Identification
- Summary
Melphalan is an alkylating antineoplastic agent used for high-dose conditioning prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients with multiple myeloma.
- Brand Names
- Alkeran, Evomela
- Generic Name
- Melphalan
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01042
- Background
An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - melphalan, the racemic mixture - merphalan, and the dextro isomer - medphalan; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Melphalan (DB01042)
- Weight
- Average: 305.2
Monoisotopic: 304.074533244 - Chemical Formula
- C13H18Cl2N2O2
- Synonyms
- 3-(p-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)-L-alanine
- 3-p-(Di(2-chloroethyl)amino)-phenyl-L-alanine
- 4-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-L-phenylalanine
- L-3-(p-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)alanine
- L-PAM
- L-Phenylalanine mustard
- L-Sarcolysine
- Melfalano
- Melphalan
- Melphalanum
- p-Bis(beta-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine
- p-Di-(2-chloroethyl)amino-L-phenylalanine
- p-L-Sarcolysin
- p-N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-L-phenylalanine
- p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-L-phenylalanine
- Phenylalanine mustard
- Phenylalanine nitrogen mustard
- External IDs
- CB 3025
- CB-3025
- NCI-C04853
- NSC-241286
- NSC-8806
- SK 15673
- SK-15673
Pharmacology
- Indication
Melphalan is indicated for use as a high-dose conditioning treatment prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma.6 It is also indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and for the palliation of non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary.7
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
- Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug eventsImprove clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support.- Pharmacodynamics
Melphalan is an antineoplastic in the class of alkylating agents and is used to treat various forms of cancer. Alkylating agents are so named because of their ability to add alkyl groups to many electronegative groups under conditions present in cells. They stop tumor growth by cross-linking guanine bases in DNA double-helix strands - directly attacking DNA. This makes the strands unable to uncoil and separate. As this is necessary in DNA replication, the cells can no longer divide. In addition, these drugs add methyl or other alkyl groups onto molecules where they do not belong which in turn inhibits their correct utilization by base pairing and causes a miscoding of DNA. Alkylating agents are cell cycle-nonspecific. Alkylating agents work by three different mechanisms all of which achieve the same end result - disruption of DNA function and cell death.
- Mechanism of action
Melphalan attaches alkyl groups to the N-7 position of guanine and N-3 position of adenine, leading to the formation of monoadducts, and DNA fragmenting when repair enzymes attempt to correct the error.4,5 It can also cause DNA cross-linking from the N-7 position of one guanine to the N-7 position of another, preventing DNA strands from separating for synthesis or transcription.4,5 Finally, melphalan can induce a number of different mutations.4
Target Actions Organism ADNA cross-linking/alkylationHumans - Absorption
Incomplete, variable, 25-89% post oral dose
- Volume of distribution
- 0.5 L/kg
- Protein binding
Moderate to high (60 to 90%), primarily to albumin and, to a lesser extent, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. 30% is irreversibly bound.
- Metabolism
Melphalan is not actively metabolised, it spontaneously degrades to mono and dihydroxy products.
- Route of elimination
The 24-hour urinary excretion of parent drug in these patients was 10% ± 4.5%, suggesting that renal clearance is not a major route of elimination of parent drug.
- Half-life
1.5 (±0.83) hours
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates.Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Vomiting, ulceration of the mouth, diarrhea, and hemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract; The principal toxic effect is bone marrow suppression. LD50=11.2 mg/kg (orally in rat)
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Melphalan is combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Melphalan. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acenocoumarol is combined with Melphalan. Acetylsalicylic acid The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Melphalan. Adalimumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Adalimumab is combined with Melphalan. Adenovirus type 7 vaccine live The risk or severity of infection can be increased when Adenovirus type 7 vaccine live is combined with Melphalan. Aldesleukin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Melphalan. Alefacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alefacept is combined with Melphalan. Alemtuzumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alemtuzumab is combined with Melphalan. Allogeneic processed thymus tissue The therapeutic efficacy of Allogeneic processed thymus tissue can be decreased when used in combination with Melphalan. 
Identify potential medication risksEasily compare up to 40 drugs with our drug interaction checker.Get severity rating, description, and management advice.Learn more - Food Interactions
- Drink plenty of fluids.
- Take on an empty stomach. Food decreases absorption and decreases bioavailabilty by approximately 30%.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Melphalan hydrochloride 1VXP4V453T 3223-07-2 OUUYBRCCFUEMLH-YDALLXLXSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Alkeran Tablet, film coated 2 mg/1 Oral Glaxosmithkline Inc 1984-05-10 2012-04-30 US 
Alkeran Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Glaxo Operations UK Ltd 2011-01-01 2018-02-13 US Alkeran Tablet 2 mg/1 Oral Celgene 1993-03-16 2009-11-02 US Alkeran Tablet, film coated 2 mg/1 Oral ApoPharma USA, Inc. 2011-01-01 Not applicable US Alkeran Injection, powder, for solution; Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous ApoPharma USA, Inc. 2011-01-01 Not applicable US Alkeran Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Glaxosmithkline Inc 1993-03-16 2012-05-31 US Alkeran Tablet, film coated 2 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2005-08-15 2012-06-30 US Alkeran Tablet 2 mg Oral Aspen Pharmacare Canada Inc. 1964-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Alkeran Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Celgene 1993-03-16 2009-11-02 US Evomela Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Acrotech Biopharma Llc 2016-03-31 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Melphalan Injection, powder, for solution; Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC 2017-12-22 Not applicable US Melphalan 50 mg/50mg Intravenous Bpi Labs Llc 2020-09-30 Not applicable US Melphalan Tablet 2 mg/1 Oral Alvogen Inc. 2017-03-22 Not applicable US Melphalan hydrochloride Injection, powder, for solution; Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Bpi Labs Llc 2021-07-02 Not applicable US Melphalan Hydrochloride Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Mylan Institutional LLC 2013-01-10 Not applicable US Melphalan hydrochloride Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Gland Pharma Limited 2019-06-10 Not applicable US Melphalan Hydrochloride Injection, powder, for solution; Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Xiromed, Llc 2021-01-06 Not applicable US Melphalan Hydrochloride Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. 2016-08-26 2019-04-30 US Melphalan Hydrochloride Kit 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Genera Medix Inc. 2009-10-27 Not applicable US Melphalan Hydrochloride Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 50 mg/10mL Intravenous Noratech Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2022-09-13 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Alkeran Melphalan (50 mg) Kit; Powder, for solution; Solution Intra-arterial; Intravenous Aspen Pharmacare Canada Inc. 1995-12-31 Not applicable Canada Melphalan for Injection Melphalan (50 mg) Kit; Powder, for solution; Solution Intravenous Apotex Corporation 2018-11-20 Not applicable Canada Melphalan for Injection Melphalan (50 mg) Kit; Powder, for solution; Solution Intra-arterial; Intravenous Marcan Pharmaceuticals Inc 2018-06-18 Not applicable Canada Taro-melphalan Melphalan (50 mg) Kit; Powder, for solution Intra-arterial; Intravenous Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2021-01-25 Not applicable Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ALKERAN 2 MG TABLET, 25 ADET Melphalan (2 mg) Tablet Oral VLD DANIŞMANLIK TIBBİ ÜRÜNLER VE TANITIM HİZMETLERİ LTD. ŞTİ. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01AA03 — Melphalan
- Drug Categories
- Alkylating Activity
- Alkylating Drugs
- Amino Acids
- Amino Acids, Aromatic
- Amino Acids, Cyclic
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
- Immunologic Factors
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Mustard Compounds
- Myeloablative Agonists
- Myelosuppressive Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Nitrogen Mustard Analogues
- Nitrogen Mustard Compounds
- Noxae
- Toxic Actions
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. These are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Phenylalanine and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylpropanoic acids / Amphetamines and derivatives / L-alpha-amino acids / Aniline and substituted anilines / Dialkylarylamines / Nitrogen mustard compounds / Aralkylamines / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids show 7 more
- Substituents
- 3-phenylpropanoic-acid / Alkyl chloride / Alkyl halide / Alpha-amino acid / Amine / Amino acid / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound show 22 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- organochlorine compound, non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid, L-phenylalanine derivative, nitrogen mustard (CHEBI:28876)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- Q41OR9510P
- CAS number
- 148-82-3
- InChI Key
- SGDBTWWWUNNDEQ-LBPRGKRZSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C13H18Cl2N2O2/c14-5-7-17(8-6-15)11-3-1-10(2-4-11)9-12(16)13(18)19/h1-4,12H,5-9,16H2,(H,18,19)/t12-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-2-amino-3-{4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl}propanoic acid
- SMILES
- N[C@@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)N(CCCl)CCCl)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US3032584
- General References
- Loeber R, Michaelson E, Fang Q, Campbell C, Pegg AE, Tretyakova N: Cross-linking of the DNA repair protein Omicron6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase to DNA in the presence of antitumor nitrogen mustards. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Apr;21(4):787-95. doi: 10.1021/tx7004508. Epub 2008 Feb 14. [Article]
- Souliotis VL, Dimopoulos MA, Episkopou HG, Kyrtopoulos SA, Sfikakis PP: Preferential in vivo DNA repair of melphalan-induced damage in human genes is greatly affected by the local chromatin structure. DNA Repair (Amst). 2006 Aug 13;5(8):972-85. Epub 2006 Jun 15. [Article]
- Moscow JA, Swanson CA, Cowan KH: Decreased melphalan accumulation in a human breast cancer cell line selected for resistance to melphalan. Br J Cancer. 1993 Oct;68(4):732-7. [Article]
- Povirk LF, Shuker DE: DNA damage and mutagenesis induced by nitrogen mustards. Mutat Res. 1994 Dec;318(3):205-26. doi: 10.1016/0165-1110(94)90015-9. [Article]
- Lawley PD, Phillips DH: DNA adducts from chemotherapeutic agents. Mutat Res. 1996 Aug 17;355(1-2):13-40. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00020-6. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Evomela (melphalan) for intravenous injection [Link]
- DailyMed: Melphalan USP tablets for oral use [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015176
- KEGG Drug
- D00369
- KEGG Compound
- C07122
- PubChem Compound
- 460612
- PubChem Substance
- 46509130
- ChemSpider
- 405297
- BindingDB
- 50025837
- 6718
- ChEBI
- 28876
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL852
- ZINC
- ZINC000000001673
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000791
- PharmGKB
- PA450354
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Melphalan
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Multiple Myeloma (MM) 1 4 Recruiting Treatment B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) / Burkitt Lymphoma / Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) / Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma / Primary Mediastinal Lymphoma 1 4 Recruiting Treatment Multiple Myeloma (MM) 1 4 Terminated Treatment Multiple Myeloma (MM) 1 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation / Multiple Myeloma (MM) 1 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Multiple Myeloma (MM) 6 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Multiple Myeloma (MM) / Newly Diagnosed Patients 1 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma 1 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Ocular Melanoma 1 3 Completed Treatment Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Antibioticos Ltd.
- Bioniche Pharma
- Cardinal Health
- Catalent Pharma Solutions
- Generamedix Inc.
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
- Nerviano Medical Science S.R.L.
- Oso Biopharmaceuticals Manufacturing LLC
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 50 MG/10ML Injection, powder, for solution; kit Intravenous 50 mg/10mL Kit; powder, for solution; solution Intra-arterial; Intravenous Tablet Oral 2 mg/1 Tablet Oral 2 mg Tablet Oral 5 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 2 mg/1 Tablet; tablet, film coated Oral 2 MG Tablet, film coated Oral Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous Tablet, film coated Oral 2.00 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 2 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Parenteral 50 mg Injection Intravenous 50 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 50 mg/10mL Injection, powder, for solution Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 50 mg Kit; powder, for solution Intravenous 50 mg / vial Kit; powder, for solution; solution Intravenous Kit Intravenous 50 mg/15mL Kit Intravenous 50 mg/10mL Solution Parenteral Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 50 mg Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 200 mg Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 50 mg Powder Intravenous 200 MG Powder Intravenous 50 MG Kit; powder, for solution Intra-arterial; Intravenous Powder Intravenous 50 mg/1vial Tablet, coated Oral 2 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Alkeran 50 mg vial 1971.72USD vial Melphalan hcl 50 mg vial 1845.6USD vial Alkeran 2 mg tablet 5.65USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region CA1341114 No 2000-10-10 2017-10-10 Canada US8410077 No 2013-04-02 2029-03-13 US US9200088 No 2015-12-01 2029-03-13 US US9493582 No 2016-11-15 2033-02-27 US US10040872 No 2018-08-07 2034-01-30 US US10864183 No 2020-12-15 2030-05-28 US US10940128 No 2021-03-09 2030-06-14 US US11020363 No 2021-06-01 2030-05-28 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 182.5 °C PhysProp water solubility < 0.1 g/100 mL at 22 °C Not Available logP -0.52 SANGSTER,J (1994) @pH=7.4 - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source logP 0.25 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.29 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.51 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 66.56 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 8 Chemaxon Refractivity 78.23 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 31.38 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9523 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.6073 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.5 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.983 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9192 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.811 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8457 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7432 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7553 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.779 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9348 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9193 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.7959 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9863 Ames test AMES toxic 0.9108 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.7873 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9746 Rat acute toxicity 3.9179 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.8187 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8488
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive LC-MS/MS Not Available MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-000w-2930000000-b95beb5e9c3e61b7687f
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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Yes
Cross-linking/alkylation
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Monahan SD, Subbotin VM, Budker VG, Slattum PM, Neal ZC, Herweijer H, Wolff JA: Rapidly reversible hydrophobization: an approach to high first-pass drug extraction. Chem Biol. 2007 Sep;14(9):1065-77. [Article]
- Lee PC, Kakadiya R, Su TL, Lee TC: Combination of bifunctional alkylating agent and arsenic trioxide synergistically suppresses the growth of drug-resistant tumor cells. Neoplasia. 2010 May;12(5):376-87. [Article]
- Wang F, Li F, Ganguly M, Marky LA, Gold B, Egli M, Stone MP: A bridging water anchors the tethered 5-(3-aminopropyl)-2'-deoxyuridine amine in the DNA major groove proximate to the N+2 C.G base pair: implications for formation of interstrand 5'-GNC-3' cross-links by nitrogen mustards. Biochemistry. 2008 Jul 8;47(27):7147-57. doi: 10.1021/bi800375m. Epub 2008 Jun 13. [Article]
- Vasquez KM: Targeting and processing of site-specific DNA interstrand crosslinks. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2010 Jul;51(6):527-39. doi: 10.1002/em.20557. [Article]
- Dimopoulos MA, Souliotis VL, Anagnostopoulos A, Bamia C, Pouli A, Baltadakis I, Terpos E, Kyrtopoulos SA, Sfikakis PP: Melphalan-induced DNA damage in vitro as a predictor for clinical outcome in multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2007 Nov;92(11):1505-12. [Article]
- Chen Q, Van der Sluis PC, Boulware D, Hazlehurst LA, Dalton WS: The FA/BRCA pathway is involved in melphalan-induced DNA interstrand cross-link repair and accounts for melphalan resistance in multiple myeloma cells. Blood. 2005 Jul 15;106(2):698-705. Epub 2005 Mar 31. [Article]
- Souliotis VL, Dimopoulos MA, Episkopou HG, Kyrtopoulos SA, Sfikakis PP: Preferential in vivo DNA repair of melphalan-induced damage in human genes is greatly affected by the local chromatin structure. DNA Repair (Amst). 2006 Aug 13;5(8):972-85. Epub 2006 Jun 15. [Article]
- Loeber R, Michaelson E, Fang Q, Campbell C, Pegg AE, Tretyakova N: Cross-linking of the DNA repair protein Omicron6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase to DNA in the presence of antitumor nitrogen mustards. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Apr;21(4):787-95. doi: 10.1021/tx7004508. Epub 2008 Feb 14. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Toxin transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain.
- Gene Name
- SLC22A3
- Uniprot ID
- O75751
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 61279.485 Da
References
- Shnitsar V, Eckardt R, Gupta S, Grottker J, Muller GA, Koepsell H, Burckhardt G, Hagos Y: Expression of human organic cation transporter 3 in kidney carcinoma cell lines increases chemosensitivity to melphalan, irinotecan, and vincristine. Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 15;69(4):1494-501. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2483. Epub 2009 Feb 3. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Peptide antigen binding
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Involved in cellular a...
- Gene Name
- SLC7A5
- Uniprot ID
- Q01650
- Uniprot Name
- Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1
- Molecular Weight
- 55009.62 Da
References
- Moscow JA, Swanson CA, Cowan KH: Decreased melphalan accumulation in a human breast cancer cell line selected for resistance to melphalan. Br J Cancer. 1993 Oct;68(4):732-7. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 22, 2023 23:54