Ceritinib

Overview

Description
An anticancer medication used to treat a type of cancer in the lungs with a specific gene mutation.
Description
An anticancer medication used to treat a type of cancer in the lungs with a specific gene mutation.
DrugBank ID
DB09063
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
YES
Other Approved
YES
Clinical Trials
Phase 0
1
Phase 1
17
Phase 2
23
Phase 3
3
Phase 4
1
Therapeutic Categories
  • Kinase Inhibitor
Mechanism of Action

Identification

Summary

Ceritinib is an antineoplastic kinase inhibitor used to treat anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with inadequate clinical response or intolerance to crizotinib.

Brand Names
Zykadia
Generic Name
Ceritinib
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09063
Background

Ceritinib is used for the treatment of adults with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following failure (secondary to resistance or intolerance) of prior crizotinib therapy. About 4% of patients with NSCLC have a chromosomal rearrangement that generates a fusion gene between EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4) and ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), which results in constitutive kinase activity that contributes to carcinogenesis and seems to drive the malignant phenotype. Ceritinib exerts its therapeutic effect by inhibiting autophosphorylation of ALK, ALK-mediated phosphorylation of the downstream signaling protein STAT3, and proliferation of ALK-dependent cancer cells. Following treatment with crizotinib (a first-generation ALK inhibitor), most tumours develop drug resistance due to mutations in key "gatekeeper" residues of the enzyme. This occurrence led to development of novel second-generation ALK inhibitors such as ceritinib to overcome crizotinib resistance. The FDA approved ceritinib in April 2014 due to a surprisingly high response rate (56%) towards crizotinib-resistant tumours and has designated it with orphan drug status.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 558.135
Monoisotopic: 557.22273844
Chemical Formula
C28H36ClN5O3S
Synonyms
  • Céritinib
  • Ceritinib
  • Ceritinibum
  • N-{2-[(5-chloro-2-{[2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]phenyl}propane-2-sulfonamide
External IDs
  • LDK 378
  • LDK-378
  • LDK378
  • NVP-LDK378-NX

Pharmacology

Indication

Ceritinib is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have progressed on or are intolerant to crizotinib. This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on tumor response rate and duration of response. An improvement in survival or disease-related symptoms has not been established. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofRefractory, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer••••••••••••
Treatment ofRefractory, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Not Available

Mechanism of action

Ceritinib inhibits Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) also known as ALK tyrosine kinase receptor or CD246 (cluster of differentiation 246), which is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALK gene. About 4-5% of NSCLCs have a chromosomal rearrangement that generates a fusion gene between EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4) and ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), which results in constitutive kinase activity that contributes to carcinogenesis and seems to drive the malignant phenotype. Ceritinib exerts its therapeutic effect by inhibiting autophosphorylation of ALK, ALK-mediated phosphorylation of the downstream signaling protein STAT3, and proliferation of ALK-dependent cancer cells. Ceritinib has been shown to inhibit in vitro proliferation of cell lines expressing EML4-ALK and NPM-ALK fusion proteins and demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC xenograft growth in mice and rats.

TargetActionsOrganism
AALK tyrosine kinase receptor
antagonist
Humans
Absorption

After oral administration of ceritinib, peak concentrations were achieved after approximately 4 to 6 hours.

Volume of distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) is 4230 L following a single 750 mg dose.

Protein binding

Ceritinib is 97% bound to human plasma proteins, independent of drug concentration.

Metabolism

In vitro studies demonstrated that CYP3A was the major enzyme involved in the metabolic clearance of ceritinib. Following oral administration of a single 750 mg radiolabeled ceritinib dose, ceritinib as the parent compound was the main circulating component (82%) in human plasma.

Route of elimination

Following oral administration of a single 750 mg radiolabeled ceritinib dose, 92.3% of the administered dose was recovered in the feces (with 68% as unchanged parent compound) while 1.3% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine.

Half-life

The terminal half life is 41 hours.

Clearance

The geometric mean apparent clearance (CL/F) of ceritinib was lower at steady-state (33.2 L/h) after 750 mg daily dosing than after a single 750 mg dose (88.5 L/h).

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

There is not currently any data on carcinogenicity, effect on human fertility, or on early embryonic development. However, based on its mechanism of action, ceritinib may cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women and should therefore be administered with effective contraception during treatment. Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain occurred in 96% of 255 patients including severe cases in 14% of patients. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity also occurred in 27% of 255 patients, presenting as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels greater than 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Severe, life-threatening, or fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD)/pneumonitis, hyperglycaemia, and bradycardia have also been reported.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Ceritinib can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Ceritinib can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Ceritinib.
AbrocitinibThe serum concentration of Ceritinib can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be decreased when combined with Ceritinib.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits the CYP3A metabolism of ceritinib, which may increase its serum concentration.
  • Avoid St. John's Wort. This herb induces the CYP3A metabolism of ceritinib and may reduce its serum concentration.
  • Take with food. Food increases the bioavailability of ceritinib. Taking ceritinib in a fasted state increases the risk of adverse gastrointestinal effects like nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
International/Other Brands
Zykadia
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ZykadiaCapsule150 mgOralNovartis Europharm Limited2024-06-11Not applicableEU flag
ZykadiaCapsule150 mgOralNovartis Europharm Limited2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag
ZykadiaTablet, film coated150 mg/1OralNovartis Farma S.P.A.2019-03-18Not applicableUS flag
ZykadiaTablet, film coated150 mgOralNovartis Europharm Limited2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag
ZykadiaCapsule150 mgOralNovartis Europharm Limited2016-09-08Not applicableEU flag

Categories

ATC Codes
L01ED02 — Ceritinib
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpiperidines. These are compounds containing a phenylpiperidine skeleton, which consists of a piperidine bound to a phenyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Piperidines
Sub Class
Phenylpiperidines
Direct Parent
Phenylpiperidines
Alternative Parents
Benzenesulfonyl compounds / Phenoxy compounds / Phenol ethers / Aniline and substituted anilines / Toluenes / Alkyl aryl ethers / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Aralkylamines / Halopyrimidines / Imidolactams
show 9 more
Substituents
Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenesulfonyl group
show 25 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
K418KG2GET
CAS number
1032900-25-6
InChI Key
VERWOWGGCGHDQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C28H36ClN5O3S/c1-17(2)37-25-15-21(20-10-12-30-13-11-20)19(5)14-24(25)33-28-31-16-22(29)27(34-28)32-23-8-6-7-9-26(23)38(35,36)18(3)4/h6-9,14-18,20,30H,10-13H2,1-5H3,(H2,31,32,33,34)
IUPAC Name
5-chloro-N2-[5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-2-(propan-2-yloxy)phenyl]-N4-[2-(propane-2-sulfonyl)phenyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
SMILES
CC(C)OC1=C(NC2=NC=C(Cl)C(N2)=NC2=CC=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)C(C)C)C=C(C)C(=C1)C1CCNCC1

References

Synthesis Reference

Marsilje TH, Pei W, Chen B, Lu W, Uno T, Jin Y, Jiang T, Kim S, Li N, Warmuth M, Sarkisova Y, Sun F, Steffy A, Pferdekamper AC, Li AG, Joseph SB, Kim Y, Liu B, Tuntland T, Cui X, Gray NS, Steensma R, Wan Y, Jiang J, Chopiuk G, Li J, Gordon WP, Richmond W, Johnson K, Chang J, Groessl T, He YQ, Phimister A, Aycinena A, Lee CC, Bursulaya B, Karanewsky DS, Seidel HM, Harris JL, Michellys PY: Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and in vivo efficacy of the novel potent and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor 5-chloro-N2-(2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl)-N4-(2-(isopropylsulf onyl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (LDK378) currently in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials. J Med Chem. 2013 Jul 25;56(14):5675-90. doi: 10.1021/jm400402q. Epub 2013 Jun 26. Pubmed

General References
  1. Shaw AT, Kim DW, Mehra R, Tan DS, Felip E, Chow LQ, Camidge DR, Vansteenkiste J, Sharma S, De Pas T, Riely GJ, Solomon BJ, Wolf J, Thomas M, Schuler M, Liu G, Santoro A, Lau YY, Goldwasser M, Boral AL, Engelman JA: Ceritinib in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 27;370(13):1189-97. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1311107. [Article]
  2. Nishio M, Murakami H, Horiike A, Takahashi T, Hirai F, Suenaga N, Tajima T, Tokushige K, Ishii M, Boral A, Robson M, Seto T: Phase I Study of Ceritinib (LDK378) in Japanese Patients with Advanced, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Rearranged Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer or Other Tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2015 Jul;10(7):1058-66. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0000000000000566. [Article]
  3. Galkin AV, Melnick JS, Kim S, Hood TL, Li N, Li L, Xia G, Steensma R, Chopiuk G, Jiang J, Wan Y, Ding P, Liu Y, Sun F, Schultz PG, Gray NS, Warmuth M: Identification of NVP-TAE684, a potent, selective, and efficacious inhibitor of NPM-ALK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 2;104(1):270-5. Epub 2006 Dec 21. [Article]
  4. Marsilje TH, Pei W, Chen B, Lu W, Uno T, Jin Y, Jiang T, Kim S, Li N, Warmuth M, Sarkisova Y, Sun F, Steffy A, Pferdekamper AC, Li AG, Joseph SB, Kim Y, Liu B, Tuntland T, Cui X, Gray NS, Steensma R, Wan Y, Jiang J, Chopiuk G, Li J, Gordon WP, Richmond W, Johnson K, Chang J, Groessl T, He YQ, Phimister A, Aycinena A, Lee CC, Bursulaya B, Karanewsky DS, Seidel HM, Harris JL, Michellys PY: Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and in vivo efficacy of the novel potent and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor 5-chloro-N2-(2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl)-N4-(2-(isopropylsulf onyl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (LDK378) currently in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials. J Med Chem. 2013 Jul 25;56(14):5675-90. doi: 10.1021/jm400402q. Epub 2013 Jun 26. [Article]
  5. Mano H: The EML4-ALK oncogene: targeting an essential growth driver in human cancer. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2015;91(5):193-201. doi: 10.2183/pjab.91.193. [Article]
KEGG Drug
D10551
PubChem Compound
57379345
PubChem Substance
310264998
ChemSpider
29315053
BindingDB
50436850
RxNav
1535457
ChEBI
78432
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2403108
ZINC
ZINC000096272772
PDBe Ligand
4MK
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Ceritinib
PDB Entries
4mkc
FDA label
Download (307 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableAvailableNot AvailableAnaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)- Positive Tumors / Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableALK positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableNon-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Positive for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableNo Longer AvailableNot AvailableNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CapsuleOral150 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral150 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral150 MG
CapsuleOral150 mg
CapsuleOral
CapsuleOral150.00 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US8039474No2011-10-182030-06-29US flag
US8703787No2014-04-222032-02-02US flag
US8377921No2013-02-192027-11-20US flag
US8039479No2011-10-182030-06-29US flag
US7893074No2011-02-222026-04-25US flag
US9309229No2016-04-122032-01-18US flag
US7153964No2006-12-262021-02-26US flag
US7964592No2011-06-212027-01-13US flag
US8399450No2013-03-192027-11-20US flag
US8835430No2014-09-162023-01-31US flag
US9018204No2015-04-282023-01-31US flag
US8188276No2012-05-292023-01-31US flag
US9416112No2016-08-162023-01-31US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
pKa9.7 and 4.1FDA Label
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00222 mg/mLALOGPS
logP5.23ALOGPS
logP5.81Chemaxon
logS-5.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)11.58Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.07Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count8Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area105.24 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count9Chemaxon
Refractivity153.86 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability61.33 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0000090000-7b5b1046656cf28ee2ba
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0000090000-ad706185799aa97ab581
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0aor-0000290000-010ab0b47cfe7e8d8af3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-8000920000-aa39ca7a86be7309c036
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0002960000-86adf6c34f0172e89bc1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9160830000-fec9b4476dbd04d02a2f
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-221.88539
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+224.28096
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+230.19347
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Neuronal receptor tyrosine kinase that is essentially and transiently expressed in specific regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems and plays an important role in the genesis and differentiation of the nervous system (PubMed:11121404, PubMed:11387242, PubMed:16317043, PubMed:17274988, PubMed:30061385, PubMed:34646012, PubMed:34819673). Also acts as a key thinness protein involved in the resistance to weight gain: in hypothalamic neurons, controls energy expenditure acting as a negative regulator of white adipose tissue lipolysis and sympathetic tone to fine-tune energy homeostasis (By similarity). Following activation by ALKAL2 ligand at the cell surface, transduces an extracellular signal into an intracellular response (PubMed:30061385, PubMed:33411331, PubMed:34646012, PubMed:34819673). In contrast, ALKAL1 is not a potent physiological ligand for ALK (PubMed:34646012). Ligand-binding to the extracellular domain induces tyrosine kinase activation, leading to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (PubMed:34819673). Phosphorylates almost exclusively at the first tyrosine of the Y-x-x-x-Y-Y motif (PubMed:15226403, PubMed:16878150). Induces tyrosine phosphorylation of CBL, FRS2, IRS1 and SHC1, as well as of the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 (PubMed:15226403, PubMed:16878150). ALK activation may also be regulated by pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MDK) (PubMed:11278720, PubMed:11809760, PubMed:12107166, PubMed:12122009). PTN-binding induces MAPK pathway activation, which is important for the anti-apoptotic signaling of PTN and regulation of cell proliferation (PubMed:11278720, PubMed:11809760, PubMed:12107166). MDK-binding induces phosphorylation of the ALK target insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and PI3-kinase, resulting also in cell proliferation induction (PubMed:12122009). Drives NF-kappa-B activation, probably through IRS1 and the activation of the AKT serine/threonine kinase (PubMed:15226403, PubMed:16878150). Recruitment of IRS1 to activated ALK and the activation of NF-kappa-B are essential for the autocrine growth and survival signaling of MDK (PubMed:15226403, PubMed:16878150)
Specific Function
ATP binding
Gene Name
ALK
Uniprot ID
Q9UM73
Uniprot Name
ALK tyrosine kinase receptor
Molecular Weight
176440.535 Da
References
  1. Galkin AV, Melnick JS, Kim S, Hood TL, Li N, Li L, Xia G, Steensma R, Chopiuk G, Jiang J, Wan Y, Ding P, Liu Y, Sun F, Schultz PG, Gray NS, Warmuth M: Identification of NVP-TAE684, a potent, selective, and efficacious inhibitor of NPM-ALK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 2;104(1):270-5. Epub 2006 Dec 21. [Article]
  2. Marsilje TH, Pei W, Chen B, Lu W, Uno T, Jin Y, Jiang T, Kim S, Li N, Warmuth M, Sarkisova Y, Sun F, Steffy A, Pferdekamper AC, Li AG, Joseph SB, Kim Y, Liu B, Tuntland T, Cui X, Gray NS, Steensma R, Wan Y, Jiang J, Chopiuk G, Li J, Gordon WP, Richmond W, Johnson K, Chang J, Groessl T, He YQ, Phimister A, Aycinena A, Lee CC, Bursulaya B, Karanewsky DS, Seidel HM, Harris JL, Michellys PY: Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and in vivo efficacy of the novel potent and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor 5-chloro-N2-(2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl)-N4-(2-(isopropylsulf onyl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (LDK378) currently in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials. J Med Chem. 2013 Jul 25;56(14):5675-90. doi: 10.1021/jm400402q. Epub 2013 Jun 26. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
Specific Function
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
Specific Function
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da

Drug created at May 11, 2015 22:20 / Updated at November 06, 2024 16:18