- Becton dickinson and co
- Kendall co
- Becton dickinson surgical system
- Molnlycke health care
- Pharmaseal div baxter healthcare corp
- Dexcel pharma technologies ltd
- Packagers
- 3M Health Care
- Adrian Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Aplicare Inc.
- Apotex Inc.
- AR Medicom Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Cao Group Inc.
- Colgate Oral
- Darby Dental Supply Co. Inc.
- Dental Technologies Inc.
- DENTSPLY International
- Dexcel Ltd.
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Germiphene Corp.
- Henry Schein Inc.
- Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
- Johnson & Johnson Healthcare
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Medisca Inc.
- Molnlycke Health
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Nord Ost Corp.
- Novex Pharma
- Pharmedix
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prescript Pharmaceuticals
- Raz Co. Inc.
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Sage Products Inc.
- Stoma Health Products
- Sunstar Pharmaceutical Inc.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Xactdose Inc.
- Xttrium Laboratories
- Zila Therapeutics Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Lotion Topical Sponge Topical Soap Topical 0.45 g/100mL Lotion Topical .0045 g/.9g Lotion Topical .07075 g/14.15g Liquid Topical 20 mg/1mL Gel Buccal; Oral Swab Topical 0.0002 mg/1mg Liquid Topical 4 mg/100mL Solution Topical 2 % Solution Topical 2 mg/100mL Solution Topical 2 g/100g Solution Topical Dressing Topical Liquid Topical 40 mg/1mL Sponge Topical 40 mg/1mL Solution Topical 11.8 g Solution Topical 40 g/1000mL Cream Topical 0.03 g/15g Capsule Oral Spray Topical Solution Topical .04 mg/1mL Solution Topical 0.04 mg/1mL Solution Topical 4 g Gel Urethral Gel Transmucosal Gel Solution Cutaneous; Topical Solution Cutaneous Gel Oral Solution Oral Rinse Oropharyngeal Cloth Topical Solution Oral 1.2 mg/1mL Gel Topical 4 g/100mL Liquid Oral 0.12 mg/1mL Rinse Oral 0.12 mg/1mL Rinse Oral 1.2 mg/1mL Liquid Buccal 1.2 mg/1mL Liquid Buccal 1.2 [iU]/1mL Liquid; mouthwash Oral Solution Topical 0.75 mg/100mL Liquid Topical Gel Buccal; Topical Solution, concentrate Solution Buccal; Oral Liquid Dental 1.2 mg/1mL Shampoo Topical 30 g/L Solution Oral Liquid Topical 0.5 g/1L Cloth Topical 0.2 g/100mL Gel Extracorporeal 0.55 g/500g Solution Topical 4 g/100mL Lozenge Oral Spray Oral Solution Topical 4 % Solution Topical 20 mg/1mL Liquid Ophthalmic Cloth Topical 2 g/100g Solution, concentrate Topical Liquid Topical 4 g/100mL Rinse Dental 0.5448 g/454g Gel Topical Rinse Oral Tablet Transmucosal Mouthwash Buccal Cloth Topical Liquid Topical Swab Topical Ointment Topical Aerosol Topical Gel Solution Topical 213 g/1000mL Liquid Cutaneous; Infiltration Liquid Topical 0.02 g/10mL Liquid Extracorporeal Kit Oral Concentrate Irrigation 2.36 mL/236mL Ointment Ophthalmic Cloth Topical 0.127 g/100g Cream Topical Swab Topical Solution Topical 0.5 g Gel Topical 0.09 g/100g Liquid Buccal Powder Topical Solution Suppository Vaginal Solution / drops Ophthalmic Lotion Oral Rinse Dental 1.2 mg/1mL Mouthwash Oral Liquid; mouthwash Buccal Spray, metered Oral Insert Dental Insert, extended release Periodontal 2.5 mg/1 Insert Periodontal Liquid Oral 1.2 mg/1mL Mouthwash Buccal 0.12 % Rinse Buccal 1.2 mg/1mL Solution Buccal 0.12 % Solution Ophthalmic Liquid Topical 0.1 g/100mL Swab Topical 0.2 g/100g Solution Topical 1 mg/25mL Kit; solution Dental Liquid Buccal Lotion Topical .283 g/56.6g Lotion Topical 2.1508 g/430.16g Lotion Topical Solution Topical Kit Buccal; Oral Kit Buccal Gel Topical Cloth Topical 500 mg/1 Solution Irrigation Liquid Topical 2 g/100mL Shampoo Topical Solution Topical .75 mg/100mL Solution Topical 4 mg/100mL Solution Topical 2 g/100mL Solution Topical 40 mg/1mL Cloth Topical 0.35 U/100U Soap Topical 24 mg/3g Soap Topical 48 mg/3g Kit Oral; Topical Kit Buccal; Topical Kit Topical Soap Topical Liquid; sponge Topical Aerosol Topical Sponge Topical Solution; sponge Topical Spray Topical Kit Buccal 1.2 [iU]/1mL Ointment Topical Solution Topical 10 g Shampoo Topical Rinse Oral Liquid Topical 0.01 g/10mL Spray Oral Cream Topical Liquid Dental Solution Cream Topical 1 %w/w - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Peridex 0.12% Solution 473ml Bottle 23.99USD bottle Periogard 0.12% Solution 473ml Bottle 15.99USD bottle Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Solution 473ml Bottle 14.0USD bottle Biopatch dressing 4.21USD each Hibistat towelette 0.43USD each Chlorhexidine gluc 20% soln 0.16USD ml Hibiclens 4% liquid 0.04USD ml Peridex 0.12% liquid 0.04USD ml Chlorhexidine 2% scrub 0.03USD ml Chlorhexidine 0.12% rinse 0.02USD ml Dynahex 4% liquid 0.02USD ml Dynahex 2% liquid 0.01USD ml Periogard 0.12% oral rinse 0.01USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US7422388 No 2008-09-09 2027-04-25 US US6536975 No 2003-03-25 2020-11-10 US US6729786 No 2004-05-04 2023-03-14 US US7241065 No 2007-07-10 2023-03-14 US US5690958 No 1997-11-25 2016-09-30 US US6991394 No 2006-01-31 2024-01-31 US US7182536 No 2007-02-27 2023-12-30 US US5538353 No 1996-07-23 2015-08-25 US US5772346 No 1998-06-30 2017-04-22 US US7081246 No 2006-07-25 2016-08-03 US US5897031 No 1999-04-27 2016-06-21 US USD468424 No 2003-01-07 2017-01-07 US US7066916 No 2006-06-27 2024-02-17 US US7595021 No 2009-09-29 2023-05-12 US US7717889 No 2010-05-18 2025-02-27 US US7935093 No 2011-05-03 2027-10-02 US US7427574 No 2008-09-23 2026-04-25 US US8623935 No 2014-01-07 2029-07-26 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility 800 mg/L (at 20 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996) logP 0.08 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995), ionized pH 5 pKa 10.8 (at 25 °C) HANSCH,C & LEO,AJ (1985) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0261 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.71 ALOGPS logP 4.51 ChemAxon logS -4.3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Basic) 10.52 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 4 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 10 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 10 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 167.58 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 9 ChemAxon Refractivity 181.71 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 54.6 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 2 ChemAxon Bioavailability 0 ChemAxon Rule of Five No ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8984 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.7872 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5231 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6016 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.5733 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.9175 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.7955 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7033 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.6218 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6532 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.8025 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.6847 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.927 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5065 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.59 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.6532 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.857 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9896 Rat acute toxicity 1.7711 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.5579 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.5661
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive LC-MS/MS Not Available MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-0ufr-2900000000-77fb2c1a85c1b39d8e91 MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-00yi-2912000000-109a5810a9e5d36f3105
Targets
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1. Bacterial outer membrane
Yes
Incorporation into and destabilization
References
- Zorko M, Jerala R: Alexidine and chlorhexidine bind to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid and prevent cell activation by antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Oct;62(4):730-7. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn270. Epub 2008 Jul 16. [PubMed:18635521]
- Kuyyakanond T, Quesnel LB: The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Dec 15;100(1-3):211-5. [PubMed:1335944]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Hjeljord LG, Rolla G, Bonesvoll P: Chlorhexidine-protein interactions. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;12:11-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1973.tb02158.x. [PubMed:4269593]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated on April 11, 2021 00:58