Disopyramide

Identification

Summary

Disopyramide is a class 1A antiarrhythmic agent used to treat life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

Brand Names
Norpace, Rythmodan
Generic Name
Disopyramide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00280
Background

A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 339.4745
Monoisotopic: 339.231062565
Chemical Formula
C21H29N3O
Synonyms
  • Disopiramida
  • Disopyramide
  • Disopyramidum

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of documented ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular pre-excitation and cardiac dysrhythmias. It is a Class Ia antiarrhythmic drug.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofVentricular arrhythmias••••••••••••
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Pharmacodynamics

Disopyramide is an anti-arrhythmic drug indicated for the treatment of documented ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia that are life-threatening. At therapeutic plasma levels, disopyramide shortens the sinus node recovery time, lengthens the effective refractory period of the atrium, and has a minimal effect on the effective refractory period of the AV node. Little effect has been shown on AV-nodal and His-Purkinje conduction times or QRS duration. However, prolongation of conduction in accessory pathways occurs.

Mechanism of action

Disopyramide is a Type 1A antiarrhythmic drug (ie, similar to procainamide and quinidine). It inhibits the fast sodium channels. In animal studies Disopyramide decreases the rate of diastolic depolarization (phase 4) in cells with augmented automaticity, decreases the upstroke velocity (phase 0) and increases the action potential duration of normal cardiac cells, decreases the disparity in refractoriness between infarcted and adjacent normally perfused myocardium, and has no effect on alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha
inhibitor
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
antagonist
Humans
UA-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND2
inhibitor
Humans
UA-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND3
inhibitor
Humans
UVoltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH2
inhibitor
Humans
UAlpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2Not AvailableHumans
Absorption

Nearly complete

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

50%-65%

Metabolism

Hepatic

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

In healthy men, about 50% of a given dose of disopyramide is excreted in the urine as the unchanged drug, about 20% as the mono-N-dealkylated metabolite and 10% as the other metabolites.

Half-life

6.7 hours (range 4-10 hours)

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

LD50=580 mg/kg in rats

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Disopyramide Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirDisopyramide may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Disopyramide can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Disopyramide can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Disopyramide can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
AcarboseThe risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Disopyramide is combined with Acarbose.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Disopyramide phosphateN6BOM1935W22059-60-5CGDDQFMPGMYYQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Dicorantil (Sanofi) / Isorythm (SERP) / Lispine (Sawai Seiyaku) / Ritmodan (Sanofi)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Disopyramide Phosphate ERCapsule, extended release150 mg/1OralEthex Corporation2007-02-23Not applicableUS flag
NorpaceCapsule, gelatin coated150 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1982-07-202012-06-30US flag
NorpaceCapsule, gelatin coated150 mg/1OralPfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc1977-09-01Not applicableUS flag
NorpaceCapsule, gelatin coated150 mg/1OralCarilion Materials Management1982-07-20Not applicableUS flag
NorpaceCapsule, gelatin coated100 mg/1OralPfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc1977-09-01Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Disopyramide PhosphateCapsule100 mg/1OralAvKARE2014-01-03Not applicableUS flag
Disopyramide PhosphateCapsule150 mg/1OralTeva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.1990-09-30Not applicableUS flag
Disopyramide PhosphateCapsule150 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1985-05-312002-06-30US flag
Disopyramide PhosphateCapsule100 mg/1OralMayne Pharma Inc.2016-08-032020-03-31US flag
Disopyramide PhosphateCapsule100 mg/1OralMed Pharma Co., Ltd.2011-07-052012-07-18US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C01BA03 — Disopyramide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pheniramines. These are compounds containing a pheniramine moiety, which is structurally characterized by the presence of a 2-benzylpyridine linked to an dimethyl(propyl)amine to form a dimethyl[3-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]amine skeleton.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Pyridines and derivatives
Sub Class
Pheniramines
Direct Parent
Pheniramines
Alternative Parents
Aralkylamines / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Heteroaromatic compounds / Trialkylamines / Carboximidic acids / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carboximidic acid / Carboximidic acid derivative / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocyclic benzene moiety
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
tertiary amino compound, monocarboxylic acid amide, pyridines (CHEBI:4657)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
GFO928U8MQ
CAS number
3737-09-5
InChI Key
UVTNFZQICZKOEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H29N3O/c1-16(2)24(17(3)4)15-13-21(20(22)25,18-10-6-5-7-11-18)19-12-8-9-14-23-19/h5-12,14,16-17H,13,15H2,1-4H3,(H2,22,25)
IUPAC Name
4-[bis(propan-2-yl)amino]-2-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)butanamide
SMILES
CC(C)N(CCC(C(N)=O)(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=NC=CC=C1)C(C)C

References

Synthesis Reference

Cusic, J.W. and Sause, H.W.; U.S. Patent 3,225,054; December 21,1965; assigned to G.D. Searle & Co.

US3225054
General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014425
KEGG Drug
D00303
KEGG Compound
C06965
PubChem Compound
3114
PubChem Substance
46508226
ChemSpider
3002
BindingDB
50028893
RxNav
3541
ChEBI
4657
ChEMBL
CHEMBL517
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000504
PharmGKB
PA449373
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Disopyramide

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableRecruitingNot AvailableObstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableUnknown StatusTreatmentAtrial Fibrillation / Quality of Life (QOL)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
3CompletedTreatmentArrhythmia / Atrial Fibrillation / Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
3TerminatedTreatmentAtrial Fibrillation / Heart Failure1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Kv pharmaceutical co
  • Gd searle llc
  • Interpharm inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Superpharm corp
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Ethex Corp.
  • GD Searle LLC
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • KV Pharmaceutical Co.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmacia Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Sandhills Packaging Inc.
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Capsule, coatedOral100 mg
CapsuleOral100.000 mg
TabletOral250.000 mg
CapsuleOral100 mg/1
CapsuleOral150 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral150 mg/1
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral100 mg/1
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral150 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral100 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral150 mg
TabletOral250 MG
CapsuleOral100 mg
CapsuleOral150 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral250 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral250 mg / srt
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Norpace CR 150 mg 12 Hour Capsule2.35USD capsule
Norpace cr 150 mg capsule2.26USD capsule
Norpace CR 100 mg 12 Hour Capsule1.98USD capsule
Norpace 150 mg capsule1.94USD capsule
Norpace cr 100 mg capsule1.91USD capsule
Norpace 100 mg capsule1.62USD capsule
Disopyramide Phosphate 150 mg capsule0.96USD capsule
Disopyramide 150 mg capsule0.82USD capsule
Disopyramide Phosphate 100 mg capsule0.72USD capsule
Disopyramide 100 mg capsule0.69USD capsule
Rythmodan 150 mg Capsule0.43USD capsule
Rythmodan 100 mg Capsule0.3USD capsule
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)94.5-95 °CCusic, J.W. and Sause, H.W.; U.S. Patent 3,225,054; December 21,1965; assigned to G.D. Searle & Co.
water solubility44.9 mg/LNot Available
logP2.58MANNHOLD,R ET AL. (1993)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0493 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.21ALOGPS
logP3.47Chemaxon
logS-3.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)16.19Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.42Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area59.22 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count8Chemaxon
Refractivity102.3 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability38.82 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9529
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9508
Caco-2 permeable+0.557
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5492
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8677
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8535
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.5702
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7975
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.6906
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8236
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8626
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8258
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8873
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.9764 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.996
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.6168
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-044m-6591000000-ade312d81f3d174aaf2d
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-2920000000-e596d22799910844ad71
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0149000000-1e08317d166bcabff15c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-1039000000-01de20e1bab75ef3cc9d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000f-8679000000-ff64859cb4f6e2145972
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00dl-2398000000-f774267aeebfe445e8fd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9510000000-26a3d90a876be7d4d448
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001j-0900000000-aa950ce7751feee9cf16
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-194.1952717
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-180.42598
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+194.7155717
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+182.78398
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+193.9767717
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+189.6569
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Pore-forming subunit of Nav1.5, a voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel that directly mediates the depolarizing phase of action potentials in excitable membranes. Navs, also called VGSCs (voltage-gated sodium channels) or VDSCs (voltage-dependent sodium channels), operate by switching between closed and open conformations depending on the voltage difference across the membrane. In the open conformation they allow Na(+) ions to selectively pass through the pore, along their electrochemical gradient. The influx of Na(+) ions provokes membrane depolarization, initiating the propagation of electrical signals throughout cells and tissues (PubMed:1309946, PubMed:21447824, PubMed:23085483, PubMed:23420830, PubMed:25370050, PubMed:26279430, PubMed:26392562, PubMed:26776555). Nav1.5 is the predominant sodium channel expressed in myocardial cells and it is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in cardiac myocytes, thereby initiating the heartbeat (PubMed:11234013, PubMed:11804990, PubMed:12569159, PubMed:1309946). Required for normal electrical conduction including formation of the infranodal ventricular conduction system and normal action potential configuration, as a result of its interaction with XIRP2 (By similarity)
Specific Function
ankyrin binding
Gene Name
SCN5A
Uniprot ID
Q14524
Uniprot Name
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
226937.475 Da
References
  1. Sugao M, Fujiki A, Nishida K, Sakabe M, Tsuneda T, Iwamoto J, Mizumaki K, Inoue H: Repolarization dynamics in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: pharmacological therapy with bepridil and disopyramide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;45(6):545-9. [Article]
  2. Fujiki A, Sugao M, Nishida K, Sakabe M, Tsuneda T, Mizumaki K, Inoue H: Repolarization abnormality in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: assessment using 24-hour QT-RR and QaT-RR relationships. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004 Jan;15(1):59-63. [Article]
  3. Shimizu W, Antzelevitch C, Suyama K, Kurita T, Taguchi A, Aihara N, Takaki H, Sunagawa K, Kamakura S: Effect of sodium channel blockers on ST segment, QRS duration, and corrected QT interval in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000 Dec;11(12):1320-9. [Article]
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
Specific Function
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Gene Name
CHRM1
Uniprot ID
P11229
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Molecular Weight
51420.375 Da
References
  1. Yamamoto N, Ozaki T, Keida Y, Ohtsuka M, Goto T: A comparison of the binding characteristics of class I antiarrhythmic agents for human muscarinic m1-m3 receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;34(1):53-9. [Article]
  2. Ishida Y, Mizukami M, Taniguchi T, Satake N, Fujiwara M, Shibata S: Anticholinergic action of disopyramide in intestinal smooth muscle of the guinea pig: inhibition of muscarinic receptors (M1 and M2). Jpn J Pharmacol. 1990 Feb;52(2):363-70. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is adenylate cyclase inhibition. Signaling promotes phospholipase C activity, leading to the release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3); this then triggers calcium ion release into the cytosol
Specific Function
arrestin family protein binding
Gene Name
CHRM2
Uniprot ID
P08172
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
Molecular Weight
51714.605 Da
References
  1. Yamamoto N, Ozaki T, Keida Y, Ohtsuka M, Goto T: A comparison of the binding characteristics of class I antiarrhythmic agents for human muscarinic m1-m3 receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;34(1):53-9. [Article]
  2. Ishida Y, Mizukami M, Taniguchi T, Satake N, Fujiwara M, Shibata S: Anticholinergic action of disopyramide in intestinal smooth muscle of the guinea pig: inhibition of muscarinic receptors (M1 and M2). Jpn J Pharmacol. 1990 Feb;52(2):363-70. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover
Specific Function
acetylcholine binding
Gene Name
CHRM3
Uniprot ID
P20309
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
Molecular Weight
66127.445 Da
References
  1. Yamamoto N, Ozaki T, Keida Y, Ohtsuka M, Goto T: A comparison of the binding characteristics of class I antiarrhythmic agents for human muscarinic m1-m3 receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;34(1):53-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, primarily in the brain. Mediates the major part of the dendritic A-type current I(SA) in brain neurons (By similarity). This current is activated at membrane potentials that are below the threshold for action potentials. It regulates neuronal excitability, prolongs the latency before the first spike in a series of action potentials, regulates the frequency of repetitive action potential firing, shortens the duration of action potentials and regulates the back-propagation of action potentials from the neuronal cell body to the dendrites. Contributes to the regulation of the circadian rhythm of action potential firing in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons, which regulates the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity (By similarity). Functions downstream of the metabotropic glutamate receptor GRM5 and plays a role in neuronal excitability and in nociception mediated by activation of GRM5 (By similarity). Mediates the transient outward current I(to) in rodent heart left ventricle apex cells, but not in human heart, where this current is mediated by another family member. Forms tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient (PubMed:10551270, PubMed:11507158, PubMed:14623880, PubMed:14695263, PubMed:14980201, PubMed:15454437, PubMed:16934482, PubMed:19171772, PubMed:24501278, PubMed:24811166, PubMed:34552243, PubMed:35597238). The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane (PubMed:11507158). Can form functional homotetrameric channels and heterotetrameric channels that contain variable proportions of KCND2 and KCND3; channel properties depend on the type of pore-forming alpha subunits that are part of the channel. In vivo, membranes probably contain a mixture of heteromeric potassium channel complexes. Interaction with specific isoforms of the regulatory subunits KCNIP1, KCNIP2, KCNIP3 or KCNIP4 strongly increases expression at the cell surface and thereby increases channel activity; it modulates the kinetics of channel activation and inactivation, shifts the threshold for channel activation to more negative voltage values, shifts the threshold for inactivation to less negative voltages and accelerates recovery after inactivation (PubMed:14623880, PubMed:14980201, PubMed:15454437, PubMed:19171772, PubMed:24501278, PubMed:24811166). Likewise, interaction with DPP6 or DPP10 promotes expression at the cell membrane and regulates both channel characteristics and activity (By similarity). Upon depolarization, the channel goes from a resting closed state (C state) to an activated but non-conducting state (C* state), from there, the channel may either inactivate (I state) or open (O state) (PubMed:35597238)
Specific Function
A-type (transient outward) potassium channel activity
Gene Name
KCND2
Uniprot ID
Q9NZV8
Uniprot Name
A-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND2
Molecular Weight
70535.825 Da
References
  1. Casis O, Sanchez-Chapula JA: Disopyramide, imipramine, and amitriptyline bind to a common site on the transient outward K+ channel. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;32(4):521-6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated A-type potassium channels that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, in brain and heart (PubMed:10200233, PubMed:17187064, PubMed:21349352, PubMed:22457051, PubMed:23280837, PubMed:23280838, PubMed:34997220, PubMed:9843794). In cardiomyocytes, may generate the transient outward potassium current I(To) (By similarity). In neurons, may conduct the transient subthreshold somatodendritic A-type potassium current (ISA) (By similarity). Kinetics properties are characterized by fast activation at subthreshold membrane potentials, rapid inactivation, and quick recovery from inactivation (PubMed:10200233, PubMed:17187064, PubMed:21349352, PubMed:22457051, PubMed:23280837, PubMed:23280838, PubMed:34997220, PubMed:9843794). Channel properties are modulated by interactions with regulatory subunits (PubMed:17187064, PubMed:34997220). Interaction with the regulatory subunits KCNIP1 or KCNIP2 modulates the channel gating kinetics namely channel activation and inactivation kinetics and rate of recovery from inactivation (PubMed:17187064, PubMed:34997220). Likewise, interaction with DPP6 modulates the channel gating kinetics namely channel activation and inactivation kinetics (PubMed:34997220)
Specific Function
A-type (transient outward) potassium channel activity
Gene Name
KCND3
Uniprot ID
Q9UK17
Uniprot Name
A-type voltage-gated potassium channel KCND3
Molecular Weight
73450.53 Da
References
  1. Casis O, Sanchez-Chapula JA: Disopyramide, imipramine, and amitriptyline bind to a common site on the transient outward K+ channel. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;32(4):521-6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel (PubMed:10219239, PubMed:10753933, PubMed:10790218, PubMed:10837251, PubMed:11997281, PubMed:12063277, PubMed:18559421, PubMed:22314138, PubMed:22359612, PubMed:26363003, PubMed:27916661, PubMed:9230439, PubMed:9351446, PubMed:9765245). Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly (PubMed:10837251). Characterized by unusual gating kinetics by producing relatively small outward currents during membrane depolarization and large inward currents during subsequent repolarization which reflect a rapid inactivation during depolarization and quick recovery from inactivation but slow deactivation (closing) during repolarization (PubMed:10219239, PubMed:10753933, PubMed:10790218, PubMed:10837251, PubMed:11997281, PubMed:12063277, PubMed:18559421, PubMed:22314138, PubMed:22359612, PubMed:26363003, PubMed:27916661, PubMed:9230439, PubMed:9351446, PubMed:9765245). Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly (PubMed:10837251). Forms a stable complex with KCNE1 or KCNE2, and that this heteromultimerization regulates inward rectifier potassium channel activity (PubMed:10219239, PubMed:9230439)
Specific Function
delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
Gene Name
KCNH2
Uniprot ID
Q12809
Uniprot Name
Voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH2
Molecular Weight
126653.52 Da
References
  1. Chiu PJ, Marcoe KF, Bounds SE, Lin CH, Feng JJ, Lin A, Cheng FC, Crumb WJ, Mitchell R: Validation of a [3H]astemizole binding assay in HEK293 cells expressing HERG K+ channels. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Jul;95(3):311-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various hydrophobic ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ORM2
Uniprot ID
P19652
Uniprot Name
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2
Molecular Weight
23602.43 Da
References
  1. Herve F, Duche JC, d'Athis P, Marche C, Barre J, Tillement JP: Binding of disopyramide, methadone, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine, lignocaine and progesterone to the two main genetic variants of human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein: evidence for drug-binding differences between the variants and for the presence of two separate drug-binding sites on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Pharmacogenetics. 1996 Oct;6(5):403-15. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58406.915 Da
References
  1. Zhang L, Fitzloff JF, Engel LC, Cook CS: Species difference in stereoselective involvement of CYP3A in the mono-N-dealkylation of disopyramide. Xenobiotica. 2001 Feb;31(2):73-83. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Echizen H, Tanizaki M, Tatsuno J, Chiba K, Berwick T, Tani M, Gonzalez FJ, Ishizaki T: Identification of CYP3A4 as the enzyme involved in the mono-N-dealkylation of disopyramide enantiomers in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Aug;28(8):937-44. [Article]
  2. Zhang L, Fitzloff JF, Engel LC, Cook CS: Species difference in stereoselective involvement of CYP3A in the mono-N-dealkylation of disopyramide. Xenobiotica. 2001 Feb;31(2):73-83. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Other/unknown
General Function
Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in the body. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ORM1
Uniprot ID
P02763
Uniprot Name
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1
Molecular Weight
23539.43 Da
References
  1. Chu JS, Kishion S, Nomura A, Miyazaki K: Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, sialic acid, and protein binding of disopyramide in normal subjects and cardiac patients. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1997 Sep;18(5):408-10. [Article]
  2. Hanada K, Ohta T, Hirai M, Arai M, Ogata H: Enantioselective binding of propranolol, disopyramide, and verapamil to human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci. 2000 Jun;89(6):751-7. [Article]
  3. Nakagawa T, Kishino S, Itoh S, Sugawara M, Miyazaki K: Differential binding of disopyramide and warfarin enantiomers to human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein variants. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;56(6):664-9. [Article]
  4. Haughey DB, Steinberg I, Lee MH: Protein binding of disopyramide--displacement by mono-N-dealkyldisopyramide and variation with source of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1985 Apr;37(4):285-8. [Article]
  5. Brunner F, Muller WE: Prazosin binding to human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid), human serum albumin, and human serum. Further characterization of the 'single drug binding site' of orosomucoid. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1985 May;37(5):305-9. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:11388889, PubMed:11408531, PubMed:12439218, PubMed:12719534, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:16263091, PubMed:16272756, PubMed:16581093, PubMed:19536068, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:23680637, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:34040533, PubMed:9187257, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9655880). Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity). Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation (PubMed:16263091). Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline (PubMed:12439218, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930). Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover (PubMed:21128598). Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism (PubMed:24961373). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency (PubMed:17460754). Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:11408531, PubMed:15389554, PubMed:35469921, PubMed:9260930)
Specific Function
(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID
O15245
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Molecular Weight
61153.345 Da
References
  1. Zhang L, Schaner ME, Giacomini KM: Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Jul;286(1):354-61. [Article]
  2. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. [Article]
  3. Zhang S, Lovejoy KS, Shima JE, Lagpacan LL, Shu Y, Lapuk A, Chen Y, Komori T, Gray JW, Chen X, Lippard SJ, Giacomini KM: Organic cation transporters are determinants of oxaliplatin cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 1;66(17):8847-57. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0769. [Article]
  4. Li S, Chen Y, Zhang S, More SS, Huang X, Giacomini KM: Role of organic cation transporter 1, OCT1 in the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of cis-diammine(pyridine)chloroplatinum(II) and oxaliplatin in mice. Pharm Res. 2011 Mar;28(3):610-25. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0312-6. Epub 2010 Nov 23. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics (PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). Functions as a Na(+)-independent, bidirectional uniporter (PubMed:21128598, PubMed:9687576). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (PubMed:15212162, PubMed:9260930, PubMed:9687576). However, may also engage electroneutral cation exchange when saturating concentrations of cation substrates are reached (By similarity). Predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (PubMed:15783073). Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as histamine, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of neurotransmitters (PubMed:16581093, PubMed:17460754, PubMed:9687576). Also capable of transporting dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro), salsolinol and N-methyl-salsolinol, thereby involved in the maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity in the central nervous system (PubMed:17460754). Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium (PubMed:15817714). Also transports guanidine and endogenous monoamines such as vitamin B1/thiamine, creatinine and N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) (PubMed:12089365, PubMed:15212162, PubMed:17072098, PubMed:24961373, PubMed:9260930). Mediates the uptake and efflux of quaternary ammonium compound choline (PubMed:9260930). Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine and the uptake of polyamines putrescine and spermidine (PubMed:12538837, PubMed:21128598). Able to transport non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) (PubMed:11907186). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotic 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) (PubMed:12395288, PubMed:16394027). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Specific Function
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLC22A2
Uniprot ID
O15244
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 2
Molecular Weight
62579.99 Da
References
  1. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 21, 2024 12:51