Identification
- Summary
Pilocarpine is a muscarinic cholinergic agonist used on the eye to treat elevated intraocular pressure, various types of glaucoma, and to induce miosis. Also available orally to treat symptoms of dry mouth associated with Sjogren's syndrome and radiotherapy.
- Brand Names
- Betoptic Pilo, Isoptocarpine, Minims Pilocarpine Nitrate, Salagen, Vuity
- Generic Name
- Pilocarpine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01085
- Background
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Pilocarpine (DB01085)
- Weight
- Average: 208.2569
Monoisotopic: 208.121177766 - Chemical Formula
- C11H16N2O2
- Synonyms
- Pilocarpina
- Pilocarpine
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of radiation-induced dry mouth (xerostomia) and symptoms of dry mouth in patients with Sjögrens syndrome.
A pilocarpine ophthalmic solution is indicated for the treatment of presbyopia in adults.1
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug eventsImprove clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support.- Pharmacodynamics
Pilocarpine is a choline ester miotic and a positively charged quaternary ammonium compound. Pilocarpine, in appropriate dosage, can increase secretion by the exocrine glands. The sweat, salivary, lacrimal, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal glands and the mucous cells of the respiratory tract may be stimulated. When applied topically to the eye as a single dose it causes miosis, spasm of accommodation, and may cause a transitory rise in intraocular pressure followed by a more persistent fall. Dose-related smooth muscle stimulation of the intestinal tract may cause increased tone, increased motility, spasm, and tenesmus. Bronchial smooth muscle tone may increase. The tone and motility of urinary tract, gallbladder, and biliary duct smooth muscle may be enhanced. Pilocarpine may have paradoxical effects on the cardiovascular system. The expected effect of a muscarinic agonist is vasodepression, but administration of pilocarpine may produce hypertension after a brief episode of hypotension. Bradycardia and tachycardia have both been reported with use of pilocarpine.
- Mechanism of action
Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Target Actions Organism AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 agonistHumans AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 agonistHumans AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 agonistHumans UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 partial agonistHumans - Absorption
There was a decrease in the rate of absorption of pilocarpine from SALAGEN Tablets when taken with a high fat meal by 12 healthy male volunteers
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Possibly occurs at the neuronal synapses and in the plasma
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
0.76 hours
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates.Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcebutolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acebutolol is combined with Pilocarpine. Acenocoumarol The serum concentration of Acenocoumarol can be increased when it is combined with Pilocarpine. Acetaminophen The metabolism of Acetaminophen can be decreased when combined with Pilocarpine. Alfuzosin The metabolism of Alfuzosin can be decreased when combined with Pilocarpine. Alprazolam The metabolism of Alprazolam can be decreased when combined with Pilocarpine. Ambenonium The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ambenonium is combined with Pilocarpine. Amikacin The therapeutic efficacy of Pilocarpine can be decreased when used in combination with Amikacin. Antipyrine The metabolism of Antipyrine can be decreased when combined with Pilocarpine. Apremilast The metabolism of Apremilast can be decreased when combined with Pilocarpine. Aprotinin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aprotinin is combined with Pilocarpine. 
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- Take with or without food. The Cmax of pilocarpine is slightly reduced when taken with food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Pilocarpine hydrochloride 0WW6D218XJ 54-71-7 RNAICSBVACLLGM-GNAZCLTHSA-N Pilocarpine nitrate M20T465H6J 148-72-1 PRZXEPJJHQYOGF-GNAZCLTHSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Diocarpine / Miocarpine / Pilostat / Pilovisc / Timpilo
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Isopto Carpine Solution / drops 40 mg/1mL Ophthalmic ALCON LABORATORIES, INC. 1974-01-01 2022-05-31 US 
Isopto Carpine Liquid 1 % Ophthalmic Novartis 1959-12-31 2017-05-24 Canada 
Isopto Carpine Solution / drops 20 mg/1mL Ophthalmic ALCON LABORATORIES, INC. 1974-01-01 2023-03-31 US Isopto Carpine Liquid 2 % Ophthalmic Novartis 1959-12-31 Not applicable Canada Isopto Carpine Solution / drops 10 mg/1mL Ophthalmic ALCON LABORATORIES, INC. 1974-01-01 2023-04-30 US Isopto Carpine Liquid 4 % Ophthalmic Novartis 1959-12-31 Not applicable Canada Isopto Carpine 0.5% Liquid 0.5 % Ophthalmic Alcon, Inc. 1951-12-31 2002-04-16 Canada Isopto Carpine Liq 6% Liquid 60 g / L Ophthalmic Alcon, Inc. 1959-12-31 2001-08-14 Canada M-pilocarpine Tablet 5 mg Oral Mantra Pharma Inc 2020-05-12 Not applicable Canada Minims Pilocarpine Nitrate Solution / drops 2 % w/v Ophthalmic Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 1995-12-31 Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Jamp Pilocarpine Tablet 5 mg Oral Jamp Pharma Corporation 2021-04-30 Not applicable Canada Odan-pilocarpine Solution 4 % Ophthalmic Odan Laboratories Ltd 1991-12-31 Not applicable Canada Odan-pilocarpine Solution 2 % Ophthalmic Odan Laboratories Ltd 1992-12-31 Not applicable Canada Odan-pilocarpine Solution 1 % Ophthalmic Odan Laboratories Ltd 1991-12-31 Not applicable Canada Pilocarpine Hydrchloride Tablet, film coated 5 mg/1 Oral Padagis US LLC 2020-08-24 Not applicable US Pilocarpine Hydrchloride Tablet, film coated 5 mg/1 Oral bryant ranch prepack 2020-08-24 Not applicable US Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Solution / drops 20 mg/1mL Ophthalmic Amneal Pharmaceuticals NY LLC 2020-09-23 Not applicable US pilocarpine Hydrochloride Tablet, film coated 7.5 mg/1 Oral Amici Pharmaceuticals Llc 2018-10-01 Not applicable US Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Tablet, film coated 7.5 mg/1 Oral Aurobindo Pharma Limited 2019-08-13 Not applicable US Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Solution / drops 40 mg/1mL Ophthalmic Amneal Pharmaceuticals NY LLC 2020-09-23 Not applicable US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ISOPTO CARPINE STERILE OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION 2% Solution 2 % Ophthalmic NOVARTIS (SINGAPORE) PTE LTD 1990-06-13 Not applicable Singapore ISOPTO CARPINE STERILE OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION 4% Solution 4 % Ophthalmic NOVARTIS (SINGAPORE) PTE LTD 1990-06-13 Not applicable Singapore - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Betoptic Pilo Pilocarpine hydrochloride (17.5 mg/1mL) + Betaxolol hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1mL) Kit Ophthalmic ALCON LABORATORIES, INC. 2006-09-26 Not applicable US Betoptic/pilo Pilocarpine hydrochloride (1.75 %) + Betaxolol hydrochloride (0.25 %) Suspension Ophthalmic Alcon, Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada E-pilo 1 Ophthalmic Solution Pilocarpine hydrochloride (10 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Ciba Vision 1996-12-31 1999-01-27 Canada E-pilo 2 Ophthalmic Solution Pilocarpine hydrochloride (20 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Ciba Vision 1997-02-11 1999-05-10 Canada E-pilo 4 Ophthalmic Solution Pilocarpine hydrochloride (40 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Ciba Vision 1995-12-31 1999-07-13 Canada E-pilo 6 Ophthalmic Solution Pilocarpine hydrochloride (60 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Ciba Vision 1997-02-11 1999-05-10 Canada E-pilo-1 Oph Soln Pilocarpine hydrochloride (10 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Iolab Pharmaceuticals 1988-12-31 1996-09-09 Canada E-pilo-2 Oph Soln Pilocarpine hydrochloride (20 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Iolab Pharmaceuticals 1988-12-31 1997-07-23 Canada E-pilo-4 Oph Soln Pilocarpine hydrochloride (40 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Iolab Pharmaceuticals 1988-12-31 1996-09-09 Canada E-pilo-6 Oph Soln Pilocarpine hydrochloride (60 mg / mL) + Epinephrine bitartrate (10 mg / mL) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Iolab Pharmaceuticals 1988-12-31 1997-07-23 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Pilocarpine hydrochloride (40 mg/1mL) Solution / drops Conjunctival Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2011-10-07 2013-01-11 US Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Pilocarpine hydrochloride (20 mg/1mL) Solution / drops Conjunctival Bauch & Lomb Incorporated 2010-09-15 2011-04-15 US Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Pilocarpine hydrochloride (10 mg/1mL) Solution / drops Conjunctival Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2010-09-15 2013-01-11 US Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Pilocarpine hydrochloride (10 mg/1mL) Solution / drops Conjunctival Bauch & Lomb Incorporated 2010-09-15 2011-03-11 US Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Pilocarpine hydrochloride (40 mg/1mL) Solution / drops Conjunctival Bauch & Lomb Incorporated 2010-09-15 2011-04-18 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N07AX01 — Pilocarpine
- N07AX — Other parasympathomimetics
- N07A — PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS
- N07 — OTHER NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
- N — NERVOUS SYSTEM
- S01EB — Parasympathomimetics
- S01E — ANTIGLAUCOMA PREPARATIONS AND MIOTICS
- S01 — OPHTHALMOLOGICALS
- S — SENSORY ORGANS
- Drug Categories
- Alkaloids
- Antiglaucoma Preparations and Miotics
- Autonomic Agents
- Cholinergic Agents
- Cholinergic Agonists
- Cholinergic Receptor Agonist
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 Inhibitors (strong)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Miotics
- Muscarinic Agonists
- Nervous System
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Ophthalmologicals
- Parasympathomemetic (Cholinergic) Agents
- Parasympathomimetics
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Sensory Organs
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Alkaloids and derivatives
- Class
- Not Available
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Alkaloids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- N-substituted imidazoles / Gamma butyrolactones / Tetrahydrofurans / Heteroaromatic compounds / Carboxylic acid esters / Oxacyclic compounds / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds show 3 more
- Substituents
- Alkaloid or derivatives / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Gamma butyrolactone / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative show 13 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- pilocarpine (CHEBI:8207) / Imidazole alkaloids (C07474)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 01MI4Q9DI3
- CAS number
- 92-13-7
- InChI Key
- QCHFTSOMWOSFHM-WPRPVWTQSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C11H16N2O2/c1-3-10-8(6-15-11(10)14)4-9-5-12-7-13(9)2/h5,7-8,10H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (3S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]oxolan-2-one
- SMILES
- CC[C@H]1[C@@H](CC2=CN=CN2C)COC1=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Gerhard R. Reuther, "Process for the preparation of pilocarpine from in vitro cultures of pilocarpus." U.S. Patent US5059531, issued June, 1987.
US5059531- General References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Vuity (Pilocarpine Hydrochloride) Ophthalmic Solution [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015217
- KEGG Drug
- D00525
- KEGG Compound
- C07474
- PubChem Compound
- 5910
- PubChem Substance
- 46507475
- ChemSpider
- 5699
- BindingDB
- 50008072
- 8328
- ChEBI
- 8207
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL550
- ZINC
- ZINC000000075008
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001113
- PharmGKB
- PA450962
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- 9PL
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Pilocarpine
- PDB Entries
- 3t3q / 3t3r / 3t3s / 3t3z
- FDA label
- Download (160 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (73.3 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Angle-Closure Glaucoma 1 4 Completed Treatment Dry Mouth / Primary Sjogren / Secondary Sjogren 1 4 Completed Treatment Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG) 1 4 Unknown Status Treatment Dry Mouth 1 3 Completed Prevention Head and Neck Carcinoma / Malignancies 1 3 Completed Supportive Care Breast Cancer / Vaginal Dryness 1 3 Completed Supportive Care Head and Neck Carcinoma / Oral Complications 1 3 Completed Treatment Dry Eyes 1 3 Completed Treatment Presbyopia 3 3 Enrolling by Invitation Treatment Glaucoma 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Actavis Group
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Akorn Inc.
- Alcon Laboratories
- Bausch & Lomb Inc.
- Corepharma LLC
- Dispensing Solutions
- E. Fougera and Co.
- Eisai Inc.
- Falcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
- Global Pharmaceuticals
- Impax Laboratories Inc.
- Lannett Co. Inc.
- Mallinckrodt Inc.
- MGI Pharma
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Novartis AG
- OMJ Pharmaceuticals
- Optopics
- Patheon Inc.
- Pharmedix
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prescript Pharmaceuticals
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Roxane Labs
- Sandoz
- Taylor Pharmaceuticals
- Wa Butler Co.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Kit Ophthalmic Suspension Ophthalmic Tablet, film coated Oral 5 mg Liquid Ophthalmic Solution / drops Ophthalmic Solution Ophthalmic 20 mg Liquid Ophthalmic 0.5 % Liquid Ophthalmic 60 g / L Solution Ophthalmic 2 % Solution Ophthalmic 4 % Solution / drops Ophthalmic 2 % w/v Solution / drops Ophthalmic 4 % Solution Ophthalmic 2 % w/v Solution / drops Ophthalmic 1 % Solution / drops Ophthalmic 2 % Solution / drops Ophthalmic 6 % Solution / drops Ophthalmic Implant Intraocular 5 mg / imp Implant Intraocular 11 mg / imp Tablet Oral 5 mg Ointment Ophthalmic Solution / drops Ophthalmic 10 mg Solution / drops Ophthalmic 20 mg Solution Conjunctival; Ophthalmic 40 mg Solution Conjunctival; Ophthalmic 4 g Solution Ophthalmic Ointment Ophthalmic 1 % Ointment Ophthalmic 2 % Injection Parenteral 2 g Solution Ophthalmic 1 % Solution Ophthalmic 6 % Solution Ophthalmic 40 mg/1 Solution / drops Conjunctival 10 mg/1mL Solution / drops Conjunctival 20 mg/1mL Solution / drops Conjunctival 40 mg/1mL Solution / drops Ophthalmic 10 mg/1mL Solution / drops Ophthalmic 20 mg/1mL Solution / drops Ophthalmic 40 mg/1mL Tablet Oral 5 mg/1 Tablet Oral 7.5 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 5 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 7.5 mg/1 Gel Ophthalmic Solution / drops; suspension / drops Ophthalmic 1 % Solution / drops; suspension / drops Ophthalmic 2 % Gel Ophthalmic 40 mg/1g Gel Ophthalmic 4 % Liquid Ophthalmic 5 mg / mL Liquid Ophthalmic 10 mg / mL Liquid Ophthalmic 20 mg / mL Liquid Ophthalmic 40 mg / mL Liquid Ophthalmic 60 mg / mL Liquid Ophthalmic 1 % Liquid Ophthalmic 2 % Liquid Ophthalmic 4 % Tablet, coated Oral 7.5 mg Tablet, film coated Oral Solution / drops; suspension / drops Ophthalmic 0.5 % Solution Ophthalmic Solution / drops Ophthalmic 12.5 mg/1mL Tablet, coated Oral 5 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Pilopine HS 4% Gel 4 gm Tube 64.08USD tube Isopto Carpine 4% Solution 15ml Bottle 37.5USD bottle Isopto Carpine 4% Solution 30ml Bottle 36.99USD bottle Isopto Carpine 1% Solution 15ml Bottle 36.37USD bottle Isopto Carpine 2% Solution 15ml Bottle 36.36USD bottle Pilocarpine HCl 2% Solution 15ml Bottle 35.01USD bottle Isopto Carpine 2% Solution 30ml Bottle 34.99USD bottle Pilocarpine HCl 1% Solution 15ml Bottle 32.24USD bottle Pilocar 6% Solution 15ml Bottle 15.99USD bottle Pilopine hs 4% eye gel 15.24USD g Pilocar 4% Solution 15ml Bottle 14.99USD bottle Pilocar 1% Solution 15ml Bottle 13.99USD bottle Pilocar 2% Solution 15ml Bottle 13.99USD bottle Pilocar 0.5% Solution 15ml Bottle 12.99USD bottle Pilocarpine nitrate crystal 9.85USD g Pilocarpine hcl crystals 8.19USD g Pilocarpine 1% eye drops 2.88USD ml Pilocarpine 2% eye drops 2.88USD ml Pilocarpine 4% eye drops 2.88USD ml Pilopine Hs 4 % Gel 2.81USD g Salagen 7.5 mg tablet 2.48USD tablet Isopto carpine 4% eye drops 2.37USD ml Isopto carpine 2% eye drops 2.26USD ml Isopto carpine 1% eye drops 2.21USD ml Salagen 5 mg tablet 2.14USD tablet Pilocarpine hcl 7.5 mg tablet 1.99USD tablet Pilocarpine hcl 5 mg tablet 1.55USD tablet Salagen 5 mg Tablet 1.23USD tablet Pilocarpine 6% eye drops 0.87USD ml Piloptic-6 eye drops 0.87USD ml Piloptic-3 eye drops 0.71USD ml Pilocarpine 3% eye drops 0.53USD ml Pilocarpine 0.5% eye drops 0.43USD ml Isopto Carpine 4 % Solution 0.3USD ml Isopto Carpine 2 % Solution 0.27USD ml Isopto Carpine 1 % Solution 0.23USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US10610518 No 2019-04-24 2039-04-24 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 204-205 °C PhysProp water solubility 1E+006 mg/L (at 25 °C) SEIDELL,A (1941) logP 1.1 Not Available pKa 6.78 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 2.07 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1.15 ALOGPS logP 0.95 ChemAxon logS -2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Basic) 6.61 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 44.12 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 ChemAxon Refractivity 56.53 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 22.34 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 2 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter Yes ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9816 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9758 Caco-2 permeable + 0.6202 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5806 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8457 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9432 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.6467 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8408 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6665 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8732 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.7961 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8682 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.6957 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9166 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.6808 Rat acute toxicity 2.6826 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9432 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9009
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor activity
- Specific Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
- Gene Name
- CHRM3
- Uniprot ID
- P20309
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
- Molecular Weight
- 66127.445 Da
References
- Sykes DA, Dowling MR, Charlton SJ: Exploring the mechanism of agonist efficacy: a relationship between efficacy and agonist dissociation rate at the muscarinic M3 receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;76(3):543-51. doi: 10.1124/mol.108.054452. Epub 2009 Jun 4. [Article]
- Figueroa KW, Griffin MT, Ehlert FJ: Selectivity of agonists for the active state of M1 to M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Jan;328(1):331-42. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145219. Epub 2008 Sep 29. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
- Specific Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
- Gene Name
- CHRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P11229
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
- Molecular Weight
- 51420.375 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Figueroa KW, Griffin MT, Ehlert FJ: Selectivity of agonists for the active state of M1 to M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Jan;328(1):331-42. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145219. Epub 2008 Sep 29. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
- Gene Name
- CHRM2
- Uniprot ID
- P08172
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
- Molecular Weight
- 51714.605 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Moreno-Vinasco L, Verbout NG, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB: Retinoic acid prevents virus-induced airway hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction via anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):L340-6. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.90267.2008. Epub 2009 May 22. [Article]
- Figueroa KW, Griffin MT, Ehlert FJ: Selectivity of agonists for the active state of M1 to M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Jan;328(1):331-42. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145219. Epub 2008 Sep 29. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Partial agonist
- General Function
- Guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
- Specific Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
- Gene Name
- CHRM4
- Uniprot ID
- P08173
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
- Molecular Weight
- 53048.65 Da
References
- Figueroa KW, Griffin MT, Ehlert FJ: Selectivity of agonists for the active state of M1 to M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Jan;328(1):331-42. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145219. Epub 2008 Sep 29. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Const...
- Gene Name
- CYP2A6
- Uniprot ID
- P11509
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2A6
- Molecular Weight
- 56501.005 Da
References
- Kimonen T, Juvonen RO, Alhava E, Pasanen M: The inhibition of CYP enzymes in mouse and human liver by pilocarpine. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Feb;114(4):832-6. [Article]
- DeVore NM, Meneely KM, Bart AG, Stephens ES, Battaile KP, Scott EE: Structural comparison of cytochromes P450 2A6, 2A13, and 2E1 with pilocarpine. FEBS J. 2012 May;279(9):1621-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08412.x. Epub 2011 Nov 25. [Article]
- Ueng YF, Chen CC, Chung YT, Liu TY, Chang YP, Lo WS, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Soucek P, Chau GY, Chi CW, Chen RM, Li DT: Mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP)2A6 by chalepensin in recombinant systems, in human liver microsomes and in mice in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Jul;163(6):1250-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01341.x. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Kimonen T, Juvonen RO, Alhava E, Pasanen M: The inhibition of CYP enzymes in mouse and human liver by pilocarpine. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Feb;114(4):832-6. [Article]
- Endo T, Ban M, Hirata K, Yamamoto A, Hara Y, Momose Y: Involvement of CYP2A6 in the formation of a novel metabolite, 3-hydroxypilocarpine, from pilocarpine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Mar;35(3):476-83. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.013425. Epub 2006 Dec 18. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 19, 2022 01:13