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Identification
- Summary
Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue used to treat acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, and the blast phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia.
- Brand Names
- Cytosar, Vyxeos
- Generic Name
- Cytarabine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00987
- Background
A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Cytarabine (DB00987)
- Weight
- Average: 243.2166
Monoisotopic: 243.085520541 - Chemical Formula
- C9H13N3O5
- Synonyms
- 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine
- 4-Amino-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone
- Citarabina
- Cytarabine
- Cytarabine liposome
- Cytarabinum
- Cytosine arabinoside
- Cytosine-1-beta-D-arabinofuranoside
- cytosine-β-D-arabinofuranoside
- External IDs
- NSC-287459
- U 19920A
- U-19,920
- U-19920
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia and blast phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Cytarabine is indicated in combination with daunorubicin for the treatment of newly-diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) or AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) in adults and pediatric patients 1 year and older.2
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Acute lymphocytic leukemia •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••••• ••••• •••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••••• Treatment of Acute myeloid leukemia •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••••• ••••• •••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••••• Used in combination to treat Acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes Combination Product in combination with: Daunorubicin (DB00694) •••••••••••• ••••••••••• •••••• ••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• Used in combination to treat Acute promyelocytic leukemia ••• ••••• Treatment of Lymphomatous meningitis •••••••••••• ••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Cytarabine is an antineoplastic anti-metabolite used in the treatment of several forms of leukemia including acute myelogenous leukemia and meningeal leukemia. Anti-metabolites masquerade as purine or pyrimidine - which become the building blocks of DNA. They prevent these substances becoming incorporated in to DNA during the "S" phase (of the cell cycle), stopping normal development and division. Cytarabine is metabolized intracellularly into its active triphosphate form (cytosine arabinoside triphosphate). This metabolite then damages DNA by multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of alpha-DNA polymerase, inhibition of DNA repair through an effect on beta-DNA polymerase, and incorporation into DNA. The latter mechanism is probably the most important. Cytotoxicity is highly specific for the S phase of the cell cycle.
- Mechanism of action
Cytarabine acts through direct DNA damage and incorporation into DNA. Cytarabine is cytotoxic to a wide variety of proliferating mammalian cells in culture. It exhibits cell phase specificity, primarily killing cells undergoing DNA synthesis (S-phase) and under certain conditions blocking the progression of cells from the G1 phase to the S-phase. Although the mechanism of action is not completely understood, it appears that cytarabine acts through the inhibition of DNA polymerase. A limited, but significant, incorporation of cytarabine into both DNA and RNA has also been reported.
Target Actions Organism ADNA polymerase beta inhibitorHumans ADNA polymerase catalytic subunit inhibitorHHV-1 ADNA cross-linking/alkylationHumans - Absorption
Less than 20% of the orally administered dose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
13%
- Metabolism
Hepatic.
- Route of elimination
The primary route of elimination of cytarabine is metabolism to the inactive compound ara-U, followed by urinary excretion of ara-U.
- Half-life
10 minutes
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Cytarabine syndrome may develop - it is characterized by fever, myalgia, bone pain, occasionally chest pain, maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, and malaise.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cytarabine is combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Cytarabine. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acenocoumarol is combined with Cytarabine. Acetylsalicylic acid The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Cytarabine. Acipimox The risk or severity of myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria can be increased when Cytarabine is combined with Acipimox. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Cytarabine hydrochloride 33K3DB6591 69-74-9 KCURWTAZOZXKSJ-JBMRGDGGSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Ara-C (Gobbi) / Cytosar-U (Pfizer)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cytarabine Injection 100 mg/5mL Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Gland Pharma Limited 2018-02-14 Not applicable US 
Cytarabine Injection 20 mg/1mL Intravenous; Subcutaneous Gland Pharma Limited 2011-12-14 Not applicable US Cytarabine - Pws 1gn/vial Powder, for solution 1 g / vial Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Novopharm Limited 1995-12-31 2015-10-26 Canada 
Cytarabine - Pws 2gm/vial Powder, for solution 2 g / vial Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Novopharm Limited 1995-12-31 2015-10-26 Canada Cytarabine - Pws 500mg/vial Powder, for solution 500 mg / vial Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Novopharm Limited 1995-12-31 2015-10-26 Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Aj-cytarabine Solution 100 mg / mL Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Agila Jamp Canada Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Cytarabine Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 2 g/20mL Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Bedford Pharmaceuticals 1996-06-28 2010-12-31 US Cytarabine Injection, solution 20 mg/1mL Intravenous; Subcutaneous Meitheal Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2022-02-28 Not applicable US Cytarabine Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 100 mg/5mL Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Bedford Pharmaceuticals 1996-06-28 2013-07-31 US Cytarabine Injection 20 mg/1mL Intravenous; Subcutaneous Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc. 2011-12-14 2017-12-31 US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Vyxeos Cytarabine (100 mg) + Daunorubicin (44 mg) Powder Intravenous Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited 2021-07-06 Not applicable Canada Vyxeos Cytarabine (100 mg/20mL) + Daunorubicin (44 mg/20mL) Injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension Intravenous Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2017-08-03 Not applicable US Vyxeos Liposomal Cytarabine (5 mg/ml) + Daunorubicin hydrochloride (2.2 mg/ml) Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Ltd 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU 
VYXEOS LIPOSOMAL Cytarabine (5 MG/ML) + Daunorubicin (2.2 MG/ML) Powder Intravenous; Parenteral Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited 2019-01-29 Not applicable Italy 
Vyxeos Liposomal Cytarabine (5 mg/ml) + Daunorubicin hydrochloride (2.2 mg/ml) Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Ltd 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image CYTARABINE DBL 10 ML 1 GR FLAKON, 1 ADET Cytarabine (100 mg/5ml) Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous ORNA İLAÇ TEKSTİL KİMYEVİ MAD. SAN. VE DIŞ TİC. LTD. ŞTİ. 2018-12-25 Not applicable Turkey 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01BC01 — Cytarabine
- L01BC — Pyrimidine analogues
- L01B — ANTIMETABOLITES
- L01 — ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
- L — ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS
- Drug Categories
- Agents Causing Muscle Toxicity
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Antimetabolites
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Arabinonucleosides
- Cardiotoxic antineoplastic agents
- Cytidine Deaminase Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Immunologic Factors
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Myelosuppressive Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Noxae
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides
- Nucleoside Metabolic Inhibitor
- Nucleosides
- OCT1 substrates
- Pyrimidine Analogues
- Pyrimidine Nucleosides
- Pyrimidines
- Toxic Actions
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine nucleosides. These are compounds comprising a pyrimidine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
- Class
- Pyrimidine nucleosides
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Pyrimidine nucleosides
- Alternative Parents
- Glycosylamines / Pentoses / Pyrimidones / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Imidolactams / Hydropyrimidines / Tetrahydrofurans / Heteroaromatic compounds / Secondary alcohols / Azacyclic compounds show 6 more
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Glycosyl compound / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Hydropyrimidine / Imidolactam show 18 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- monosaccharide derivative, beta-D-arabinoside, pyrimidine nucleoside (CHEBI:28680)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 04079A1RDZ
- CAS number
- 147-94-4
- InChI Key
- UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-CCXZUQQUSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C9H13N3O5/c10-5-1-2-12(9(16)11-5)8-7(15)6(14)4(3-13)17-8/h1-2,4,6-8,13-15H,3H2,(H2,10,11,16)/t4-,6-,7+,8-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 4-amino-1-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one
- SMILES
- NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Michael Kluge, Herbert Schott, "Cytarabine derivatives, the preparation and use thereof." U.S. Patent US5641758, issued August, 1992.
US5641758- General References
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015122
- KEGG Drug
- D00168
- KEGG Compound
- C02961
- PubChem Compound
- 6253
- PubChem Substance
- 46505879
- ChemSpider
- 6017
- BindingDB
- 50087289
- 3041
- ChEBI
- 28680
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL803
- ZINC
- ZINC000003795098
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DNC001551
- PharmGKB
- PA449177
- PDBe Ligand
- AR3
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Cytarabine
- PDB Entries
- 1p5z / 5y9a
- FDA label
- Download (49.8 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (36.8 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
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Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Pacira pharmaceuticals inc
- App pharmaceuticals llc
- Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
- Hospira inc
- Teva parenteral medicines inc
- Packagers
- APP Pharmaceuticals
- Bedford Labs
- Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
- Enzon Inc.
- Hospira Inc.
- Pacira Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pharmacia Inc.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1000 mg Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/5ml Solution Intramuscular; Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous 100 mg/ml Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1000 mg Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1000 mg/20ml Injection Parenteral 20 mg/ml Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 40 mg/2ml Solution Parenteral 40 mg Injection Parenteral 50 mg/ml Solution Intramuscular; Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg Injection Intravenous 100 mg/5ml Injection Intravenous 1000 mg Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 100 MG/5ML Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 500 MG/10ML Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral; Subcutaneous 500 MG/10ML Injection, solution 100 mg/1ml Injection Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg Solution Intravenous 10000000 mg Injection, powder, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1000 mg Solution Parenteral 100 mg Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1 g Injection, powder, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 50000000 mg Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 500 mg Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 50000000 mg Injection, solution Parenteral 100 MG/ML Injection, powder, for solution Injection, solution Parenteral 1 G/50ML Injection, solution Parenteral 1 G/10ML Injection, solution Parenteral 100 MG/5ML Injection, solution Parenteral 2 G/20ML Injection, solution Parenteral 500 MG/5ML Solution Intravenous 100 mg Injection, solution Parenteral Injection, solution, concentrate Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/ml Solution Intravenous 500.00 mg Solution Intravenous 50000000 mg Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg Injection, solution 100 mg/ml Injection, solution Parenteral 20 mg/ml Injection Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/5mL Injection Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 g/20mL Injection Intravenous; Subcutaneous 20 mg/1mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1 g/10mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/5mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 g/20mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg/10mL Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 g/20mL Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 20 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 20 mg/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 20 mg/1mL Powder, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 1 g / vial Powder, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 2 g / vial Powder, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg / vial Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/5ml Injection Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/ml Injection Intradermal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/ml Solution Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/1ml Liquid Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg / mL Solution Intravenous 1000 mg Solution Intravenous 500 mg Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg / mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Parenteral 100 mg Injection, solution Intravenous 100 mg/ml Solution Subcutaneous 100.000 mg Powder, for solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg / vial Solution 100 mg/1ml Solution 20 mg/1ml Solution Parenteral 500.000 mg Injection, solution Injection, solution 1000 mg/10ml Injection 100 MG/ML Injection Intravenous; Subcutaneous 100 mg/ml Injection 1 g/10ml Injection, lipid complex Intrathecal 50 mg/5mL Suspension Intrathecal 10 mg / mL Injection, suspension Intrathecal 50 mg Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Injection, solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg/25ml Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous 500 mg Solution Intravenous 500.000 mg Solution Intrathecal; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 20 mg / mL Injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension Intravenous Powder Intravenous Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous Powder Intravenous; Parenteral Solution Intravenous 100000000 mg Solution Parenteral 500.00 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Depocyt 50 mg/5 ml vial 588.0USD ml Cytarabine 2 gm vial 48.0USD vial Cytarabine 1 gm vial 24.0USD vial DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5723147 No 1998-03-03 2015-03-03 US US5455044 No 1995-10-03 2013-05-14 US US7850990 No 2010-12-14 2027-01-23 US US8022279 No 2011-09-20 2027-09-14 US US8431806 No 2013-04-30 2025-04-22 US US8092828 No 2012-01-10 2029-04-01 US US8518437 No 2013-08-27 2026-06-07 US US9271931 No 2016-03-01 2027-01-23 US US10028912 No 2018-07-24 2034-09-29 US US10166184 No 2019-01-01 2032-10-15 US US10835492 No 2020-11-17 2032-10-15 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 186-188 Hunter, J.H.; U S . Patent 3,116,282; December 31,1963; assigned to The Upjohn Company. water solubility Freely soluble Not Available logP -2.8 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 43.8 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.2 ALOGPS logP -2.8 Chemaxon logS -0.74 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 12.55 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 4.19 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 128.61 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 2 Chemaxon Refractivity 54.54 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 22.53 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9623 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9465 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8887 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.798 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9686 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9532 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9519 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.793 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8613 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6203 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9543 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9638 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9497 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9489 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9609 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.981 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9132 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9158 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.7807 Rat acute toxicity 1.7184 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.983 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.911
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 161.0166385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 161.0579385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 161.3619385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 151.58852 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 161.6367385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 161.3019385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 161.1363385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 153.98409 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 160.5224385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 160.8809385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 161.1688385 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 160.96428 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Repair polymerase that plays a key role in base-excision repair (PubMed:10556592, PubMed:9207062, PubMed:9572863). During this process, the damaged base is excised by specific DNA glycosylases, the DNA backbone is nicked at the abasic site by an apurinic/apyrimidic (AP) endonuclease, and POLB removes 5'-deoxyribose-phosphate from the preincised AP site acting as a 5'-deoxyribose-phosphate lyase (5'-dRP lyase); through its DNA polymerase activity, it adds one nucleotide to the 3' end of the arising single-nucleotide gap (PubMed:10556592, PubMed:17526740, PubMed:9556598, PubMed:9572863, PubMed:9614142). Conducts 'gap-filling' DNA synthesis in a stepwise distributive fashion rather than in a processive fashion as for other DNA polymerases. It is also able to cleave sugar-phosphate bonds 3' to an intact AP site, acting as an AP lyase (PubMed:9614142)
- Specific Function
- 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity
- Gene Name
- POLB
- Uniprot ID
- P06746
- Uniprot Name
- DNA polymerase beta
- Molecular Weight
- 38177.34 Da
References
- Angeli JP, Ribeiro LR, Bellini MF, Mantovanil: Anti-clastogenic effect of beta-glucan extracted from barley towards chemically induced DNA damage in rodent cells. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006 Jun;25(6):319-24. [Article]
- Miura S, Izuta S: DNA polymerases as targets of anticancer nucleosides. Curr Drug Targets. 2004 Feb;5(2):191-5. [Article]
- Krynetskaia NF, Phadke MS, Jadhav SH, Krynetskiy EY: Chromatin-associated proteins HMGB1/2 and PDIA3 trigger cellular response to chemotherapy-induced DNA damage. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Apr;8(4):864-72. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0695. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- HHV-1
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Replicates viral genomic DNA. The replication complex is composed of six viral proteins: the DNA polymerase, processivity factor, primase, primase-associated factor, helicase, and ssDNA-binding protein. Additionally, the polymerase contains an intrinsic ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that specifically degrades RNA/DNA heteroduplexes or duplex DNA substrates in the 5' to 3' direction. Therefore, it can catalyze the excision of the RNA primers that initiate the synthesis of Okazaki fragments at a replication fork during viral DNA replication.
- Specific Function
- 3'-5'-DNA exonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P04293
- Uniprot Name
- DNA polymerase catalytic subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 136419.66 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Yes
Cross-linking/alkylation
References
- Prakasha Gowda AS, Polizzi JM, Eckert KA, Spratt TE: Incorporation of gemcitabine and cytarabine into DNA by DNA polymerase beta and ligase III/XRCC1. Biochemistry. 2010 Jun 15;49(23):4833-40. doi: 10.1021/bi100200c. [Article]
- Foti M, Omichinski JG, Stahl S, Maloney D, West J, Schweitzer BI: Effects of nucleoside analog incorporation on DNA binding to the DNA binding domain of the GATA-1 erythroid transcription factor. FEBS Lett. 1999 Feb 5;444(1):47-53. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Colburn DE, Giles FJ, Oladovich D, Smith JA: In vitro evaluation of cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions between cytarabine, idarubicin, itraconazole and caspofungin. Hematology. 2004 Jun;9(3):217-21. doi: 10.1080/10245330410001701585. [Article]
- Su M, Chang YT, Hernandez D, Jones RJ, Ghiaur G: Regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes in the leukaemic bone marrow microenvironment. J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Jun;23(6):4111-4117. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14298. Epub 2019 Mar 28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Phosphorylates the deoxyribonucleosides deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine (PubMed:12808445, PubMed:18377927, PubMed:19159229, PubMed:1996353, PubMed:20614893, PubMed:20637175). Has broad substrate specificity, and does not display selectivity based on the chirality of the substrate. It is also an essential enzyme for the phosphorylation of numerous nucleoside analogs widely employed as antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents (PubMed:12808445)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- DCK
- Uniprot ID
- P27707
- Uniprot Name
- Deoxycytidine kinase
- Molecular Weight
- 30518.315 Da
References
- Ohta T, Hori H, Ogawa M, Miyahara M, Kawasaki H, Taniguchi N, Komada Y: Impact of cytidine deaminase activity on intrinsic resistance to cytarabine in carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep. 2004 Nov;12(5):1115-20. [Article]
- Lamba JK: Genetic factors influencing cytarabine therapy. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Oct;10(10):1657-74. doi: 10.2217/pgs.09.118. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleotide monophosphates, releasing inorganic phosphate and the corresponding nucleoside, with AMP being the preferred substrate (PubMed:21933152, PubMed:22997138, PubMed:23142347, PubMed:24887587, PubMed:34403084). Shows a preference for ribonucleotide monophosphates over their equivalent deoxyribose forms (PubMed:34403084). Other substrates include IMP, UMP, GMP, CMP, dAMP, dCMP, dTMP, NAD and NMN (PubMed:21933152, PubMed:22997138, PubMed:23142347, PubMed:24887587, PubMed:34403084)
- Specific Function
- 5'-deoxynucleotidase activity
- Gene Name
- NT5E
- Uniprot ID
- P21589
- Uniprot Name
- 5'-nucleotidase
- Molecular Weight
- 63367.255 Da
References
- Lamba JK: Genetic factors influencing cytarabine therapy. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Oct;10(10):1657-74. doi: 10.2217/pgs.09.118. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the deamination of dCMP to dUMP, providing the nucleoside monophosphate substrate for the thymidylate synthase/TYMS (PubMed:7685356). Also, part of a nucleotide salvage pathway that eliminates epigenetically modified 5-hydroxymethyl-dCMP (hmdCMP) in a two-step process entailing deamination to cytotoxic 5-hydroxymethyl-dUMP (hmdUMP), followed by its hydrolysis into 5-hydroxymethyluracil (hmU) and 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate (deoxyribosephosphate) (PubMed:33833118). Catalyzes the first step in that pathway, the deamination of 5-hydroxymethyl-dCMP (hmdCMP) (PubMed:33833118)
- Specific Function
- dCMP deaminase activity
- Gene Name
- DCTD
- Uniprot ID
- P32321
- Uniprot Name
- Deoxycytidylate deaminase
- Molecular Weight
- 20015.805 Da
References
- Lamba JK: Genetic factors influencing cytarabine therapy. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Oct;10(10):1657-74. doi: 10.2217/pgs.09.118. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis
- Specific Function
- cytidine deaminase activity
- Gene Name
- CDA
- Uniprot ID
- P32320
- Uniprot Name
- Cytidine deaminase
- Molecular Weight
- 16184.545 Da
References
- Ohta T, Hori H, Ogawa M, Miyahara M, Kawasaki H, Taniguchi N, Komada Y: Impact of cytidine deaminase activity on intrinsic resistance to cytarabine in carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep. 2004 Nov;12(5):1115-20. [Article]
- Lamba JK: Genetic factors influencing cytarabine therapy. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Oct;10(10):1657-74. doi: 10.2217/pgs.09.118. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter that mediates the transport of endogenous and microbial zwitterions and organic cations (PubMed:10215651, PubMed:15107849, PubMed:15795384, PubMed:16729965, PubMed:20601551, PubMed:22206629, PubMed:22569296, PubMed:29530864). Functions as a Na(+)-dependent and pH-dependent high affinity microbial symporter of potent food-derived antioxidant ergothioeine (PubMed:15795384, PubMed:29530864, PubMed:33124720). Transports one sodium ion with one ergothioeine molecule (By similarity). Involved in the absorption of ergothioneine from the luminal/apical side of the small intestine and renal tubular cells, and into non-parenchymal liver cells, thereby contributing to maintain steady-state ergothioneine level in the body (PubMed:20601551). Also mediates the bidirectional transport of acetycholine, although the exact transport mechanism has not been fully identified yet (PubMed:22206629). Most likely exports anti-inflammatory acetylcholine in non-neuronal tissues, thereby contributing to the non-neuronal cholinergic system (PubMed:22206629, PubMed:22569296). Displays a general physiological role linked to better survival by controlling inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be related to ergothioneine and acetycholine transports (PubMed:15795384, PubMed:22206629). May also function as a low-affinity Na(+)-dependent transporter of L-carnitine through the mitochondrial membrane, thereby maintaining intracellular carnitine homeostasis (PubMed:10215651, PubMed:15107849, PubMed:16729965). May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H015
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 62154.48 Da
References
- Chen R, Nelson JA: Role of organic cation transporters in the renal secretion of nucleosides. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jul 15;60(2):215-9. [Article]
- Drenberg CD, Gibson AA, Pounds SB, Shi L, Rhinehart DP, Li L, Hu S, Du G, Nies AT, Schwab M, Pabla N, Blum W, Gruber TA, Baker SD, Sparreboom A: OCTN1 Is a High-Affinity Carrier of Nucleoside Analogues. Cancer Res. 2017 Apr 15;77(8):2102-2111. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-2548. Epub 2017 Feb 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds, and xenobiotics from cells. Lipophilic anion transporter that mediates ATP-dependent transport of glucuronide conjugates such as estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide and GSH conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) (PubMed:12527806, PubMed:15256465). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Mediates multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells by preventing the intracellular accumulation of certain antitumor drugs, such as, docetaxel and paclitaxel (PubMed:15256465, PubMed:23087055). Does not transport glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, MTX, folic acid, cAMP, or cGMP (PubMed:12527806)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCC10
- Uniprot ID
- Q5T3U5
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 10
- Molecular Weight
- 161627.375 Da
References
- Hopper-Borge E, Xu X, Shen T, Shi Z, Chen ZS, Kruh GD: Human multidrug resistance protein 7 (ABCC10) is a resistance factor for nucleoside analogues and epothilone B. Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 1;69(1):178-84. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1420. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Uniporter involved in the facilitative transport of nucleosides and nucleobases, and contributes to maintaining their cellular homeostasis (PubMed:10722669, PubMed:10755314, PubMed:12527552, PubMed:14759222, PubMed:15037197, PubMed:17379602, PubMed:21795683, PubMed:26406980, PubMed:27995448, PubMed:35790189, PubMed:8986748). Functions as a Na(+)-independent transporter (PubMed:8986748). Involved in the transport of nucleosides such as adenosine, guanosine, inosine, uridine, thymidine and cytidine (PubMed:10722669, PubMed:10755314, PubMed:12527552, PubMed:14759222, PubMed:15037197, PubMed:17379602, PubMed:26406980, PubMed:8986748). Also transports purine nucleobases (hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine nucleobases (thymine, uracil) (PubMed:21795683, PubMed:27995448). Mediates basolateral nucleoside uptake into Sertoli cells, thereby regulating the transport of nucleosides in testis across the blood-testis barrier (By similarity). Regulates inosine levels in brown adipocytes tissues (BAT) and extracellular inosine levels, which controls BAT-dependent energy expenditure (PubMed:35790189)
- Specific Function
- adenine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC29A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q99808
- Uniprot Name
- Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 50218.805 Da
References
- Santini D, Vincenzi B, Fratto ME, Perrone G, Lai R, Catalano V, Cass C, Ruffini PA, Spoto C, Muretto P, Rizzo S, Muda AO, Mackey JR, Russo A, Tonini G, Graziano F: Prognostic role of human equilibrative transporter 1 (hENT1) in patients with resected gastric cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2010 May;223(2):384-8. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22045. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at October 06, 2024 08:03