Tazarotene
Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Overview
- Description
- A medication used to treat fine wrinkles, uneven pigmentation spots on the skin, acne, and other skin reactions.
- Description
- A medication used to treat fine wrinkles, uneven pigmentation spots on the skin, acne, and other skin reactions.
- DrugBank ID
- DB00799
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Clinical Trials
- Phase 0
- 2
- Phase 1
- 16
- Phase 2
- 19
- Phase 3
- 20
- Phase 4
- 16
- Mechanism of Action
Identification
- Summary
Tazarotene is an acetylenic retinoid used to treat fine wrinkles, mottled pigmentation of the skin, acne vulgaris, and plaque psoriasis.
- Brand Names
- Arazlo, Duobrii, Fabior, Tazorac
- Generic Name
- Tazarotene
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00799
- Background
Tazarotene, commonly marketed as Tazorac®, Avage®, and Zorac®, is member of the acetylenic class of retinoids. It is a prodrug that is found in topical formulations used in the treatment of various conditons, such as psoriasis, acne, and sun damaged skin (photodamage).
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 351.462
Monoisotopic: 351.129299611 - Chemical Formula
- C21H21NO2S
- Synonyms
- Tazarotene
- Tazarotène
- Tazaroteno
- Tazarotenum
- External IDs
- AGN 190168
- AGN-190168
Pharmacology
- Indication
Used to treat psoriasis, acne and sun damaged skin (photodamage).
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Plaque psoriasis •••••••••••• Symptomatic treatment of Benign facial lentigines •••••••••••• Symptomatic treatment of Facial fine wrinkling •••••••••••• Symptomatic treatment of Facial hyperpigmentation •••••••••••• Symptomatic treatment of Facial hypopigmentation •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Following topical application, tazarotene undergoes esterase hydrolysis to form its active metabolite, tazarotenic acid. When treating acne tazarotene may be taken in conjunction with an oral antibiotic. Tazarotene has been shown in peer-reviewed double blinded studies to reduce: mottling and hyperpigmentation, sallowness, fine wrinkling and coarse wrinkling in sun damaged skin. Histological studies have shown that long term (greater than 1 year) use of Tazarotene is associated with a significant reduction in atypical melanocytes and keratocytes - cells considered to be precursors of skin cancer. Some studies have shown long term use of Tazarotene to be associated with increased collagen production and better organization of skin collagen bundles.
- Mechanism of action
Although the exact mechanism of tazarotene action is not known, studies have shown that the active form of the drug (tazarotenic acid) binds to all three members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) family: RARa, RARb, and RARg, but shows relative selectivity for RARb, and RARg and may modify gene expression. It also has affinity for RXR receptors.
Target Actions Organism ARetinoic acid receptor alpha agonistHumans ARetinoic acid receptor RXR-beta agonistHumans ARetinoic acid receptor gamma agonistHumans ARetinoic acid receptor beta agonistHumans - Absorption
Minimal systemic absorption of tazarotene occurs due to its rapid metabolism in the skin to the active metabolite, tazarotenic acid, which can be systemically absorbed and further metabolized. Gender had no influence on the systemic bioavailability of tazarotenic acid.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
The active form of the drug, tazarotenic acid, is highly bound to plasma proteins (>99%).
- Metabolism
Undergoes esterase hydrolysis in skin to form its active metabolite, tazarotenic acid. Tazarotenic acid is further metabolized in skin and, after systemic absorption, hepatically metabolized to sulfoxides, sulfones, and other polar products for elimination.
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Tazarotene and tazarotenic acid were metabolized to sulfoxides, sulfones and other polar metabolites which were eliminated through urinary and fecal pathways.
- Half-life
The half-life of the active form of the drug, tazarotenic acid, is approximately 18 hours in normal and psoriatic patients.
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Excessive topical use may lead to marked redness, peeling, or discomfort. Oral ingestion of the drug may affect liver function causing hypertriglyceridemia. Other symptoms may include conjunctival irritation, hair loss, headache, edema, fatigue, dermatitis, nausea, and visual disturbances. Oral administration of this material to rats and rabbits at doses of 0.20 mg/kg/day (rabbits) and 0.25 mg/kg/day (rats) resulted in developmental toxicity. A no effect level of 0.05 mg/kg/day was established. Similar teratogenic effects have been reported for other retinoid compounds.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The metabolism of Tazarotene can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Tazarotene can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Adalimumab The metabolism of Tazarotene can be increased when combined with Adalimumab. Almotriptan The metabolism of Almotriptan can be decreased when combined with Tazarotene. Alpelisib The metabolism of Tazarotene can be decreased when combined with Alpelisib. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- International/Other Brands
- Zorac
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Arazlo Lotion 0.045 % w/w Topical Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 2021-09-16 Not applicable Canada Arazlo Lotion 0.45 mg/1g Topical Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 2019-12-19 Not applicable US Avage Cream 1 mg/1g Cutaneous Allergan, Inc. 2003-01-07 2020-06-18 US Fabior Aerosol, foam 1 mg/1g Topical Stiefel Laboratories, Inc. 2013-09-04 2018-09-30 US Fabior Aerosol, foam 1 mg/1g Topical Mayne Pharma Inc. 2017-03-10 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Tazarotene Cream 1 mg/1g Topical Mayne Pharma Inc. 2021-11-10 Not applicable US Tazarotene Cream 0.5 mg/1g Topical Pacific Pharma, Inc. 2017-04-15 2023-12-31 US Tazarotene Cream 1 mg/1g Topical Fougera Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2019-01-28 Not applicable US Tazarotene Cream 0.5 mg/1g Topical Padagis Israel Pharmaceuticals Ltd 2024-09-09 Not applicable US Tazarotene Gel 0.5 mg/1g Cutaneous Solaris Pharma Corporation 2023-08-01 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Duobrii Tazarotene (0.045 % w/w) + Ulobetasol propionate (0.01 % w/w) Lotion Topical Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 2020-08-04 Not applicable Canada Duobrii Tazarotene (0.45 mg/1g) + Ulobetasol propionate (0.1 mg/1g) Lotion Topical Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 2019-04-25 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 011312 Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.05% Tazarotene (0.05 g/100g) + Nicotinamide (4 g/100g) Cream Topical Sincerus Florida, LLC 2020-07-02 Not applicable US Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tazarotene 0.05% Tazarotene (0.05 g/100g) + Clindamycin phosphate (1 g/100g) + Nicotinamide (2 g/100g) Gel Topical Sincerus Florida, LLC 2019-05-10 Not applicable US Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Tazarotene 0.05% Tazarotene (0.05 g/100g) + Sodium hyaluronate (0.5 g/100g) Cream Topical Sincerus Florida, LLC 2019-05-10 Not applicable US Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Tazarotene 0.1% Tazarotene (0.1 g/100g) + Sodium hyaluronate (0.5 g/100g) Cream Topical Sincerus Florida, LLC 2019-05-07 Not applicable US Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.05% Tazarotene (0.05 g/100g) + Nicotinamide (4 g/100g) Cream Topical Sincerus Florida, LLC 2019-05-01 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- D05AX55 — Tazarotene and ulobetasol
- D05AX — Other antipsoriatics for topical use
- D05A — ANTIPSORIATICS FOR TOPICAL USE
- D05 — ANTIPSORIATICS
- D — DERMATOLOGICALS
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as retinoids. These are oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Prenol lipids
- Sub Class
- Retinoids
- Direct Parent
- Retinoids
- Alternative Parents
- Thiochromanes / Pyridinecarboxylic acids / 1-benzothiopyrans / Alkylarylthioethers / Thiopyrans / Benzenoids / Heteroaromatic compounds / Carboxylic acid esters / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Azacyclic compounds show 5 more
- Substituents
- 1-benzothiopyran / Alkylarylthioether / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl thioether / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzothiopyran / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Heteroaromatic compound show 16 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- ethyl ester, retinoid, pyridines, acetylenic compound, thiochromane (CHEBI:32184)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 81BDR9Y8PS
- CAS number
- 118292-40-3
- InChI Key
- OGQICQVSFDPSEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C21H21NO2S/c1-4-24-20(23)16-7-9-17(22-14-16)8-5-15-6-10-19-18(13-15)21(2,3)11-12-25-19/h6-7,9-10,13-14H,4,11-12H2,1-3H3
- IUPAC Name
- ethyl 6-[2-(4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzothiopyran-6-yl)ethynyl]pyridine-3-carboxylate
- SMILES
- CCOC(=O)C1=CN=C(C=C1)C#CC1=CC2=C(SCCC2(C)C)C=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Samuele Frigoli, Claudio Fuganti, Stefano Serra, Francesco Pizzocaro, Angelo Bedeschi, Paolo Tubertini, "Process for the preparation of Tazarotene." U.S. Patent US20060205950, issued September 14, 2006.
US20060205950- General References
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014937
- KEGG Drug
- D01132
- KEGG Compound
- C12531
- PubChem Compound
- 5381
- PubChem Substance
- 46508992
- ChemSpider
- 5188
- BindingDB
- 50265951
- 83947
- ChEBI
- 32184
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1657
- ZINC
- ZINC000001542199
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000462
- PharmGKB
- PA164746821
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Tazarotene
- FDA label
- Download (90.3 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (25.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Treatment Actinic Keratosis (AK) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Atrophic Post Acne Scarring 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Cancer / Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Retinoid Intolerance / Sun Damaged Skin 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Scalp Psoriasis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Allergan inc
- Packagers
- Allergan Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Lotion Topical 0.045 % w/w Lotion Topical 0.45 mg/1g Lotion Topical Aerosol, foam Topical 1 mg/1g Cream Cutaneous 1.000 mg Cream Topical Gel Topical Gel Cutaneous Cream Topical 0.5 mg/1g Cream Topical 1 mg/1g Gel Topical 0.5 mg/1g Gel Topical 1 mg/1g Gel Topical 0.1 g Gel Topical 0.05 g Cream Cutaneous 0.05 mg/1g Cream Cutaneous 0.1 mg/1g Cream Cutaneous 0.5 mg/1g Cream Cutaneous 1 mg/1g Cream Topical 0.05 % Cream Topical 0.1 % Gel Cutaneous 0.5 mg/1g Gel Cutaneous 1 mg/1g Gel Oral 1 mg/1g Gel Topical 0.05 % Gel Topical 0.1 % Gel Cutaneous 0.05 g/100g Gel Cutaneous 0.1 g/100g Gel Topical - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Tazorac 0.1% Gel 100 gm Tube 638.75USD tube Tazorac 0.05% Gel 100 gm Tube 601.14USD tube Tazorac 60 gm Tube .1% 60 gm Tube 383.22USD tube Tazorac 60 gm Tube .05% 60 gm Tube 360.72USD tube Tazorac 0.1% Gel 30 gm Tube 191.64USD tube Tazorac 30 gm Tube .1% 30 gm Tube 191.64USD tube Tazorac 0.05% Cream 30 gm Tube 180.39USD tube Tazorac 0.05% Gel 30 gm Tube 180.39USD tube Tazorac 0.1% cream 5.59USD g Tazorac 0.05% cream 5.26USD g Tazorac 0.05 % Gel 1.49USD g Tazorac 0.1 % Gel 1.49USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5914334 No 1999-06-22 2014-06-07 US US5089509 No 1992-02-18 2011-06-13 US CA2191773 No 2004-08-10 2015-08-10 Canada US8808716 No 2014-08-19 2030-02-24 US US8809307 No 2014-08-19 2031-11-02 US US6517847 No 2003-02-11 2020-08-03 US US10251895 No 2019-04-09 2036-06-06 US US10478502 No 2019-11-19 2031-11-02 US US10426787 No 2019-10-01 2036-06-06 US US10568859 No 2020-02-25 2030-02-24 US US10688071 No 2020-06-23 2030-02-24 US US11311482 No 2018-05-11 2038-05-11 US US11679115 No 2016-06-06 2036-06-06 US US11648256 No 2016-06-06 2036-06-06 US US11679116 No 2016-06-06 2036-06-06 US US11839656 No 2011-11-02 2031-11-02 US US11986527 No 2011-11-02 2031-11-02 US US11957753 No 2011-11-02 2031-11-02 US US12076403 No 2011-11-02 2031-11-02 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility Soluble Not Available logP 5.6 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00075 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 5.15 ALOGPS logP 5.22 Chemaxon logS -5.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Basic) 1.23 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 39.19 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 97.88 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 40.31 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9936 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9675 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5233 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.5758 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.5422 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.5926 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8219 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7308 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7687 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5187 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.6172 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.6385 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8531 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.6586 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.6387 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.6124 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8154 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8925 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9946 Rat acute toxicity 2.5435 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9968 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.7757
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 210.8176333 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 210.6251333 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 181.56845 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 212.4993333 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 211.5877333 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 183.92645 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 211.0999333 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 211.2057333 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 190.98138 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid (PubMed:16417524, PubMed:19850744, PubMed:20215566, PubMed:21152046, PubMed:37478846). Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes (PubMed:28167758, PubMed:37478846, PubMed:21152046). The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 (PubMed:19398580, PubMed:28167758). In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression (PubMed:16417524). On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and associate with the coactivators leading to transcriptional activation (PubMed:19850744, PubMed:20215566, PubMed:9267036, PubMed:37478846). Formation of a complex with histone deacetylases might lead to inhibition of RARE DNA element binding and to transcriptional repression (PubMed:28167758). Transcriptional activation and RARE DNA element binding might be supported by the transcription factor KLF2 (PubMed:28167758). RARA plays an essential role in the regulation of retinoic acid-induced germ cell development during spermatogenesis (By similarity). Has a role in the survival of early spermatocytes at the beginning prophase of meiosis (By similarity). In Sertoli cells, may promote the survival and development of early meiotic prophase spermatocytes (By similarity). In concert with RARG, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity). Together with RXRA, positively regulates microRNA-10a expression, thereby inhibiting the GATA6/VCAM1 signaling response to pulsatile shear stress in vascular endothelial cells (PubMed:28167758). In association with HDAC3, HDAC5 and HDAC7 corepressors, plays a role in the repression of microRNA-10a and thereby promotes the inflammatory response (PubMed:28167758)
- Specific Function
- alpha-actinin binding
- Gene Name
- RARA
- Uniprot ID
- P10276
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 50770.805 Da
References
- Baumann L, Vujevich J, Halem M, Martin LK, Kerdel F, Lazarus M, Pacheco H, Black L, Bryde J: Open-label pilot study of alitretinoin gel 0.1% in the treatment of photoaging. Cutis. 2005 Jul;76(1):69-73. [Article]
- Chandraratna RA: Tazarotene--first of a new generation of receptor-selective retinoids. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Oct;135 Suppl 49:18-25. [Article]
- Yen A, Fenning R, Chandraratna R, Walker P, Varvayanis S: A retinoic acid receptor beta/gamma-selective prodrug (tazarotene) plus a retinoid X receptor ligand induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, retinoblastoma hypophosphorylation, G0 arrest, and cell differentiation. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;66(6):1727-37. Epub 2004 Sep 21. [Article]
- Meder W, Wendland M, Busmann A, Kutzleb C, Spodsberg N, John H, Richter R, Schleuder D, Meyer M, Forssmann WG: Characterization of human circulating TIG2 as a ligand for the orphan receptor ChemR23. FEBS Lett. 2003 Dec 18;555(3):495-9. [Article]
- Wang Q, Lee D, Sysounthone V, Chandraratna RAS, Christakos S, Korah R, Wieder R: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retonic acid analogues induce differentiation in breast cancer cells with function- and cell-specific additive effects. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001 May;67(2):157-68. [Article]
- Nagpal S, Chandraratna RA: Recent developments in receptor-selective retinoids. Curr Pharm Des. 2000 Jun;6(9):919-31. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE)
- Specific Function
- DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
- Gene Name
- RXRB
- Uniprot ID
- P28702
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta
- Molecular Weight
- 56921.38 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Nagpal S, Chandraratna RA: Recent developments in receptor-selective retinoids. Curr Pharm Des. 2000 Jun;6(9):919-31. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors. Required for limb bud development. In concert with RARA or RARB, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- chromatin binding
- Gene Name
- RARG
- Uniprot ID
- P13631
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 50341.405 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Arechalde A, Saurat JH: Management of psoriasis: the position of retinoid drugs. BioDrugs. 2000 May;13(5):327-33. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence or presence of hormone ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors (PubMed:12554770). The RXRA/RARB heterodimer can act as a repressor on the DR1 element and as an activator on the DR5 element (PubMed:29021580). In concert with RARG, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- RARB
- Uniprot ID
- P10826
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor beta
- Molecular Weight
- 50488.63 Da
References
- Jones PH, Burnett RD, Fainaru I, Nadolny P, Walker P, Yu Z, Tang-Liu D, Ganesan TS, Talbot DC, Harris AL, Rustin GJ: A phase 1 study of tazarotene in adults with advanced cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003 Sep 1;89(5):808-15. [Article]
- Orlandi A, Bianchi L, Costanzo A, Campione E, Giusto Spagnoli L, Chimenti S: Evidence of increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in basal cell carcinomas treated with tazarotene. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Apr;122(4):1037-41. [Article]
- Chandraratna RA: Tazarotene--first of a new generation of receptor-selective retinoids. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Oct;135 Suppl 49:18-25. [Article]
- Arechalde A, Saurat JH: Management of psoriasis: the position of retinoid drugs. BioDrugs. 2000 May;13(5):327-33. [Article]
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Attar M, Dong D, Ling KH, Tang-Liu DD: Cytochrome P450 2C8 and flavin-containing monooxygenases are involved in the metabolism of tazarotenic acid in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Apr;31(4):476-81. doi: 10.1124/dmd.31.4.476. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at November 09, 2024 05:58