Betaxolol

Identification

Summary

Betaxolol is a cardioselective beta blocking agent commonly used to treat hypertension and elevated intraocular pressure (when administered ophthalmically).

Brand Names
Betoptic, Betoptic Pilo, Betoptic S
Generic Name
Betaxolol
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00195
Background

A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 307.4278
Monoisotopic: 307.214743799
Chemical Formula
C18H29NO3
Synonyms
  • 1-(4-(2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl)phenoxy)-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)-2-propanol
  • 1-(isopropylamino)-3-[p-(cyclopropylmethoxyethyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol
  • Betaxolol
  • Bétaxolol
  • Betaxololum

Pharmacology

Indication

For the management of hypertension.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to treatElevated intraocular pressureCombination Product in combination with: Pilocarpine (DB01085)••• ••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• ••••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatElevated intraocular pressureCombination Product in combination with: Pilocarpine (DB01085)••• ••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• ••••••••••••••••••••
Management ofHypertension••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Betaxolol is a competitive, beta(1)-selective (cardioselective) adrenergic antagonist. Betaxolol is used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, glaucoma, and is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure. Activation of beta(1)-receptors (located mainly in the heart) by epinephrine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and the heart consumes more oxygen. Drugs such as betaxolol that block these receptors therefore have the reverse effect: they lower the heart rate and blood pressure and hence are used in conditions when the heart itself is deprived of oxygen. They are routinely prescribed in patients with ischemic heart disease. In addition, beta(1)-selective blockers prevent the release of renin, which is a hormone produced by the kidneys which leads to constriction of blood vessels. Betaxolol is lipophilic and exhibits no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) or membrane stabilizing activity.

Mechanism of action

Betaxolol selectively blocks catecholamine stimulation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle. This results in a reduction of heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and possibly reflex orthostatic hypotension. Betaxolol can also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles, causing bronchospasm.

TargetActionsOrganism
ABeta-1 adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
UBeta-2 adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
Absorption

Absorption of an oral dose is complete. There is a small and consistent first-pass effect resulting in an absolute bioavailability of 89% ± 5% that is unaffected by the concomitant ingestion of food or alcohol.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

50%

Metabolism

Primarily hepatic. Approximately 15% of the dose administered is excreted as unchanged drug, the remainder being metabolites whose contribution to the clinical effect is negligible.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

14-22 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral LD50s are 350 to 400 mg betaxolol/kg in mice and 860 to 980 mg/kg in rats. Predicted symptoms of overdose include bradycardia, congestive heart failure, hypotension, bronchospasm, and hypoglycemia.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Betaxolol Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Betaxolol is combined with Abaloparatide.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Betaxolol can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Betaxolol can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Betaxolol can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
AcarboseThe therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be increased when used in combination with Betaxolol.
Food Interactions
  • No food interactions are expected.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Betaxolol hydrochloride6X97D2XT0O63659-19-8CHDPSNLJFOQTRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Betaxon
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
BetopticSolution / drops5.6 mg/1mLOphthalmicAlcon, Inc.2006-10-30Not applicableUS flag
Betoptic LiqLiquid0.5 %OphthalmicAlcon, Inc.1986-12-311997-07-31Canada flag
Betoptic SSuspension / drops2.8 mg/1mLOphthalmicNovartis Farma S.P.A.1996-01-15Not applicableUS flag
Betoptic SSuspension / drops2.8 mg/1mLOphthalmicALCON LABORATORIES, INC.1996-01-152024-08-31US flag
Betoptic SSuspension0.25 % w/vOphthalmicNovartis1994-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
BetaxololTablet, film coated20 mg/1OralGolden State Medical Supply, Inc.2008-06-272013-11-25US flag
BetaxololTablet, film coated20 mg/1OralPuraCap Laboratories, LLC2016-08-22Not applicableUS flag
BetaxololTablet, film coated10 mg/1OralEpic Pharma, LLC2010-07-20Not applicableUS flag
BetaxololSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicAkorn2003-04-01Not applicableUS flag
BetaxololTablet, film coated10 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2003-10-07Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Betoptic PiloBetaxolol hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1mL) + Pilocarpine hydrochloride (17.5 mg/1mL)KitOphthalmicALCON LABORATORIES, INC.2006-09-26Not applicableUS flag
Betoptic/piloBetaxolol hydrochloride (0.25 %) + Pilocarpine hydrochloride (1.75 %)SuspensionOphthalmicAlcon, Inc.Not applicableNot applicableCanada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
S01ED02 — BetaxololC07AB05 — BetaxololS01ED52 — Betaxolol, combinations
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosols and derivatives. These are compounds containing a hydroxyethyl group attached to the C4 carbon of a phenol group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Phenols
Sub Class
Tyrosols and derivatives
Direct Parent
Tyrosols and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Phenoxy compounds / Phenol ethers / Alkyl aryl ethers / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines / Dialkyl ethers / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Dialkyl ether / Ether / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocyclic benzene moiety / Organic nitrogen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
propanolamine (CHEBI:3082)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
O0ZR1R6RZ2
CAS number
63659-18-7
InChI Key
NWIUTZDMDHAVTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H29NO3/c1-14(2)19-11-17(20)13-22-18-7-5-15(6-8-18)9-10-21-12-16-3-4-16/h5-8,14,16-17,19-20H,3-4,9-13H2,1-2H3
IUPAC Name
1-{4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy}-3-[(propan-2-yl)amino]propan-2-ol
SMILES
CC(C)NCC(O)COC1=CC=C(CCOCC2CC2)C=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Ramesh Joshi, Muthukrishnan Murugan, Dinesh Garud, Sanjay Borikar, Mukund Gurjar, "PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF S-(-)-BETAXOLOL AND SALTS THEREOF." U.S. Patent US20060004109, issued January 05, 2006.

US20060004109
General References
  1. Canotilho J, Castro RA: The structure of betaxolol studied by infrared spectroscopy and natural bond orbital theory. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Aug;76(3-4):395-400. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.03.038. Epub 2010 Apr 4. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014341
KEGG Compound
C06849
PubChem Compound
2369
PubChem Substance
46506041
ChemSpider
2279
BindingDB
50405521
RxNav
1520
ChEBI
3082
ChEMBL
CHEMBL423
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000305
PharmGKB
PA448611
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Betaxolol
FDA label
Download (111 KB)
MSDS
Download (38.8 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableArrhythmia / Atrial Fibrillation1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) / COVID / Hypertension1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4CompletedOtherCardiac Failure / Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Heart Failure / Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) / Heart Failure, Diastolic2somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
3CompletedTreatmentGlaucoma / Ocular Hypertension2somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
3CompletedTreatmentOcular Hypertension / Ocular Hypertension, Primary Open-angle Glaucoma (POAG)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Akorn inc
  • Bausch and lomb pharmaceuticals inc
  • Novex pharma
  • Wockhardt ltd
  • Alcon laboratories inc
  • Epic pharma llc
  • Kvk tech inc
  • Sanofi aventis us llc
  • Alcon inc
Packagers
  • Alcon Laboratories
  • Apotex Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Falcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
  • GD Searle LLC
  • Golden State Medical Supply Inc.
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • KVK-Tech Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Novex Pharma
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Sanofi-Aventis Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Solution / dropsOphthalmic5 mg/1mL
Tablet, film coatedOral10 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral10 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral20 mg/1
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.25 %
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 %
Solution / dropsOphthalmic2.5 mg
Solution / dropsOphthalmic5 MG/ML
Solution / dropsOphthalmic5.6 mg/1mL
LiquidOphthalmic0.5 %
KitOphthalmic
SuspensionOphthalmic0.25 % w/v
Suspension / dropsOphthalmic2.5 mg/1ml
Suspension / dropsOphthalmic2.8 mg/1mL
SuspensionOphthalmic2.8 mg/ml
SolutionOphthalmic0.25 % w/v
SuspensionOphthalmic0.25 %
SuspensionOphthalmic2.5 mg/ml
SolutionOphthalmic0.5 % w/v
SuspensionOphthalmic
Solution / dropsOphthalmic5.6 mg/ml
Solution / drops; suspension / dropsOphthalmic5 mg/mL
SolutionOphthalmic2.500 mg
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 % W/V
Tablet, coatedOral20 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral20 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral20 MG
SolutionOphthalmic0.5 %
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Betoptic-S 0.25% Suspension 15ml Bottle195.44USD bottle
Betoptic-S 0.25% Suspension 10ml Bottle130.29USD bottle
Betaxolol HCl 0.5% Solution 15ml Bottle104.31USD bottle
Betoptic-S 0.25% Suspension 5ml Bottle51.99USD bottle
Betoptic s 0.25% eye drops9.79USD ml
Betaxolol hcl 0.5% eye drop6.82USD ml
Betoptic S 0.25 % Suspension2.54USD ml
Kerlone 20 mg tablet2.35USD tablet
Betaxolol 20 mg tablet1.86USD tablet
Kerlone 10 mg tablet1.63USD tablet
Betaxolol HCl 10 mg tablet1.29USD tablet
Betaxolol 10 mg tablet1.24USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5540918No1996-07-302014-01-30US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)70-72 °CPhysProp
water solubility451 mg/LNot Available
logP2.81RECANATINI,M (1992)
Caco2 permeability-4.81ADME Research, USCD
pKa9.4Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0298 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3ALOGPS
logP2.54Chemaxon
logS-4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.09Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.67Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area50.72 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count11Chemaxon
Refractivity88.64 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability37.05 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9903
Blood Brain Barrier-0.8906
Caco-2 permeable+0.8866
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7683
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7967
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8547
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8206
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8106
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8918
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7221
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.8972
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.5241
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9249
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9647
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9741
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8765
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9304
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9395
Rat acute toxicity2.1620 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.7663
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7498
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0ab9-9650000000-21779d64a7615ec0e9a7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0900-0619000000-76032f7e5f2fbe405815
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-287e15a62fc0a0a17ccc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-1309000000-627420cbd67d8ac1e4ad
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-05fr-6900000000-e23f35ab4359c86dd966
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-9800000000-0fec1fdb5cce29edc7de
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6u-9600000000-35b64bf771f1c210f29d
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0900-0619000000-76032f7e5f2fbe405815
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0209000000-891e6fe5f7380d1b7924
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-4089000000-68a78506bcdcab4488e2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0avu-1922000000-7d6fb89e821f0d9b8e62
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-5490000000-c70bf86d9e2ab4ce4019
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-2900000000-2473f0f6808144d2b30a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-9410000000-67d5bf7172dd808cad0f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0079-1900000000-4798ddc72940acab4673
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-191.5620788
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-176.53958
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+191.1622788
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+178.89758
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+191.4250788
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+184.99074
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling. Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (PubMed:31473062)
Specific Function
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding
Gene Name
ADRB1
Uniprot ID
P08588
Uniprot Name
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
51222.97 Da
References
  1. McLean AJ, Zeng FY, Behan D, Chalmers D, Milligan G: Generation and analysis of constitutively active and physically destabilized mutants of the human beta(1)-adrenoceptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;62(3):747-55. [Article]
  2. Rudoy CA, Van Bockstaele EJ: Betaxolol, a selective beta(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist, diminishes anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 30;31(5):1119-29. Epub 2007 Apr 19. [Article]
  3. Satoh N, Suzuki J, Bessho H, Kitada Y, Narimatsu A, Tobe A: Effects of betaxolol on cardiohemodynamics and coronary circulation in anesthetized dogs: comparison with atenolol and propranolol. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1990 Oct;54(2):113-9. [Article]
  4. Lesar TS: Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents. Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;6(6):451-63. [Article]
  5. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  6. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
Specific Function
adenylate cyclase binding
Gene Name
ADRB2
Uniprot ID
P07550
Uniprot Name
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
46458.32 Da
References
  1. Rait JL: Systemic effects of topical ophthalmic beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1999 Feb;27(1):57-64. [Article]

Enzymes

Details
1. Cytochrome P450 2D6
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
Specific Function
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Zateyshchikov DA, Minushkina LO, Brovkin AN, Savel'eva EG, Zateyshchikova AA, Manchaeva BB, Nikitin AG, Sidorenko BA, Nosikov VV: Association of CYP2D6 and ADRB1 genes with hypotensive and antichronotropic action of betaxolol in patients with arterial hypertension. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Aug;21(4):437-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00518.x. [Article]
  2. Zisaki A, Miskovic L, Hatzimanikatis V: Antihypertensive drugs metabolism: an update to pharmacokinetic profiles and computational approaches. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(6):806-22. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58406.915 Da
References
  1. Betaxolol, Pediatric Care Solutions [Link]
  2. CYp1A3 CTEP document, cancer.gov [File]
  3. Companion Dx reference lab document: EXPANDED TEST OFFERING IN PHARMACOGENOMICS: CYP1A2 [File]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at November 03, 2024 19:35