Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Generic Name
- Arbaclofen Placarbil
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB08892
- Background
Arbaclofen Placerbil is a prodrug of Arbaclofen, which is a selective gamma-amino-butyric acid type B receptor agonist and the R-enantiomer of baclofen. It was discovered, and has been patented by XenoPort as a new chemical entity with an improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to baclofen, which allows for sustained release properties.
Arbaclofen Placerbil was believed to have therapeutic potential in treating gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD) and plasticity; however due to discouraging clinical trial results, the drug was abandoned by XenoPort in 2011 for the treatment of GERD. On May 20th, 2013, XenoPort announced plans to terminate the development of Arbaclofen Placerbil for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Arbaclofen Placarbil (DB08892)
- Weight
- Average: 399.87
Monoisotopic: 399.1448653 - Chemical Formula
- C19H26ClNO6
- Synonyms
- Arbaclofen Placarbil
- XP19986
- External IDs
- XP19986
Pharmacology
- Indication
Investigated for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis, acute back spasms, and GERD.
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Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
R-baclofen is postulated to aid in spasticity by acting as an agonist of the inhibitory gamma aminobutyric acid neurotransmission pathway.
Target Actions Organism AGamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 agonistHumans AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 agonistHumans AGamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 agonistHumans - Absorption
Unlike baclofen, absorption of R-baclofen(arbaclofen) is not limited to the upper small intestine. The ability of arbaclofen to be absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract allowed for the development of the sustained release formulation, arbaclofen placarbil (AP).
In one study of AP absorption in 10 healthy volunteers, one 20mg oral dose of AP, in the presence of food, resulted in a Tmax of 5.05h.
The oral bioavailability of R-baclofen in rats when AP was dosed at 10mg/kg was 44 ± 12%, and when dosed at 1mg/kg, oral bioavailability was 68 ± 6%.
In monkeys and dogs, the oral bioavailability of R-baclofen when AP was orally dosed was high: 94 ± 16%, and 92 ± 7%, respectively. In comparison, when oral R-balofen was dosed oral bioavailability was 39 ± 21% in monkeys and 49 ± 20% in dogs.
Colonic absorption studies measuring R-baclofen bioavailability post intracolonic dosing in rats and monkeys, have revealed low bioavailability with the administration of R-baclofen (7 ± 3% and 3 ± 2%, respectively), and significantly higher R-baclofen bioavailability with intracolonic dosing of AP suspension ( 37 ± 9% and 37 ± 15%, in rats and monkeys respectively). Intracolonic dosing of AP suspension also resulted in high biolavailability of R-baclofen in dogs (77 ± 23%).
Absorption throughout the intestine is both passive and active and occurs via the monocarboxylate type 1 transporter.
- Volume of distribution
Radioactive labeling has shown AP to be widely distributed throughout the body. Tissue distribution occurs mostly to the kidneys and liver.
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
In experimental studies using human liver S9 Arbaclofen placarbil was not shown to be a substrate for CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4.
Arbaclofen placarbil, the acyloxyalkyl carbamate prodrug of R-arbaclofen, is believed to undergo hydrolysis by the esterase enzyme human carboxylesterase-2 into the parent amine, R-baclfen. Carbon dioxide, isobutyric acid, isobutyraldehyde, are also expected to be produced in equimolar quantities.
The productions of isobutyric acid has been confirmed in vitro untilizing mass spectrometry and gas chromatography.
- Route of elimination
84-88% renal elimination as R-baclofen. Less than 1% fecal elimination. (2)
- Half-life
IV bolus administration of AP to rats showed that AP was converted to R-baclofen with a half life of 6 minutes.
- Clearance
Blood clearance of an IV bolus of AR in rats resulted in a total blood clearance of 15.81 ± 10.2 L/h/kg in rats.
In comparison, blood clearance of an IV bolus of R-baclofen in rats, monkeys, and dogs, resulted in half lives ranging from 1.6-3.4hours, with total blood clearances reported to be 0.51± 0.13L/h/kg in rats, 0.31±0.11L/h/kg in monkeys, and 0.24L±0.01L/h/kg in dogs. (2)In studied utilizing radioactive tracers attached to R-baclofen, 97% of radioactivity was recovered in the urine.
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Arbaclofen Placarbil is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Acetazolamide The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Arbaclofen Placarbil. Acetophenazine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Acetophenazine is combined with Arbaclofen Placarbil. Agomelatine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Agomelatine is combined with Arbaclofen Placarbil. Alfentanil The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Alfentanil is combined with Arbaclofen Placarbil. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids having a (-NH2) group attached to the gamma carbon atom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Gamma amino acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylpropanoic acids / Chlorobenzenes / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Aryl chlorides / Carbamate esters / Carboxylic acid esters / Carboxylic acids / Acetals / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds show 4 more
- Substituents
- 3-phenylpropanoic-acid / Acetal / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Benzenoid / Carbamic acid ester / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid ester show 14 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- W89H91R7VX
- CAS number
- 847353-30-4
- InChI Key
- JXTAALBWJQJLGN-KSSFIOAISA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C19H26ClNO6/c1-11(2)17(24)26-18(12(3)4)27-19(25)21-10-14(9-16(22)23)13-5-7-15(20)8-6-13/h5-8,11-12,14,18H,9-10H2,1-4H3,(H,21,25)(H,22,23)/t14-,18-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (3R)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-({[(1S)-2-methyl-1-[(2-methylpropanoyl)oxy]propoxy]carbonyl}amino)butanoic acid
- SMILES
- CC(C)[C@H](OC(=O)NC[C@H](CC(O)=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)OC(=O)C(C)C
References
- Synthesis Reference
Lal, Ritu, et al. "Arbaclofen placarbil, a novel R-baclofen prodrug: improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties compared with R-baclofen." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 330.3 (2009): 911-921.
- General References
- Nance PW, Huff FJ, Martinez-Arizala A, Ayyoub Z, Chen D, Bian A, Stamler D: Efficacy and safety study of arbaclofen placarbil in patients with spasticity due to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011 Sep;49(9):974-80. doi: 10.1038/sc.2011.43. Epub 2011 May 17. [Article]
- Lal R, Sukbuntherng J, Tai EH, Upadhyay S, Yao F, Warren MS, Luo W, Bu L, Nguyen S, Zamora J, Peng G, Dias T, Bao Y, Ludwikow M, Phan T, Scheuerman RA, Yan H, Gao M, Wu QQ, Annamalai T, Raillard SP, Koller K, Gallop MA, Cundy KC: Arbaclofen placarbil, a novel R-baclofen prodrug: improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties compared with R-baclofen. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Sep;330(3):911-21. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.149773. Epub 2009 Jun 5. [Article]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D08861
- PubChem Compound
- 11281011
- PubChem Substance
- 347827810
- ChemSpider
- 9456008
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL2107312
- ZINC
- ZINC000014209416
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data3 Completed Treatment Multiple Sclerosis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Back pain 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Gastroesophageal Reflux 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0111 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.31 ALOGPS logP 4.37 Chemaxon logS -4.6 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 3.96 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -7.1 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 101.93 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 11 Chemaxon Refractivity 99.08 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 40.47 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-0006-9412000000-81502525b7f9d5d01a52 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-4935000000-086e8e8305ebdd3036ab Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-000i-9641000000-bc740d039e82ba97613d Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0gvo-9631000000-2f102d710d07e944ae6e Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-000i-9330000000-43d00d6aff448cb5014c Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-000i-4931000000-952a6fc4c393e97fc643 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-001r-9341000000-2dd3eebdaa031a6806ce Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 190.22145 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 192.61702 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 198.71312 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2 (PubMed:15617512, PubMed:18165688, PubMed:22660477, PubMed:24305054, PubMed:36103875, PubMed:9872316, PubMed:9872744). Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coupling to G proteins (PubMed:18165688). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:10075644, PubMed:10773016, PubMed:10906333, PubMed:24305054, PubMed:9872744). Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-dependent calcium-channels and modulates inositol phospholipid hydrolysis (PubMed:10075644). Calcium is required for high affinity binding to GABA (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the fine-tuning of inhibitory synaptic transmission (PubMed:9844003). Pre-synaptic GABA receptor inhibits neurotransmitter release by down-regulating high-voltage activated calcium channels, whereas postsynaptic GABA receptor decreases neuronal excitability by activating a prominent inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) conductance that underlies the late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (PubMed:10075644, PubMed:22660477, PubMed:9844003, PubMed:9872316, PubMed:9872744). Not only implicated in synaptic inhibition but also in hippocampal long-term potentiation, slow wave sleep, muscle relaxation and antinociception (Probable). Activated by (-)-baclofen, cgp27492 and blocked by phaclofen (PubMed:24305054, PubMed:9844003, PubMed:9872316)
- Specific Function
- extracellular matrix protein binding
- Gene Name
- GABBR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UBS5
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1
- Molecular Weight
- 108319.4 Da
References
- Bowery NG: GABAB receptor pharmacology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1993;33:109-47. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Garcia-Gil L, de Miguel R, Romero J, Perez A, Ramos JA, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ: Perinatal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure augmented the magnitude of motor inhibition caused by GABA(B), but not GABA(A), receptor agonists in adult rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1999 May-Jun;21(3):277-83. [Article]
- Lehmann A: GABAB receptors as drug targets to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jun;122(3):239-45. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.008. Epub 2009 Mar 19. [Article]
- Motalli R, Louvel J, Tancredi V, Kurcewicz I, Wan-Chow-Wah D, Pumain R, Avoli M: GABA(B) receptor activation promotes seizure activity in the juvenile rat hippocampus. J Neurophysiol. 1999 Aug;82(2):638-47. [Article]
- Mott DD, Li Q, Okazaki MM, Turner DA, Lewis DV: GABAB-Receptor-mediated currents in interneurons of the dentate-hilus border. J Neurophysiol. 1999 Sep;82(3):1438-50. [Article]
- Ogasawara T, Itoh Y, Tamura M, Mushiroi T, Ukai Y, Kise M, Kimura K: Involvement of cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the reversal of memory disruption by NS-105, a cognition enhancer. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Sep;64(1):41-52. [Article]
- Pittman QJ: The action is at the terminal. J Physiol. 1999 Nov 1;520 Pt 3:629. [Article]
- Stringer JL, Lorenzo N: The reduction in paired-pulse inhibition in the rat hippocampus by gabapentin is independent of GABA(B) receptor receptor activation. Epilepsy Res. 1999 Feb;33(2-3):169-76. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Gamma subunit of the heteropentameric ligand-gated chloride channel gated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (By similarity). GABA-gated chloride channels, also named GABA(A) receptors (GABAAR), consist of five subunits arranged around a central pore and contain GABA active binding site(s) located at the alpha and beta subunit interface(s) (By similarity). When activated by GABA, GABAARs selectively allow the flow of chloride across the cell membrane down their electrochemical gradient (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- GABA-A receptor activity
- Gene Name
- GABRG3
- Uniprot ID
- Q99928
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3
- Molecular Weight
- 54288.16 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2 (PubMed:15617512, PubMed:18165688, PubMed:22660477, PubMed:24305054, PubMed:9872316, PubMed:9872744). Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coupling to G proteins (PubMed:18165688). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:10075644, PubMed:10773016, PubMed:24305054). Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-dependent calcium-channels and modulates inositol phospholipid hydrolysis (PubMed:10075644, PubMed:10773016, PubMed:10906333, PubMed:9872744). Plays a critical role in the fine-tuning of inhibitory synaptic transmission (PubMed:22660477, PubMed:9872744). Pre-synaptic GABA receptor inhibits neurotransmitter release by down-regulating high-voltage activated calcium channels, whereas postsynaptic GABA receptor decreases neuronal excitability by activating a prominent inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) conductance that underlies the late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (PubMed:10075644, PubMed:22660477, PubMed:9872316, PubMed:9872744). Not only implicated in synaptic inhibition but also in hippocampal long-term potentiation, slow wave sleep, muscle relaxation and antinociception (Probable)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity
- Gene Name
- GABBR2
- Uniprot ID
- O75899
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2
- Molecular Weight
- 105820.52 Da
References
- Belley M, Sullivan R, Reeves A, Evans J, O'Neill G, Ng GY: Synthesis of the nanomolar photoaffinity GABA(B) receptor ligand CGP 71872 reveals diversity in the tissue distribution of GABA(B) receptor forms. Bioorg Med Chem. 1999 Dec;7(12):2697-704. [Article]
- Braun M, Wendt A, Buschard K, Salehi A, Sewing S, Gromada J, Rorsman P: GABAB receptor activation inhibits exocytosis in rat pancreatic beta-cells by G-protein-dependent activation of calcineurin. J Physiol. 2004 Sep 1;559(Pt 2):397-409. Epub 2004 Jul 2. [Article]
- Bowery NG: GABAB receptor pharmacology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1993;33:109-47. [Article]
- Filippov AK, Couve A, Pangalos MN, Walsh FS, Brown DA, Moss SJ: Heteromeric assembly of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 receptor subunits inhibits Ca(2+) current in sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci. 2000 Apr 15;20(8):2867-74. [Article]
- Jones KA, Tamm JA, Craig DA, Ph D, Yao W, Panico R: Signal transduction by GABA(B) receptor heterodimers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 Oct;23(4 Suppl):S41-9. [Article]
- Lehmann A: GABAB receptors as drug targets to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jun;122(3):239-45. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.008. Epub 2009 Mar 19. [Article]
- Martin SC, Russek SJ, Farb DH: Molecular identification of the human GABABR2: cell surface expression and coupling to adenylyl cyclase in the absence of GABABR1. Mol Cell Neurosci. 1999 Mar;13(3):180-91. [Article]
- Pittman QJ: The action is at the terminal. J Physiol. 1999 Nov 1;520 Pt 3:629. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Bidirectional proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter (PubMed:12946269, PubMed:32946811, PubMed:33333023). Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, acetate and the ketone bodies acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and thus contributes to the maintenance of intracellular pH (PubMed:12946269, PubMed:33333023). The transport direction is determined by the proton motive force and the concentration gradient of the substrate monocarboxylate. MCT1 is a major lactate exporter (By similarity). Plays a role in cellular responses to a high-fat diet by modulating the cellular levels of lactate and pyruvate that contribute to the regulation of central metabolic pathways and insulin secretion, with concomitant effects on plasma insulin levels and blood glucose homeostasis (By similarity). Facilitates the protonated monocarboxylate form of succinate export, that its transient protonation upon muscle cell acidification in exercising muscle and ischemic heart (PubMed:32946811). Functions via alternate outward- and inward-open conformation states. Protonation and deprotonation of 309-Asp is essential for the conformational transition (PubMed:33333023)
- Specific Function
- carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC16A1
- Uniprot ID
- P53985
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 53943.685 Da
References
- Lal R, Sukbuntherng J, Tai EH, Upadhyay S, Yao F, Warren MS, Luo W, Bu L, Nguyen S, Zamora J, Peng G, Dias T, Bao Y, Ludwikow M, Phan T, Scheuerman RA, Yan H, Gao M, Wu QQ, Annamalai T, Raillard SP, Koller K, Gallop MA, Cundy KC: Arbaclofen placarbil, a novel R-baclofen prodrug: improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties compared with R-baclofen. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Sep;330(3):911-21. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.149773. Epub 2009 Jun 5. [Article]
- Halestrap AP, Price NT: The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: structure, function and regulation. Biochem J. 1999 Oct 15;343 Pt 2:281-99. [Article]
Drug created at May 30, 2013 20:39 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:23