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Identification
- Summary
Cobimetinib is an antineoplastic agent and selective inhibitor of the mitogen-activated extracellular kinase (MEK) pathway used to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma.
- Brand Names
- Cotellic
- Generic Name
- Cobimetinib
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB05239
- Background
Cobimetinib is an orally active, potent and highly selective small molecule inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1 or MEK1), and central components of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway. It has been approved in Switzerland and the US, in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Cobimetinib (DB05239)
- Weight
- Average: 531.318
Monoisotopic: 531.06306 - Chemical Formula
- C21H21F3IN3O2
- Synonyms
- Cobimetinib
- External IDs
- GDC 0973
- GDC-0973
- GDC0973
- RG 7420
- RG-7420
- RG7420
- RO5514041
- XL 518
- XL-518
- XL518
Pharmacology
- Indication
Cobimetinib is indicated in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation. As a single agent, cobimetinib is also indicated for the treatment of adult patients with histiocytic neoplasms.6
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Histiocytic neoplasm •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Metastatic melanoma Regimen in combination with: Vemurafenib (DB08881) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Metastatic melanoma Regimen in combination with: Vemurafenib (DB08881) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Unresectable melanoma Regimen in combination with: Vemurafenib (DB08881) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Unresectable melanoma Regimen in combination with: Vemurafenib (DB08881) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Cobimetinib is a reversible inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that this agent is effective in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells bearing a BRAF mutation, which has been found to be associated with many tumor types. A threonine-tyrosine kinase and a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that is frequently activated in human tumors, MEK1 is required for the transmission of growth-promoting signals from numerous receptor tyrosine kinases. Cobimetinib is used in combination with vemurafenib because the clinical benefit of a BRAF inhibitor is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Reactivation of the MAPK pathway is a major contributor to treatment failure in BRAF-mutant melanomas, approximately ~80% of melanoma tumors become BRAF-inhibitor resistant due to reactivation of MAPK signaling. BRAF-inhibitor-resistant tumor cells are sensitive to MEK inhibition, therefore cobimetinib and vemurafenib will result in dual inhibition of BRAF and its downstream target, MEK.1,3,4
- Mechanism of action
Cobimetinib is a reversible inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2. MEK proteins are upstream regulators of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway, which promotes cellular proliferation. BRAF V600E and K mutations result in constitutive activation of the BRAF pathway which includes MEK1 and MEK2. In mice implanted with tumor cell lines expressing BRAF V600E, cobimetinib inhibited tumor cell growth.6
Cobimetinib and vemurafenib target two different kinases in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Compared to either drug alone, coadministration of cobimetinib and vemurafenib resulted in increased apoptosis in vitro and reduced tumor growth in mouse implantation models of tumor cell lines harboring BRAF V600E mutations. Cobimetinib also prevented vemurafenib-mediated growth enhancement of a wild-type BRAF tumor cell line in an in vivo mouse implantation model.6
Target Actions Organism ADual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Following oral dosing of 60 mg once daily in cancer patients, the median time to achieve peak plasma levels (Tmax) was 2.4 (range:1–24) hours, geometric mean steady-state AUC0-24h was 4340 ng∙h/mL (61% CV) and Cmax was 273 ng/mL (60% CV). The absolute bioavailability of COTELLIC was 46% (90% CI: 40%, 53%) in healthy subjects. A high‐fat meal (comprised of approximately 150 calories from protein, 250 calories from carbohydrate, and 500–600 calories from fat) had no effect on cobimetinib AUC and Cmax after a single 20 mg COTELLIC was administered to healthy subjects.6
- Volume of distribution
The estimated apparent volume of distribution was 806 L in cancer patients based on a population PK analysis.6
- Protein binding
Cobimetinib is 95% bound to human plasma proteins in vitro, independent of drug concentration.6
- Metabolism
Cobimetinib is mainly metabolized via CYP3A oxidation and UGT2B7 glucuronidation with no major metabolites formed.6
- Route of elimination
Following oral administration of a single 20 mg radiolabeled cobimetinib dose, 76% of the dose was recovered in the feces (with 6.6% as unchanged drug) and 17.8% of the dose was recovered in the urine (with 1.6% as unchanged drug).6
- Half-life
Following oral administration of COTELLIC 60 mg once daily in cancer patients, the mean elimination half-life (t1/2) was 44 (range: 23–70) hours.6
- Clearance
Following oral administration of COTELLIC 60 mg once daily in cancer patients, the mean apparent clearance (CL/F) was 13.8 L/h (61% CV).6
- Adverse Effects
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The most common adverse effects (>20%) for cobimetinib are diarrhea, photosensitivity reactions, nausea, fever and vomiting.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Cobimetinib can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Cobimetinib can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abemaciclib The metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Cobimetinib. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Cobimetinib can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Cobimetinib can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib. - Food Interactions
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits the metabolism of cobimetinib through the CYP3A4 pathway and, therefore, may increase serum levels of cobimetinib.
- Avoid St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A4 metabolism, which may reduce serum levels of cobimetinib.
- Take with or without food. Cobimetinib bioavailability is unaffected by food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Cobimetinib fumarate 6EXI96H8SV 1369665-02-0 RESIMIUSNACMNW-BXRWSSRYSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cotellic Tablet, film coated 20 mg/1 Oral Genentech, Inc. 2015-11-10 Not applicable US 
Cotellic Tablet, film coated 20 mg Oral Roche Registration Gmbh 2020-12-23 Not applicable EU 
Cotellic Tablet, film coated 20 mg/1mg Oral DELPHARM MILANO S.R.L.. 2015-11-10 2018-02-16 US Cotellic Tablet 20 mg Oral Hoffmann La Roche 2016-04-06 Not applicable Canada 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01EE02 — Cobimetinib
- Drug Categories
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs causing inadvertant photosensitivity
- Kinase Inhibitor
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1, antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- OATP1B3 inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Photosensitizing Agents
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- UGT2B7 substrates
- UGT2B7 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as anthranilamides. These are aromatic compound containing a benzene carboxamide moiety that carries an amine group at the 2-position of the benzene ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Benzoic acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Anthranilamides
- Alternative Parents
- 2-aminobenzamides / 3-halobenzoic acids and derivatives / 4-halobenzoic acids and derivatives / Aniline and substituted anilines / Benzoyl derivatives / Iodobenzenes / Fluorobenzenes / Piperidines / Aryl fluorides / Aryl iodides show 13 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / 2-aminobenzamide / 3-halobenzoic acid or derivatives / 4-halobenzoic acid or derivatives / Alcohol / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminobenzamide / Aminobenzoic acid or derivatives / Aniline or substituted anilines show 31 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- ER29L26N1X
- CAS number
- 934660-93-2
- InChI Key
- BSMCAPRUBJMWDF-KRWDZBQOSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C21H21F3IN3O2/c22-14-6-5-13(19(18(14)24)27-16-7-4-12(25)9-15(16)23)20(29)28-10-21(30,11-28)17-3-1-2-8-26-17/h4-7,9,17,26-27,30H,1-3,8,10-11H2/t17-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 1-{3,4-difluoro-2-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]benzoyl}-3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol
- SMILES
- OC1(CN(C1)C(=O)C1=C(NC2=C(F)C=C(I)C=C2)C(F)=C(F)C=C1)[C@@H]1CCCCN1
References
- General References
- Garnock-Jones KP: Cobimetinib: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2015 Oct;75(15):1823-30. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0477-8. [Article]
- Han K, Jin JY, Marchand M, Eppler S, Choong N, Hack SP, Tikoo N, Bruno R, Dresser M, Musib L, Budha NR: Population pharmacokinetics and dosing implications for cobimetinib in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2015 Nov;76(5):917-24. doi: 10.1007/s00280-015-2862-0. Epub 2015 Sep 13. [Article]
- Singh A, Ruan Y, Tippett T, Narendran A: Targeted inhibition of MEK1 by cobimetinib leads to differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Sep 18;34:104. doi: 10.1186/s13046-015-0222-x. [Article]
- Tran KA, Cheng MY, Mitra A, Ogawa H, Shi VY, Olney LP, Kloxin AM, Maverakis E: MEK inhibitors and their potential in the treatment of advanced melanoma: the advantages of combination therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015 Dec 21;10:43-52. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S93545. eCollection 2016. [Article]
- Takahashi RH, Choo EF, Ma S, Wong S, Halladay J, Deng Y, Rooney I, Gates M, Hop CE, Khojasteh SC, Dresser MJ, Musib L: Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion, and the Contribution of Intestinal Metabolism to the Oral Disposition of [14C]Cobimetinib, a MEK Inhibitor, in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Jan;44(1):28-39. doi: 10.1124/dmd.115.066282. Epub 2015 Oct 8. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: COTELLIC (cobimetinib) tablets for oral use [Link]
- EPAR Assessment report: Cotellic (International non-proprietary name cobimetinib) [Link]
- LA ROCHE PRODUCT MONOGRAPH COTELLIC®(COBIMETINIB) [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D10405
- PubChem Compound
- 16222096
- PubChem Substance
- 310264856
- ChemSpider
- 17349374
- BindingDB
- 50391802
- 1722365
- ChEBI
- 90851
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL2146883
- ZINC
- ZINC000060325170
- PharmGKB
- PA166160044
- PDBe Ligand
- EUI
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Cobimetinib
- PDB Entries
- 4an2 / 4lmn / 7juy / 7m0v
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Melanoma 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Metastatic Melanoma 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Terminated Treatment Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Colorectal Cancer 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Disease or R Group Histiocytoses 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 20 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 20 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 20 mg/1mg Tablet, coated Oral 20 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 20 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US8362002 Yes 2013-01-29 2027-04-05 US US7803839 Yes 2010-09-28 2030-05-10 US US10478400 Yes 2019-11-19 2036-12-29 US US10590102 Yes 2020-03-17 2036-12-30 US US11087354 Yes 2021-08-10 2034-12-22 US US11254649 Yes 2016-12-30 2036-12-30 US US11597699 No 2006-10-05 2026-10-05 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0422 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.35 ALOGPS logP 5.04 Chemaxon logS -4.1 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.37 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.76 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 64.6 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 4 Chemaxon Refractivity 115.85 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 44.75 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 208.98216 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 211.34015 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 217.43329 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates RAS and this initiates RAF1 activation. RAF1 then further activates the dual-specificity protein kinases MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. Both MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 function specifically in the MAPK/ERK cascade, and catalyze the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2, leading to their activation and further transduction of the signal within the MAPK/ERK cascade. Activates BRAF in a KSR1 or KSR2-dependent manner; by binding to KSR1 or KSR2 releases the inhibitory intramolecular interaction between KSR1 or KSR2 protein kinase and N-terminal domains which promotes KSR1 or KSR2-BRAF dimerization and BRAF activation (PubMed:29433126). Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation, predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements. One target of the MAPK/ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. MAP2K1/MEK1 has been shown to export PPARG from the nucleus. The MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC), as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- MAP2K1
- Uniprot ID
- Q02750
- Uniprot Name
- Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 43438.65 Da
References
- Singh A, Ruan Y, Tippett T, Narendran A: Targeted inhibition of MEK1 by cobimetinib leads to differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Sep 18;34:104. doi: 10.1186/s13046-015-0222-x. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Singh A, Ruan Y, Tippett T, Narendran A: Targeted inhibition of MEK1 by cobimetinib leads to differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Sep 18;34:104. doi: 10.1186/s13046-015-0222-x. [Article]
- Budha NR, Ji T, Musib L, Eppler S, Dresser M, Chen Y, Jin JY: Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016 Nov;55(11):1435-1445. doi: 10.1007/s40262-016-0412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:10702251, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:23756265, PubMed:26220143). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:23756265). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous steroid hormones such as androgens (epitestosterone, androsterone) and estrogens (estradiol, epiestradiol, estriol, catechol estrogens) (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:17442341, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19022937, PubMed:2159463, PubMed:23288867, PubMed:26220143). Also regulates the levels of retinoic acid, a major metabolite of vitamin A involved in apoptosis, cellular growth and differentiation, and embryonic development (PubMed:10702251). Contributes to bile acid (BA) detoxification by catalyzing the glucuronidation of BA substrates, which are natural detergents for dietary lipids absorption (PubMed:23756265). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, caderastan and zolarsatan, drugs which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161)
- Specific Function
- glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- UGT2B7
- Uniprot ID
- P16662
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
- Molecular Weight
- 60720.15 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: COTELLIC (cobimetinib) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
- Specific Function
- anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: COTELLIC (cobimetinib) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Takahashi RH, Choo EF, Ma S, Wong S, Halladay J, Deng Y, Rooney I, Gates M, Hop CE, Khojasteh SC, Dresser MJ, Musib L: Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion, and the Contribution of Intestinal Metabolism to the Oral Disposition of [14C]Cobimetinib, a MEK Inhibitor, in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Jan;44(1):28-39. doi: 10.1124/dmd.115.066282. Epub 2015 Oct 8. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in the body. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ORM1
- Uniprot ID
- P02763
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 23539.43 Da
References
- LA ROCHE PRODUCT MONOGRAPH COTELLIC®(COBIMETINIB) [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Weak inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278, PubMed:10873595, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12196548, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799, PubMed:16627748, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463, PubMed:26979622). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver (PubMed:10358072, PubMed:10601278). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:10601278, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:15970799). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- EPAR Assessment report: Cotellic (International non-proprietary name cobimetinib) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826). Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoid leukotriene C4, prostaglandin E2 and L-thyroxine (T4) (PubMed:10779507, PubMed:11159893, PubMed:12568656, PubMed:15159445, PubMed:17412826, PubMed:19129463). Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions (PubMed:19129463). Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards sulfated steroids, taurocholate and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment (PubMed:19129463). Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver (PubMed:22232210). Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop (PubMed:22232210). Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition (PubMed:26383540). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) such as pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs (PubMed:15159445). May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel (PubMed:23243220). May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver (PubMed:16624871, PubMed:16627748)
- Specific Function
- bile acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- EPAR Assessment report: Cotellic (International non-proprietary name cobimetinib) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Weak inhibitor
- General Function
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- EPAR Assessment report: Cotellic (International non-proprietary name cobimetinib) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
Drug created at October 21, 2007 22:24 / Updated at June 02, 2024 21:55