Aldesleukin
Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Overview
- Description
- A medication used in the treatment of kidney cancer.
- Description
- A medication used in the treatment of kidney cancer.
- DrugBank ID
- DB00041
- Type
- Biotech
- Clinical Trials
- Phase 0
- 7
- Phase 1
- 218
- Phase 2
- 293
- Phase 3
- 38
- Phase 4
- 6
- Mechanism of Action
- Interleukin-2 receptor subunit betaAgonistModulator
- Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alphaAgonistModulator
- Cytokine receptor common subunit gammaAgonist
- Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta
Identification
- Summary
Aldesleukin is a recombinant analog of interleukin-2 used to induce an adaptive immune response in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma.
- Brand Names
- Proleukin
- Generic Name
- Aldesleukin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00041
- Background
Aldesleukin, a lymphokine, is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a genetically engineered E. coli strain containing an analog of the human interleukin-2 gene. Genetic engineering techniques were used to modify the human IL-2 gene, and the resulting expression clone encodes a modified human interleukin-2. This recombinant form differs from native interleukin-2 in the following ways: a) Aldesleukin is not glycosylated because it is derived from E. coli; b) the molecule has no N-terminal alanine; the codon for this amino acid was deleted during the genetic engineering procedure; c) the molecule has serine substituted for cysteine at amino acid position 125.
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved
- Biologic Classification
- Protein Based Therapies
Interleukin-based products - Protein Structure
- Protein Chemical Formula
- C690H1115N177O202S6
- Protein Average Weight
- 15314.8 Da
- Sequences
>Aldesleukin (CS373812.1 Sequence 2 from Patent EP1688146) MPTSSSTKKTQLQLEHLLLDLQMILNGINNYKNPKLTRMLTFKFYMPKKATELKHLQCLE EELKPLEEVLNLAQSKNFHLRPRDLISNINVIVLELKGSETTFMCEYADETATIVEFLNR WITFSQSIISTLT
Download FASTA FormatReferences:
- NCBI: CS373812.1 [Link]
- Synonyms
- 125-L-serine-2-133-interleukin 2 (human reduced)
- Aldesleukin
- Aldesleukina
- ILT-101
- ILT101
- Interleukin-2 aldesleukin
- Interleukin-2(2-133),125-ser
- Recombinant human interleukin-2
- Recombinant interleukin-2 human
Pharmacology
- Indication
For treatment of adults with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Metastatic melanoma •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• Treatment of Metastatic renal cell carcinoma •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Used to treat renal cell carcinoma, Aldesleukin induces the enhancement of lymphocyte mitogenesis and stimulation of long-term growth of human interleukin-2 dependent cell lines, the enhancement of lymphocyte cytotoxicity, the induction of killer cell (lymphokine-activated (LAK) and natural (NK)) activity; and the induction of interferon-gamma production. IL-2 is normally produced by the body, secreted by T cells, and stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. It can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer. It enhances the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells and may interfere with blood flow to the tumor.
- Mechanism of action
Aldesleukin binds to the IL-2 receptor which leads to heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains of the IL-2R beta and gamma(c) chains, activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak3, and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the IL-2R beta chain. These events led to the creation of an activated receptor complex, to which various cytoplasmic signaling molecules are recruited and become substrates for regulatory enzymes (especially tyrosine kinases) that are associated with the receptor. These events stimulate growth and differentiation of T cells.
Target Actions Organism AInterleukin-2 receptor subunit beta agonistmodulatorHumans AInterleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha agonistmodulatorHumans ACytokine receptor common subunit gamma agonistHumans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
0.18 l/kg
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
The pharmacokinetic profile of Proleukin is characterized by high plasma concentrations following a short IV infusion, rapid distribution into the extravascular space and elimination from the body by metabolism in the kidneys with little or no bioactive protein excreted in the urine. Following the initial rapid organ distribution, the primary route of clearance of circulating proleukin is the kidney. Greater than 80% of the amount of Proleukin distributed to plasma, cleared from the circulation and presented to the kidney is metabolized to amino acids in the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules.
- Half-life
13 min-85 min
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbacavir Aldesleukin may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level. Abaloparatide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Abaloparatide. Abatacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Aldesleukin. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Aldesleukin. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Proleukin Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 1.1 mg/1mL Intravenous Clinigen Limited 1992-05-05 2026-01-19 US Proleukin Injection 1.1 mg/1mL Intravenous Novartis 1992-05-06 2017-01-01 US Proleukin Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 1.1 mg/1mL Intravenous Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc. 1992-05-05 Not applicable US Proleukin Injection 1.1 mg/1mL Intravenous Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2006-05-22 2011-06-30 US Proleukin Powder, for solution 22000000 unit / vial Intravenous Sterimax Inc 1995-12-31 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L03AC01 — Aldesleukin
- Drug Categories
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Anti-HIV Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Biological Factors
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytokines
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Hypotensive Agents
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Immunotherapy
- Increased Lymphocyte Activation
- Increased Lymphocyte Cell Production
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interleukins
- Lymphocyte Growth Factor
- Lymphokines
- Myelosuppressive Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Peptides
- Proteins
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- Not Available
- Kingdom
- Organic Compounds
- Super Class
- Organic Acids
- Class
- Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
- Direct Parent
- Peptides
- Alternative Parents
- Not Available
- Substituents
- Not Available
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- M89N0Q7EQR
- CAS number
- 110942-02-4
References
- Synthesis Reference
Hans-Ake Fabricius, Roland Stahn, "Serum-free and mitogen-free T-cell growth factor and process for making same." U.S. Patent US4464355, issued May, 1971.
US4464355- General References
- PROLEUKIN® (aldesleukin) FDA label [Link]
- External Links
- UniProt
- P60569
- Genbank
- M11144
- PubChem Substance
- 46508054
- 70223
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1201438
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001099
- PharmGKB
- PA448081
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Interleukin_2
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Active Not Recruiting Treatment Metastatic Melanoma 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Head And Neck Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Malignant Melanoma 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Melanoma / Renal Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Prevention Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Bayer Healthcare
- Chiron Corp.
- Novartis AG
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prometheus Laboratories Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection Intravenous 1.1 mg/1mL Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral; Subcutaneous 18000.000 UI/ML Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 1.1 mg/1mL Powder, for solution Intravenous 22000000 unit / vial Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 1.1 mg/ml Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 18 miu - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Proleukin 22 million unit vial 1092.34USD each Proleukin 22000000 unit Solution Vial 976.66USD vial DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source hydrophobicity -0.192 Not Available isoelectric point 7.31 Not Available
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- AgonistModulator
- General Function
- Receptor for interleukin-2. This beta subunit is involved in receptor mediated endocytosis and transduces the mitogenic signals of IL2. Probably in association with IL15RA, involved in the stimulation of neutrophil phagocytosis by IL15 (PubMed:15123770, PubMed:31040185)
- Specific Function
- coreceptor activity
- Gene Name
- IL2RB
- Uniprot ID
- P14784
- Uniprot Name
- Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 61116.59 Da
References
- Stauber DJ, Debler EW, Horton PA, Smith KA, Wilson IA: Crystal structure of the IL-2 signaling complex: paradigm for a heterotrimeric cytokine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2788-93. Epub 2006 Feb 13. [Article]
- Steppan S, Eckart MR, Bajsarowicz K, Sternberg LR, Greve JM, Cassell DJ: Reduced secondary cytokine induction by BAY 50-4798, a high-affinity receptor-specific interleukin-2 analog. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2006 Mar;26(3):171-8. [Article]
- Cornish GH, Sinclair LV, Cantrell DA: Differential regulation of T-cell growth by IL-2 and IL-15. Blood. 2006 Jul 15;108(2):600-8. Epub 2006 Mar 28. [Article]
- Lee KD, Chen HW, Chen CC, Shih YC, Liu HK, Cheng ML: Construction and characterization of a novel fusion protein consisting of anti-CD3 antibody fused to recombinant interleukin-2. Oncol Rep. 2006 May;15(5):1211-6. [Article]
- Maclennan C, Hutchinson P, Holdsworth S, Bardin PG, Freezer NJ: Airway inflammation in asymptomatic children with episodic wheeze. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006 Jun;41(6):577-83. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- AgonistModulator
- General Function
- Receptor for interleukin-2. The receptor is involved in the regulation of immune tolerance by controlling regulatory T cells (TREGs) activity. TREGs suppress the activation and expansion of autoreactive T-cells
- Specific Function
- interleukin-2 binding
- Gene Name
- IL2RA
- Uniprot ID
- P01589
- Uniprot Name
- Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 30818.915 Da
References
- Waldmann TA: Anti-Tac (daclizumab, Zenapax) in the treatment of leukemia, autoimmune diseases, and in the prevention of allograft rejection: a 25-year personal odyssey. J Clin Immunol. 2007 Jan;27(1):1-18. Epub 2007 Jan 11. [Article]
- Recchia F, Cesta A, Rea S: Low dose interleukin-2 and 13-cis-retinoic acid as maintenance therapy in patients with solid tumors responsive to chemotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Dec;22(4 Suppl):135-43. [Article]
- Waldmann TA: Daclizumab (anti-Tac, Zenapax) in the treatment of leukemia/lymphoma. Oncogene. 2007 May 28;26(25):3699-703. [Article]
- Vlad G, Ho EK, Vasilescu ER, Fan J, Liu Z, Cai JW, Jin Z, Burke E, Deng M, Cadeiras M, Cortesini R, Itescu S, Marboe C, Mancini D, Suciu-Foca N: Anti-CD25 treatment and FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells in heart transplantation. Transpl Immunol. 2007 Jul;18(1):13-21. Epub 2007 Apr 2. [Article]
- Liu BY, Zhu P, Luo HB, Fu N: [Screening of short peptides binding to cell surface interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2006 Jul;26(7):971-4. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Ouyang Y, Kaminski NE: Phospholipase A2 inhibitors p-bromophenacyl bromide and arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone suppressed interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression in murine primary splenocytes. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Feb;73(1):1-6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Common subunit for the receptors for a variety of interleukins. Probably in association with IL15RA, involved in the stimulation of neutrophil phagocytosis by IL15 (PubMed:15123770)
- Specific Function
- coreceptor activity
- Gene Name
- IL2RG
- Uniprot ID
- P31785
- Uniprot Name
- Cytokine receptor common subunit gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 42286.68 Da
References
- Stauber DJ, Debler EW, Horton PA, Smith KA, Wilson IA: Crystal structure of the IL-2 signaling complex: paradigm for a heterotrimeric cytokine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2788-93. Epub 2006 Feb 13. [Article]
- Shibata F, Toma T, Wada T, Inoue M, Tone Y, Ohta K, Kasahara Y, Sano F, Kimura M, Ikeno M, Koizumi S, Yachie A: Skin infiltration of CD56(bright) CD16(-) natural killer cells in a case of X-SCID with Omenn syndrome-like manifestations. Eur J Haematol. 2007 Jul;79(1):81-5. [Article]
- Fonseca SG, Reis MM, Coelho V, Nogueira LG, Monteiro SM, Mairena EC, Bacal F, Bocchi E, Guilherme L, Zheng XX, Liew FY, Higuchi ML, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E: Locally produced survival cytokines IL-15 and IL-7 may be associated to the predominance of CD8+ T cells at heart lesions of human chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy. Scand J Immunol. 2007 Aug-Sep;66(2-3):362-71. [Article]
- Blank RB, Lamb EW, Tocheva AS, Crow ET, Lim KC, McKerrow JH, Davies SJ: The common gamma chain cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 indirectly modulate blood fluke development via effects on CD4+ T cells. J Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 1;194(11):1609-16. Epub 2006 Oct 23. [Article]
- Smyth CM, Ginn SL, Deakin CT, Logan GJ, Alexander IE: Limiting {gamma}c expression differentially affects signaling via the interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 receptors. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):91-8. Epub 2007 Mar 15. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Dual cyclooxygenase and peroxidase in the biosynthesis pathway of prostanoids, a class of C20 oxylipins mainly derived from arachidonate ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate, AA, C20:4(n-6)), with a particular role in the inflammatory response (PubMed:11939906, PubMed:16373578, PubMed:19540099, PubMed:22942274, PubMed:26859324, PubMed:27226593, PubMed:7592599, PubMed:7947975, PubMed:9261177). The cyclooxygenase activity oxygenates AA to the hydroperoxy endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), and the peroxidase activity reduces PGG2 to the hydroxy endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the precursor of all 2-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes (PubMed:16373578, PubMed:22942274, PubMed:26859324, PubMed:27226593, PubMed:7592599, PubMed:7947975, PubMed:9261177). This complex transformation is initiated by abstraction of hydrogen at carbon 13 (with S-stereochemistry), followed by insertion of molecular O2 to form the endoperoxide bridge between carbon 9 and 11 that defines prostaglandins. The insertion of a second molecule of O2 (bis-oxygenase activity) yields a hydroperoxy group in PGG2 that is then reduced to PGH2 by two electrons (PubMed:16373578, PubMed:22942274, PubMed:26859324, PubMed:27226593, PubMed:7592599, PubMed:7947975, PubMed:9261177). Similarly catalyzes successive cyclooxygenation and peroxidation of dihomo-gamma-linoleate (DGLA, C20:3(n-6)) and eicosapentaenoate (EPA, C20:5(n-3)) to corresponding PGH1 and PGH3, the precursors of 1- and 3-series prostaglandins (PubMed:11939906, PubMed:19540099). In an alternative pathway of prostanoid biosynthesis, converts 2-arachidonoyl lysophopholipids to prostanoid lysophopholipids, which are then hydrolyzed by intracellular phospholipases to release free prostanoids (PubMed:27642067). Metabolizes 2-arachidonoyl glycerol yielding the glyceryl ester of PGH2, a process that can contribute to pain response (PubMed:22942274). Generates lipid mediators from n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via a lipoxygenase-type mechanism. Oxygenates PUFAs to hydroperoxy compounds and then reduces them to corresponding alcohols (PubMed:11034610, PubMed:11192938, PubMed:9048568, PubMed:9261177). Plays a role in the generation of resolution phase interaction products (resolvins) during both sterile and infectious inflammation (PubMed:12391014). Metabolizes docosahexaenoate (DHA, C22:6(n-3)) to 17R-HDHA, a precursor of the D-series resolvins (RvDs) (PubMed:12391014). As a component of the biosynthetic pathway of E-series resolvins (RvEs), converts eicosapentaenoate (EPA, C20:5(n-3)) primarily to 18S-HEPE that is further metabolized by ALOX5 and LTA4H to generate 18S-RvE1 and 18S-RvE2 (PubMed:21206090). In vascular endothelial cells, converts docosapentaenoate (DPA, C22:5(n-3)) to 13R-HDPA, a precursor for 13-series resolvins (RvTs) shown to activate macrophage phagocytosis during bacterial infection (PubMed:26236990). In activated leukocytes, contributes to oxygenation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoates (HETE) to diHETES (5,15-diHETE and 5,11-diHETE) (PubMed:22068350, PubMed:26282205). Can also use linoleate (LA, (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate, C18:2(n-6)) as substrate and produce hydroxyoctadecadienoates (HODEs) in a regio- and stereospecific manner, being (9R)-HODE ((9R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate) and (13S)-HODE ((13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate) its major products (By similarity). During neuroinflammation, plays a role in neuronal secretion of specialized preresolving mediators (SPMs) 15R-lipoxin A4 that regulates phagocytic microglia (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- PTGS2
- Uniprot ID
- P35354
- Uniprot Name
- Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 68995.625 Da
References
- Pyeon D, Diaz FJ, Splitter GA: Prostaglandin E(2) increases bovine leukemia virus tax and pol mRNA levels via cyclooxygenase 2: regulation by interleukin-2, interleukin-10, and bovine leukemia virus. J Virol. 2000 Jun;74(12):5740-5. [Article]
- Hamada T, Tsuchihashi S, Avanesyan A, Duarte S, Moore C, Busuttil RW, Coito AJ: Cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency enhances Th2 immune responses and impairs neutrophil recruitment in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Immunol. 2008 Feb 1;180(3):1843-53. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Has primarily calcium-dependent phospholipase and lysophospholipase activities, with a major role in membrane lipid remodeling and biosynthesis of lipid mediators of the inflammatory response (PubMed:10358058, PubMed:14709560, PubMed:16617059, PubMed:17472963, PubMed:18451993, PubMed:27642067, PubMed:7794891, PubMed:8619991, PubMed:8702602, PubMed:9425121). Plays an important role in embryo implantation and parturition through its ability to trigger prostanoid production (By similarity). Preferentially hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A2 activity) (PubMed:10358058, PubMed:17472963, PubMed:18451993, PubMed:7794891, PubMed:8619991, PubMed:9425121). Selectively hydrolyzes sn-2 arachidonoyl group from membrane phospholipids, providing the precursor for eicosanoid biosynthesis via the cyclooxygenase pathway (PubMed:10358058, PubMed:17472963, PubMed:18451993, PubMed:7794891, PubMed:9425121). In an alternative pathway of eicosanoid biosynthesis, hydrolyzes sn-2 fatty acyl chain of eicosanoid lysophopholipids to release free bioactive eicosanoids (PubMed:27642067). Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-1 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A1 activity) only if an ether linkage rather than an ester linkage is present at the sn-2 position. This hydrolysis is not stereospecific (PubMed:7794891). Has calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase activities in the presence of phosphoinositides (PubMed:12672805). Has O-acyltransferase activity. Catalyzes the transfer of fatty acyl chains from phospholipids to a primary hydroxyl group of glycerol (sn-1 or sn-3), potentially contributing to monoacylglycerol synthesis (PubMed:7794891)
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- PLA2G4A
- Uniprot ID
- P47712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytosolic phospholipase A2
- Molecular Weight
- 85238.2 Da
References
- Wolbink GJ, Schalkwijk C, Baars JW, Wagstaff J, van den Bosch H, Hack CE: Therapy with interleukin-2 induces the systemic release of phospholipase-A2. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1995 Nov;41(5):287-92. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Elkahwaji J, Robin MA, Berson A, Tinel M, Letteron P, Labbe G, Beaune P, Elias D, Rougier P, Escudier B, Duvillard P, Pessayre D: Decrease in hepatic cytochrome P450 after interleukin-2 immunotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Apr 15;57(8):951-4. [Article]
- Sunman JA, Hawke RL, LeCluyse EL, Kashuba AD: Kupffer cell-mediated IL-2 suppression of CYP3A activity in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Mar;32(3):359-63. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro)
- Specific Function
- 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
- Gene Name
- XDH
- Uniprot ID
- P47989
- Uniprot Name
- Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 146422.99 Da
References
- Faggioni R, Allavena P, Cantoni L, Carelli M, Demitri MT, Delgado R, Gatti S, Gnocchi P, Isetta AM, Paganin C, et al.: Mechanisms of interleukin-2-induced hydrothoraxy in mice: protective effect of endotoxin tolerance and dexamethasone and possible role of reactive oxygen intermediates. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol. 1994 Apr;15(3):194-201. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics (Probable)
- Specific Function
- 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2E1
- Uniprot ID
- P05181
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2E1
- Molecular Weight
- 56848.42 Da
References
- Elkahwaji J, Robin MA, Berson A, Tinel M, Letteron P, Labbe G, Beaune P, Elias D, Rougier P, Escudier B, Duvillard P, Pessayre D: Decrease in hepatic cytochrome P450 after interleukin-2 immunotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Apr 15;57(8):951-4. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at November 03, 2024 03:50