Bepridil

Identification

Generic Name
Bepridil
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01244
Background

A long-acting, non selective, calcium channel blocker with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist. It is no longer marketed in the United States, as it has been implicated in causing ventricular arrhythmias (ie. Torsade de pointes).

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Withdrawn
Structure
Weight
Average: 366.5396
Monoisotopic: 366.26711372
Chemical Formula
C24H34N2O
Synonyms
  • Bepadin
  • Bepridil
External IDs
  • CERM 1978
  • Org 5730

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of hypertension, and chronic stable angina (classic effort-associated angina).

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Bepridil is a calcium channel blocker that has well characterized anti-anginal properties and known but poorly characterized type 1 anti-arrhythmic and anti-hypertensive properties. It is not related chemically to other calcium channel blockers such as diltiazem hydrochloride, nifedipine and verapamil hydrochloride.

Mechanism of action

Bepridil has inhibitory effects on both the slow calcium (L-type) and fast sodium inward currents in myocardial and vascular smooth muscle, interferes with calcium binding to calmodulin, and blocks both voltage and receptor operated calcium channels. Bepridil inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. This has been demonstrated in isolated myocardial and vascular smooth muscle preparations in which both the slope of the calcium dose response curve and the maximum calcium-induced inotropic response were significantly reduced by bepridil. In cardiac myocytes in vitro, bepridil was shown to be tightly bound to actin. Bepridil regularly reduces heart rate and arterial pressure at rest and at a given level of exercise by dilating peripheral arterioles and reducing total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works.

TargetActionsOrganism
AVoltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A
inhibitor
Humans
AVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H
inhibitor
Humans
AVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2
inhibitor
Humans
USodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
inhibitor
Humans
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1
inhibitor
Humans
UTroponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
other
Humans
UCalmodulin
binder
Humans
UCalcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B
inhibitor
Humans
UCalcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A
inhibitor
Humans
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

99%

Metabolism

Hepatic.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

24-50 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

There has been one experience with overdosage in which a patient inadvertently took a single dose of 1600 mg of bepridil. The patient was observed for 72 hours in intensive care, but no significant adverse experiences were noted.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bepridil is combined with Abaloparatide.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Bepridil can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Bepridil can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe metabolism of Bepridil can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
AcarboseThe risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Bepridil is combined with Acarbose.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Alcohol can potentiate hypotension and dizziness when taken with this drug.
  • Take with food. Food reduces nausea.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Bepridil hydrochloride4W2P15D93M74764-40-2UEECHQPWQHYEDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Angopril / Cordium / Vascor

Categories

ATC Codes
C08EA02 — Bepridil
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylbenzamines. These are aromatic compounds consisting of a benzyl group that is N-linked to a benzamine.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Phenylmethylamines
Direct Parent
Phenylbenzamines
Alternative Parents
Dialkylarylamines / Benzylamines / Aniline and substituted anilines / Aralkylamines / N-alkylpyrrolidines / Trialkylamines / Dialkyl ethers / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Amine / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzylamine / Dialkyl ether / Dialkylarylamine / Ether / Hydrocarbon derivative
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
tertiary amine, pyrrolidines (CHEBI:3061)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
755BO701MA
CAS number
64706-54-3
InChI Key
UIEATEWHFDRYRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C24H34N2O/c1-21(2)19-27-20-24(25-15-9-10-16-25)18-26(23-13-7-4-8-14-23)17-22-11-5-3-6-12-22/h3-8,11-14,21,24H,9-10,15-20H2,1-2H3
IUPAC Name
N-benzyl-N-[3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl]aniline
SMILES
CC(C)COCC(CN(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1)N1CCCC1

References

Synthesis Reference

Mauvernay, R.Y., Busch, N., Moleyre, J., Monteil, A. and Simond, J.; U.S. Patent 3,962,238; June 8,1976; assigned to Centre Europeen de Recherches Mauvernay "CERM".

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015374
KEGG Drug
D07520
KEGG Compound
C06847
PubChem Compound
2351
PubChem Substance
46506353
ChemSpider
2261
BindingDB
78577
RxNav
1436
ChEBI
3061
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1008
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000525
PharmGKB
PA164754755
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand
BEP
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Bepridil

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)128Mauvernay, R.Y., Busch, N., Moleyre, J., Monteil, A. and Simond, J.; U.S. Patent 3,962,238; June 8,1976; assigned to Centre Europeen de Recherches Mauvernay "CERM".
water solubilitySlightly solubleNot Available
logP5.2Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00655 mg/mLALOGPS
logP5.33ALOGPS
logP5.49Chemaxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.16Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area15.71 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity115.12 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability43.5 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9859
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9003
Caco-2 permeable+0.5593
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7013
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.7951
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.8387
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.6774
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7898
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9117
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5495
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9107
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8462
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5636
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.67
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8688
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9938
Rat acute toxicity2.4903 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Strong inhibitor0.536
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.796
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-004m-8690000000-768d16d0b40d5b2932e7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-1509000000-635c2b439fcbf1756246
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-5819000000-2b77629c8a446a4f872b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-096u-9535000000-b33fb61876bbc8b56484
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0gb9-3897000000-1eac5e948a946ed42392
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-08fu-7911000000-f8f867cc8c3890f624e2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udl-5921000000-5a9dce6c764aec7589a1
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-206.4348802
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-183.05354
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+207.3563802
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+185.41151
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+207.9841802
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+192.20418
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name
CACNA1A
Uniprot ID
O00555
Uniprot Name
Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A
Molecular Weight
282362.39 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Bezprozvanny I, Tsien RW: Voltage-dependent blockade of diverse types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the Ca2+ channel antagonist mibefradil (Ro 40-5967). Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;48(3):540-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Scaffold protein binding
Specific Function
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name
CACNA1H
Uniprot ID
O95180
Uniprot Name
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H
Molecular Weight
259160.2 Da
References
  1. Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
  2. Bezprozvanny I, Tsien RW: Voltage-dependent blockade of diverse types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the Ca2+ channel antagonist mibefradil (Ro 40-5967). Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;48(3):540-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function
The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Acts as a regulatory subunit for P/Q-t...
Gene Name
CACNA2D2
Uniprot ID
Q9NY47
Uniprot Name
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2
Molecular Weight
129816.095 Da
References
  1. Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [Article]
  2. Bezprozvanny I, Tsien RW: Voltage-dependent blockade of diverse types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the Ca2+ channel antagonist mibefradil (Ro 40-5967). Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;48(3):540-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hormone binding
Specific Function
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates th...
Gene Name
ATP1A1
Uniprot ID
P05023
Uniprot Name
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight
112895.01 Da
References
  1. Kovacic H, Gallice P, Crevat A: Inhibition of sodium pump by bepridil. An in vitro and microcalorimetric study. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Oct 20;44(8):1529-34. [Article]
  2. Raess BU, Record DM: Inhibition of erythrocyte Ca2(+)-pump by Ca2+ antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Dec 1;40(11):2549-55. [Article]
  3. Smith SJ, England PJ: The effects of reported Ca2+ sensitisers on the rates of Ca2+ release from cardiac troponin C and the troponin-tropomyosin complex. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Aug;100(4):779-85. [Article]
  4. Lamers JM, Cysouw KJ, Verdouw PD: Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine, prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Nov 1;34(21):3837-43. [Article]
  5. Fuchs J, Mainka L, Reifart N, Zimmer G: Effects of bepridil on heart mitochondrial membrane and the isolated rat heart preparation. Arzneimittelforschung. 1986 Feb;36(2):209-12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
Specific Function
Potassium channel that plays an important role in a number of tissues, including heart, inner ear, stomach and colon (By similarity) (PubMed:10646604). Associates with KCNE beta subunits that modul...
Gene Name
KCNQ1
Uniprot ID
P51787
Uniprot Name
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1
Molecular Weight
74697.925 Da
References
  1. Chouabe C, Drici MD, Romey G, Barhanin J: Effects of calcium channel blockers on cloned cardiac K+ channels IKr and IKs. Therapie. 2000 Jan-Feb;55(1):195-202. [Article]
  2. Yumoto Y, Horie M, Kubota T, Ninomiya T, Kobori A, Takenaka K, Takano M, Niwano S, Izumi T: Bepridil block of recombinant human cardiac IKs current shows a time-dependent unblock. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;43(2):178-82. [Article]
  3. Chouabe C, Drici MD, Romey G, Barhanin J, Lazdunski M: HERG and KvLQT1/IsK, the cardiac K+ channels involved in long QT syndromes, are targets for calcium channel blockers. Mol Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;54(4):695-703. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Other
General Function
Troponin t binding
Specific Function
Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site fo...
Gene Name
TNNC1
Uniprot ID
P63316
Uniprot Name
Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
Molecular Weight
18402.36 Da
References
  1. Abusamhadneh E, Abbott MB, Dvoretsky A, Finley N, Sasi S, Rosevear PR: Interaction of bepridil with the cardiac troponin C/troponin I complex. FEBS Lett. 2001 Sep 28;506(1):51-4. [Article]
  2. Wang X, Li MX, Sykes BD: Structure of the regulatory N-domain of human cardiac troponin C in complex with human cardiac troponin I147-163 and bepridil. J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 23;277(34):31124-33. Epub 2002 Jun 11. [Article]
  3. MacLachlan LK, Reid DG, Mitchell RC, Salter CJ, Smith SJ: Binding of a calcium sensitizer, bepridil, to cardiac troponin C. A fluorescence stopped-flow kinetic, circular dichroism, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 15;265(17):9764-70. [Article]
  4. Kleerekoper Q, Liu W, Choi D, Putkey JA: Identification of binding sites for bepridil and trifluoperazine on cardiac troponin C. J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 3;273(14):8153-60. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Titin binding
Specific Function
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number...
Gene Name
CALM1
Uniprot ID
P0DP23
Uniprot Name
Calmodulin
Molecular Weight
16837.47 Da
References
  1. Lamers JM, Cysouw KJ, Verdouw PD: Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine, prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Nov 1;34(21):3837-43. [Article]
  2. Lamers JM, Verdouw PD, Mas-Oliva J: The effects of felodipine and bepridil on calcium-stimulated calmodulin binding and calcium pumping ATPase of cardiac sarcolemma before and after removal of endogenous calmodulin. Mol Cell Biochem. 1987 Dec;78(2):169-76. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Metal ion binding
Specific Function
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. Has a preference for cGMP as...
Gene Name
PDE1B
Uniprot ID
Q01064
Uniprot Name
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B
Molecular Weight
61379.235 Da
References
  1. Lamers JM, Cysouw KJ, Verdouw PD: Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine, prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Nov 1;34(21):3837-43. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Metal ion binding
Specific Function
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. Has a higher affinity for cG...
Gene Name
PDE1A
Uniprot ID
P54750
Uniprot Name
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A
Molecular Weight
61251.38 Da
References
  1. Lamers JM, Cysouw KJ, Verdouw PD: Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine, prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Nov 1;34(21):3837-43. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
Specific Function
Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the ...
Gene Name
KCNH2
Uniprot ID
Q12809
Uniprot Name
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
Molecular Weight
126653.52 Da
References
  1. Chiu PJ, Marcoe KF, Bounds SE, Lin CH, Feng JJ, Lin A, Cheng FC, Crumb WJ, Mitchell R: Validation of a [3H]astemizole binding assay in HEK293 cells expressing HERG K+ channels. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Jul;95(3):311-9. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Doki K, Sekiguchi Y, Kuga K, Aonuma K, Homma M: Serum flecainide S/R ratio reflects the CYP2D6 genotype and changes in CYP2D6 activity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2015 Aug;30(4):257-62. doi: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.04.001. Epub 2015 Apr 11. [Article]
  2. Taguchi M, Fujiki A, Iwamoto J, Inoue H, Tahara K, Saigusa K, Horiuchi I, Oshima Y, Hashimoto Y: Nonlinear mixed effects model analysis of the pharmacokinetics of routinely administered bepridil in Japanese patients with arrhythmias. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Mar;29(3):517-21. doi: 10.1248/bpb.29.517. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Uesawa Y, Takeuchi T, Mohri K: Integrated analysis on the physicochemical properties of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in grapefruit juice interactions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 Jul;13(9):1705-17. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Ibrahim S, Peggins J, Knapton A, Licht T, Aszalos A: Influence of antipsychotic, antiemetic, and Ca(2+) channel blocker drugs on the cellular accumulation of the anticancer drug daunorubicin: P-glycoprotein modulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Dec;295(3):1276-83. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:54