Perindopril

Identification

Summary

Perindopril is an ACE inhibitor prodrug used to treat hypertension, mild to moderate congestive heart failure, and to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension or post-myocardial infarction.

Brand Names
Aceon, Coversyl, Prestalia, Viacoram
Generic Name
Perindopril
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00790
Background

Perindopril is a nonsulfhydryl prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly metabolized in the liver to perindoprilat, its active metabolite, following oral administration. Perindoprilat is a potent, competitive inhibitor of ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Perindopril may be used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension, mild to moderate congestive heart failure, and to reduce the cardiovascular risk of individuals with hypertension or post-myocardial infarction and stable coronary disease.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 368.4678
Monoisotopic: 368.231122144
Chemical Formula
C19H32N2O5
Synonyms
  • (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino}propanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid
  • Perindopril
  • Perindoprilum

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension, mild to moderate congestive heart failure, and to reduce the cardiovascular risk of individuals with hypertension or post-myocardial infarction and stable coronary disease.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to preventCardiovascular eventsCombination Product in combination with: Atorvastatin (DB01076)••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••• •• •••••••••••• •••••••••••••• •• ••••••••• •••••• •••• •••••••••••••• •••••••••••
Management ofDiabetic nephropathy••• •••••
Management ofEssential hypertension••••••••••••
Used in combination to manageHypertensionCombination Product in combination with: Amlodipine (DB00381)•••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• ••••••••••• •••••••••••
Used in combination to manageHypertensionCombination Product in combination with: Indapamide (DB00808)•••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• ••••••••••• •••••••••••
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Pharmacodynamics

Perindopril is a nonsulfhydryl prodrug that is metabolized via first pass effect (62%) and systemic hydrolysis (38%) to perindoprilat, its active metabolite, following oral administration. Perindoprilat lowers blood pressure by antagonizing the effect of the RAAS. The RAAS is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating hemodynamics, water and electrolyte balance. During sympathetic stimulation or when renal blood pressure or blood flow is reduced, renin is released from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys. In the blood stream, renin cleaves circulating angiotensinogen to ATI, which is subsequently cleaved to ATII by ACE. ATII increases blood pressure using a number of mechanisms. First, it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone travels to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting tubule of nephrons where it increases sodium and water reabsorption by increasing the number of sodium channels and sodium-potassium ATPases on cell membranes. Second, ATII stimulates the secretion of vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH stimulates further water reabsorption from the kidneys via insertion of aquaporin-2 channels on the apical surface of cells of the DCT and collecting tubules. Third, ATII increases blood pressure through direct arterial vasoconstriction. Stimulation of the Type 1 ATII receptor on vascular smooth muscle cells leads to a cascade of events resulting in myocyte contraction and vasoconstriction. In addition to these major effects, ATII induces the thirst response via stimulation of hypothalamic neurons. ACE inhibitors inhibit the rapid conversion of ATI to ATII and antagonize RAAS-induced increases in blood pressure. ACE (also known as kininase II) is also involved in the enzymatic deactivation of bradykinin, a vasodilator. Inhibiting the deactivation of bradykinin increases bradykinin levels and may sustain the effects of perindoprilat by causing increased vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Mechanism of action

There are two isoforms of ACE: the somatic isoform, which exists as a glycoprotein comprised of a single polypeptide chain of 1277; and the testicular isoform, which has a lower molecular mass and is thought to play a role in sperm maturation and binding of sperm to the oviduct epithelium. Somatic ACE has two functionally active domains, N and C, which arise from tandem gene duplication. Although the two domains have high sequence similarity, they play distinct physiological roles. The C-domain is predominantly involved in blood pressure regulation while the N-domain plays a role in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and proliferation. ACE inhibitors bind to and inhibit the activity of both domains, but have much greater affinity for and inhibitory activity against the C-domain. Perindoprilat, the active metabolite of perindopril, competes with ATI for binding to ACE and inhibits and enzymatic proteolysis of ATI to ATII. Decreasing ATII levels in the body decreases blood pressure by inhibiting the pressor effects of ATII as described in the Pharmacology section above. Perindopril also causes an increase in plasma renin activity likely due to a loss of feedback inhibition mediated by ATII on the release of renin and/or stimulation of reflex mechanisms via baroreceptors.

TargetActionsOrganism
AAngiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitor
Humans
USecreted frizzled-related protein 4
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Rapidly absorbed with peak plasma concentrations occurring approximately 1 hour after oral administration. Bioavailability is 65-75%. Following absorption, perindopril is hydrolyzed to perindoprilat, which has an average bioavailability of 20%. The rate and extent of absorption is unaffected by food. However, food decreases the extent of biotransformation to peridoprilat and reduces its bioavailability by 35%.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Perindoprilat, 10-20% bound to plasma proteins

Metabolism

Extensively metabolized, with only 4-12% of the dose recovered in urine following oral administration. Six metabolites have been identified: perindoprilat, perindopril glucuronide, perindoprilat glucuronide, a perindopril lactam, and two perindoprilat lactams. Only perindoprilat is pharmacologically active. Peridoprilat and perindoprilat glucuronide are the two main circulating metabolites.

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Route of elimination

Perindopril is extensively metabolized following oral administration, with only 4 to 12% of the dose recovered unchanged in the urine.

Half-life

Perindopril, 1.2 hours; Peridoprilat, 30-120 hours. The long half life of peridoprilat is due to its slow dissociation from ACE binding sites.

Clearance
  • 219 - 362 mL/min [oral administration]
Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The most likely symptom of overdose is severe hypotension. The most common adverse effects observed in controlled clinical trials include cough, digestive symptoms, fatigue, headache, and dizziness.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Perindopril Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirPerindopril may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Perindopril is combined with Abaloparatide.
AcebutololPerindopril may increase the hypotensive activities of Acebutolol.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypertension can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Perindopril.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypertension can be increased when Acemetacin is combined with Perindopril.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid hypertensive herbs (e.g. bayberry, blue cohosh, cayenne, ephedra, and licorice).
  • Avoid potassium-containing products. Potassium products increase the risk of hyperkalemia.
  • Limit salt intake. Salt may attenuate the antihypertensive effect.
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Perindopril arginineTFT5IM1KGB612548-45-5RYCSJJXKEWBUTI-YDYAIEMNSA-N
Perindopril erbumine1964X464OJ107133-36-8IYNMDWMQHSMDDE-MHXJNQAMSA-N
Perindopril tosylateG092350E9M1258291-80-3FWZROZSADJGJER-MHXJNQAMSA-N
Active Moieties
NameKindUNIICASInChI Key
Perindoprilatprodrug2UV6ZNQ92K95153-31-4ODAIHABQVKJNIY-PEDHHIEDSA-N
Product Images
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AceonTablet2 mg/1OralSymplmed Pharmaceuticals, Llc2014-10-102017-03-01US flag
AceonTablet4 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2005-07-202011-06-30US flag
AceonTablet8 mg/1OralAbbvie2010-12-142014-01-01US flag
AceonTablet8 mg/1OralSymplmed Pharmaceuticals, Llc2014-10-102017-03-01US flag
AceonTablet4 mg/1OralXOMA (US) LLC1993-12-30Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Ag-perindoprilTablet2 mgOralAngita Pharma Inc.2018-12-24Not applicableCanada flag
Ag-perindoprilTablet8 mgOralAngita Pharma Inc.2018-12-24Not applicableCanada flag
Ag-perindoprilTablet4 mgOralAngita Pharma Inc.2018-12-24Not applicableCanada flag
Ag-perindopril ErbumineTablet4 mgOralAngita Pharma Inc.2022-12-16Not applicableCanada flag
Ag-perindopril ErbumineTablet2 mgOralAngita Pharma Inc.2022-12-16Not applicableCanada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ACEPER PLUS 2 MG/0.625 MG TABLET, 30 ADETPerindopril erbumine (2 mg) + Indapamide (0.625 mg)TabletOralGENVEON İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.2020-08-14Not applicableTurkey flag
ACEPER PLUS 4 MG/1,25 MG TABLET, 30 ADETPerindopril (4 mg) + Indapamide (1.25 mg)TabletOralGENVEON İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.2011-05-05Not applicableTurkey flag
AMLOPER 4/5MG FILM KAPLI TABLET, 30 ADETPerindopril erbumine (4 mg) + Amlodipine besylate (5 mg)Tablet, coatedOralCELTİS İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.2020-08-14Not applicableTurkey flag
AMLOPER 4/5MG FILM KAPLI TABLET, 90 ADETPerindopril erbumine (4 mg) + Amlodipine besylate (5 mg)Tablet, coatedOralCELTİS İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.2013-03-26Not applicableTurkey flag
AMLOPER 8/10MG FILM KAPLI TABLET, 30 ADETPerindopril erbumine (8 mg) + Amlodipine besylate (10 mg)Tablet, coatedOralCELTİS İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.2020-08-14Not applicableTurkey flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C09BX01 — Perindopril, amlodipine and indapamideC09BA04 — Perindopril and diureticsC10BX11 — Atorvastatin, amlodipine and perindoprilC10BX13 — Rosuvastatin, perindopril and indapamideC09AA04 — PerindoprilC09BX02 — Perindopril and bisoprololC10BX12 — Atorvastatin, acetylsalicylic acid and perindoprilC09BB04 — Perindopril and amlodipineC10BX15 — Atorvastatin and perindoprilC10BX14 — Rosuvastatin, amlodipine and perindoprilC09BX04 — Perindopril, bisoprolol and amlodipine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent
Dipeptides
Alternative Parents
Alpha amino acid esters / N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids / Alpha amino acid amides / Indoles and derivatives / Pyrrolidine carboxylic acids / N-acylpyrrolidines / Fatty acid esters / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Tertiary carboxylic acid amides / Carboxylic acid esters
show 8 more
Substituents
Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound / Alpha-amino acid amide / Alpha-amino acid ester / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Alpha-dipeptide / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Azacycle / Carbonyl group
show 25 more
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
dicarboxylic acid monoester, ethyl ester, alpha-amino acid ester, organic heterobicyclic compound (CHEBI:8024)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
Y5GMK36KGY
CAS number
82834-16-0
InChI Key
IPVQLZZIHOAWMC-QXKUPLGCSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H32N2O5/c1-4-8-14(19(25)26-5-2)20-12(3)17(22)21-15-10-7-6-9-13(15)11-16(21)18(23)24/h12-16,20H,4-11H2,1-3H3,(H,23,24)/t12-,13-,14-,15-,16-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(2S,3aS,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino}propanoyl]-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid
SMILES
[H][C@]12C[C@H](N(C(=O)[C@H](C)N[C@@H](CCC)C(=O)OCC)[C@@]1([H])CCCC2)C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Michel Vincent, Jean Baliarda, Bernard Marchand, Georges Remond, "Process for the industrial synthesis of perindopril." U.S. Patent US4914214, issued April 03, 1990.

US4914214
General References
  1. Hurst M, Jarvis B: Perindopril: an updated review of its use in hypertension. Drugs. 2001;61(6):867-96. [Article]
  2. Jastrzebskal M, Widecka K, Naruszewicz M, Ciechanowicz A, Janczak-Bazan A, Foltynska A, Goracy I, Chetstowski K, Wesotowska T: Effects of perindopril treatment on hemostatic function in patients with essential hypertension in relation to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene polymorphisms. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004 Oct;14(5):259-69. [Article]
  3. Parker E, Aarons L, Rowland M, Resplandy G: The pharmacokinetics of perindoprilat in normal volunteers and patients: influence of age and disease state. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2005 Sep;26(1):104-13. [Article]
  4. Simpson D, Noble S, Goa KL: Perindopril: in congestive heart failure. Drugs. 2002;62(9):1367-77; discussion 1378-9. [Article]
  5. Yasumatsu R, Nakashima T, Masuda M, Ito A, Kuratomi Y, Nakagawa T, Komune S: Effects of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril on tumor growth and angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2004 Oct;130(10):567-73. Epub 2004 Jul 27. [Article]
  6. Yoshiji H, Kuriyama S, Kawata M, Yoshii J, Ikenaka Y, Noguchi R, Nakatani T, Tsujinoue H, Fukui H: The angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis: possible role of the vascular endothelial growth factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Apr;7(4):1073-8. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014928
KEGG Drug
D03753
KEGG Compound
C07706
PubChem Compound
107807
PubChem Substance
46508767
ChemSpider
96956
BindingDB
50493988
RxNav
54552
ChEBI
8024
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1581
ZINC
ZINC000003812867
Therapeutic Targets Database
DNC001114
PharmGKB
PA450877
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Perindopril
FDA label
Download (149 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentBlood Pressures / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) / Proteinuria1
4CompletedTreatmentHypertension6
4CompletedTreatmentHypertension / Hyperuricemia / Menopause1
4CompletedTreatmentHypertension / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus2
4CompletedTreatmentInduction of Intraoperative Hypotension1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Abbott products inc
  • Aurobindo pharma ltd
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc
  • Lupin ltd
  • Roxane laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
  • Inyx Usa Ltd.
  • Ipca Laboratories Ltd.
  • Lupin Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Roxane Labs
  • Servier Canada Inc.
  • Solvay Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, coatedOral
TabletOral10 mg
TabletOral2.5 mg
TabletOral5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral2.5 MG
TabletOral2 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral6.790 mg
TabletOral4 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral3.395 mg
Tablet, coatedOral10 mg
Tablet, coatedOral5 mg
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral10 mg
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral2.5 mg
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral0.625 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral1.25 mg
TabletOral1.25 mg
TabletOral8 mg
CapsuleOral
TabletOral4.00 mg
TabletOral
Tablet, film coated, extended releaseOral
Tablet, film coatedOral2 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral4 mg
TabletOral2 mg/1
TabletOral4 mg/1
TabletOral8 mg/1
TabletOral4.0 mg
Tablet, coatedOral2.5 mg
TabletOral
TabletOral0.625 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral10 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral10 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral5 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Aceon 8 mg tablet3.14USD tablet
Perindopril erbumine 8 mg tablet2.8USD tablet
Aceon 4 mg tablet2.58USD tablet
Perindopril erbumine 4 mg tablet2.3USD tablet
Aceon 2 mg tablet2.22USD tablet
Perindopril erbumine 2 mg tablet1.98USD tablet
Coversyl 8 mg Tablet1.23USD tablet
Coversyl 4 mg Tablet0.88USD tablet
Coversyl 2 mg Tablet0.7USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5162362No1992-11-102009-11-10US flag
CA2473205No2010-05-182023-01-22Canada flag
CA1341196No2001-03-062018-03-06Canada flag
US7846961No2010-12-072029-10-05US flag
US6696481No2004-02-242023-04-15US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP2.6Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.22 mg/mLALOGPS
logP0.56ALOGPS
logP0.63Chemaxon
logS-2.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.79Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)5.48Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area95.94 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count9Chemaxon
Refractivity95.69 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability39.99 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9156
Blood Brain Barrier-0.8411
Caco-2 permeable-0.7871
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.6826
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.5
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.8589
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.919
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8638
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8542
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.549
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8796
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8612
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9088
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8375
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7142
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5951
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8814
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9266
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9082
Rat acute toxicity1.9432 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9839
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8678
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-006t-9432000000-cd5a3e77250a4c168d5f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-1039000000-b957a673d9629f4c21ea
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014r-0009000000-334d0b178dc9f6fc18de
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-8964000000-9f0d93ae0e844e61b5b0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0gb9-2913000000-f04e410ea5b599a6f73b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-602da46b0a9be040723d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00dj-5920000000-78c3bf8e9c381d8424f8
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-202.7032343
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-195.1227
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+203.5029343
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+197.51825
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+202.3678343
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+203.4308
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent...
Gene Name
ACE
Uniprot ID
P12821
Uniprot Name
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Molecular Weight
149713.675 Da
References
  1. Alfakih K, Hall AS: Perindopril. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Jan;7(1):63-71. [Article]
  2. Brugts JJ, Ferrari R, Simoons ML: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by perindopril in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2009 Apr;7(4):345-60. doi: 10.1586/erc.09.2. [Article]
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  4. Song JC, White CM: Clinical pharmacokinetics and selective pharmacodynamics of new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(3):207-24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types (By similarity). SFRP4 plays a role in bone morphogenesis. May also act as a regulator of adult uterine morphology and function. May also increase apoptosis during ovulation possibly through modulation of FZ1/FZ4/WNT4 signaling (By similarity). Has phosphaturic effects by specifically inhibiting sodium-dependent phosphate uptake (PubMed:12952927).
Specific Function
Wnt-protein binding
Gene Name
SFRP4
Uniprot ID
Q6FHJ7
Uniprot Name
Secreted frizzled-related protein 4
Molecular Weight
39826.305 Da
References
  1. Bukhari SA, Shamshari WA, Ur-Rahman M, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZ: Computer aided screening of secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4): a potential control for diabetes mellitus. Molecules. 2014 Jul 11;19(7):10129-36. doi: 10.3390/molecules190710129. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Identical protein binding
Specific Function
Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
Gene Name
BCHE
Uniprot ID
P06276
Uniprot Name
Cholinesterase
Molecular Weight
68417.575 Da
References
  1. Mehta A, Iyer L, Parmar S, Shah G, Goyal R: Oculohypotensive effect of perindopril in acute and chronic models of glaucoma in rabbits. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010 May;88(5):595-600. doi: 10.1139/y10-026. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
Gene Name
SLC15A1
Uniprot ID
P46059
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 15 member 1
Molecular Weight
78805.265 Da
References
  1. Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.143339. Epub 2008 Aug 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Peptide:proton symporter activity
Specific Function
Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides.
Gene Name
SLC15A2
Uniprot ID
Q16348
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 15 member 2
Molecular Weight
81782.77 Da
References
  1. Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.143339. Epub 2008 Aug 19. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48