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Identification
- Summary
Zinc chloride is a medication used to treat zinc deficiencies and associated symptoms and also in total parenteral nutrition.
- Generic Name
- Zinc chloride
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB14533
- Background
Zinc chloride is a solution of ions indicated for use in total parenteral nutrition to maintain zinc levels and prevent deficiency syndromes.11
Zinc chloride was granted FDA approval before 26 June 1986.11
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Zinc chloride (DB14533)
- Weight
- Average: 136.315
Monoisotopic: 133.866851992 - Chemical Formula
- Cl2Zn
- Synonyms
- Zinc chloride
Pharmacology
- Indication
Zinc chloride injections are indicated for use total parenteral nutrition to maintain zinc serum levels and prevent deficiency syndromes.11
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Zinc is a cofactor in many enzymes and mediates a number of catalytic, structural, and regulatory roles in the body.6 It has a wide therapeutic index and long duration of action, as most zinc in the body is reabsorbed.2,10 Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of administration in patients with severe kidney dysfunction.11
- Mechanism of action
Zinc performs catalytic, structural, and regulatory roles in the body. Zinc is a component of approximately 3000 human proteins.6
Zinc is cytoprotective against reactive oxygen species mediated apoptosis through the action of metallothioneins.8
In a promyelocytic leukemia cell line, zinc enhances the up-regulation of A20 mRNA, which, via the TRAF pathway, decreases NF-kappaB activation, leading to decreased gene expression and generation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 7.
In patients with diarrhea, zinc restores mucosal barrier integrity, restores enterocyte brush-border enzyme activity, promotes the production of antibodies, and promotes the production of circulating lymphocytes against intestinal pathogens.5 Zinc also directly affects ion channels as a potassium channel blocker of cAMP-mediated chlorine secretion.5
Zinc deficiency decreases thymulin, inhibiting T-helper cell maturation and decreased Th-1 cytokines like IL-2.1 Decreased IL-2 decreases the activity of NK cells and CD8+ T cells.1 Zinc deficiency also leads to the generation of CD4+ T cells, decreased NF-κB activation, decreased phosphorylation of IκB, and decreased binding of NF-κB to DNA.1
- Absorption
Zinc is approximately 33% orally bioavailable in humans but bioavailability can vary between patients and depending on current zinc levels.2 Further data regarding the pharmacokinetics of zinc chloride are not readily available.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Zinc is 70% protein bound in plasma, partially to serum albumin.10
- Metabolism
Zinc chloride dissociates into ions in vivo and does not undergo further metabolism.
- Route of elimination
Zinc is predominantly eliminated in the feces.2,10 Gastrointestinal elimination of zinc is responsible for approximately half of all zinc elimination.2
- Half-life
Using a two compartment model, zinc has once half life of 4.5-26 days and a second half life of 387-478 days.4
- Clearance
In one study of healthy patients, the clearance of zinc was found to be 0.63 ± 0.39 μg/min.3
- Adverse Effects
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Patients experiencing and overdose may present with hypotension, pulmonary edema, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, and oligouria.10 Overdose can be managed through symptomatic and supportive treatment which may include sodium calcium edetate and analgesics.10
The oral LD50 in mice is 329 mg/kg and in rats is 350 mg/kg.9
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareCarbamazepine Zinc chloride can cause a decrease in the absorption of Carbamazepine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Ceftibuten Zinc chloride can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ceftibuten resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Cephalexin Zinc chloride can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cephalexin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Cinoxacin Zinc chloride can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cinoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Ciprofloxacin Zinc chloride can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Zinc cation ionic 13S1S8SF37 23713-49-7 PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Perioselect Zinc Chloride Solution 1% Solution 1 % Dental Sultan Healthcare 1992-12-31 1996-09-06 Canada 
Zinc Injection, solution 1 mg/1mL Intravenous Hospira, Inc. 1990-09-30 Not applicable US 
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Zinc Chloride Injection 1 mg/1mL Intravenous Exela Pharma Sciences, LLC 2021-08-27 Not applicable US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Dermagran II Moisturiz.spray-liq Top 1mg/ml Liquid 1 mg / mL Topical Canderm G.P. 1998-05-07 2008-08-06 Canada Dermagran II Moisturizing Spray 1mg/ml Liquid 1 mg / mL Topical Canadian Medical Supply Inc. 1993-12-31 1996-09-09 Canada Dermagran II Moisturizing Spray-1mg/ml Liquid 1 mg / mL Topical Trans Canaderm Inc. 1996-01-01 1996-09-10 Canada Prosol Astringent Irrigating Medicament Liq Liquid .15 % Dental Dentsply Caulk 1994-12-31 1996-11-05 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel Zinc chloride (0.15 g/100g) + Benzocaine (20 g/100g) + Menthol (0.1 g/100g) Gel Oral CVS 2020-06-05 Not applicable US 3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel Zinc chloride (0.15 g/100g) + Benzocaine (20 g/100g) + Menthol (0.1 g/100g) Gel Oral H E B 2020-06-02 Not applicable US 3X Medicated Mouth Sore Gel Zinc chloride (0.15 g/100g) + Benzocaine (20 g/100g) + Menthol (0.1 g/100g) Gel Oral Rite Aid Corporation 2020-06-05 Not applicable US 3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel Zinc chloride (0.15 g/100g) + Benzocaine (20 g/100g) + Menthol (0.1 g/100g) Gel Oral Walgreens 2021-10-20 Not applicable US 3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel Zinc chloride (0.15 g/100g) + Benzocaine (20 g/100g) + Menthol (0.1 g/100g) Gel Oral Lornamead 2020-06-05 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Addamel N Zinc chloride (0.65 mg/1mL) + Chromic chloride hexahydrate (1 ug/1mL) + Cuprous chloride (0.13 mg/1mL) + Ferric chloride (0.11 mg/1mL) + Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (0.027 mg/1mL) + Potassium Iodide (0.013 mg/1mL) + Sodium selenite (3.2 ug/1mL) + Sodium fluoride (0.095 mg/1mL) + Sodium molybdate dihydrate (1.9 ug/1mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2013-05-07 2017-03-31 US ADDAMEL N 20 AMPUL Zinc chloride (13.6 mg/10mL) + Chromic chloride (53.3 mcg/10mL) + Cupric Chloride (3.4 mg/10mL) + Ferric chloride (5.4 mg/10mL) + Manganese chloride (990 mcg/10mL) + Potassium Iodide (166 mcg/10mL) + Sodium selenite (69 mcg/10mL) + Sodium fluoride (2.1 mg/10mL) + Sodium molybdate (48.5 mcg/10mL) Injection, solution Intravenous FRESENİUS KABİ İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ. 2019-04-30 Not applicable Turkey 
ADDAVEN IV INFUZYON ICIN KONSANTRE SOLUSYON Zinc chloride (10.5 mg/10mL) + Chromic chloride (53.3 mcg/10mL) + Cupric Chloride (1.02 mg/10mL) + Ferric chloride (5.4 mg/10mL) + Manganese chloride (198 mcg/10mL) + Potassium Iodide (166 mcg/10mL) + Sodium selenite (173 mcg/10mL) + Sodium fluoride (2.1 mg/10mL) + Sodium molybdate (48.5 mcg/10mL) Injection, solution Intravenous FRESENİUS KABİ İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ. 2016-09-06 Not applicable Turkey Peditrace Zinc chloride (250 ug/1mL) + Cupric chloride dihydrate (20 ug/1mL) + Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (1 ug/1mL) + Potassium Iodide (1 ug/1mL) + Sodium selenite (2 ug/1mL) + Sodium fluoride (57 ug/1mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2013-05-09 2016-08-31 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C05AX04 — Zinc preparations
- C05AX — Other agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use
- C05A — AGENTS FOR TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS AND ANAL FISSURES FOR TOPICAL USE
- C05 — VASOPROTECTIVES
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Acids
- Acids, Noncarboxylic
- Agents for Treatment of Hemorrhoids and Anal Fissures for Topical Use
- Anions
- Basic Ointments and Protectants
- Blood and Blood Forming Organs
- Blood Substitutes and Perfusion Solutions
- Chlorine Compounds
- Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
- Cosmetics
- Dental Agents
- EENT Drugs, Miscellaneous
- Electrolyte Solutions
- Electrolytes
- Household Products
- I.V. Solution Additives
- Ions
- Metal cations
- Metal divalent cations
- Mouthwashes
- Skin Ulcer, drug therapy
- Vasoprotectives
- Zinc Compounds
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal chlorides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest halogen atom is Chlorine, and the heaviest metal atom is a transition metal.
- Kingdom
- Inorganic compounds
- Super Class
- Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
- Class
- Transition metal salts
- Sub Class
- Transition metal chlorides
- Direct Parent
- Transition metal chlorides
- Alternative Parents
- Inorganic chloride salts
- Substituents
- Inorganic chloride salt / Inorganic salt / Transition metal chloride
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- inorganic chloride, zinc molecular entity (CHEBI:49976)
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 86Q357L16B
- CAS number
- 7646-85-7
- InChI Key
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L
- InChI
- InChI=1S/2ClH.Zn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
- IUPAC Name
- zinc(2+) dichloride
- SMILES
- [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn++]
References
- General References
- Prasad AS: Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med. 2008 May-Jun;14(5-6):353-7. doi: 10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad. [Article]
- Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R: Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013 Feb;18(2):144-57. [Article]
- Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan VA, Brewer GJ, Vander AJ, Guenther MJ, Prasad AS: Net renal tubular reabsorption of zinc in healthy man and impaired handling in sickle cell anemia. Am J Hematol. 1989 Jun;31(2):87-90. doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830310203. [Article]
- Unknown Author: Metabolic data for zinc . 1980 Jul 1;4(3-4):21-23. [Article]
- Lazzerini M, Wanzira H: Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 20;12:CD005436. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005436.pub5. [Article]
- Myers SA, Nield A, Myers M: Zinc transporters, mechanisms of action and therapeutic utility: implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:173712. doi: 10.1155/2012/173712. Epub 2012 Dec 12. [Article]
- Dardenne M: Zinc and immune function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S20-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601479. [Article]
- Lansdown AB, Mirastschijski U, Stubbs N, Scanlon E, Agren MS: Zinc in wound healing: theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects. Wound Repair Regen. 2007 Jan-Feb;15(1):2-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2006.00179.x. [Article]
- Fisher Scientific: Zinc Chloride MSDS [Link]
- Medsafe New Zealand Approved Drug Products: Zinc Chloride Solution for Injection [Link]
- Dailymed: Zinc Chloride Injection [Link]
- External Links
- ChemSpider
- 5525
- ChEBI
- 49976
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1200679
- Wikipedia
- Zinc_chloride
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
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Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Prevention Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Prevention Caries / Gingival Diseases 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Cream Oral Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection Intravenous 5.33 mcg/ml Injection, solution Intravenous drip Solution Intravenous 5.33 mcg/ml Spray Oral Cream Topical Solution Buccal; Oral 0.42 g Liquid Topical 1 mg / mL Spray Topical Spray Oropharyngeal Spray Oral; Topical Solution Oral Gel Oral Liquid Topical Solution Intravenous 0.053 mg/10ml Gel Topical Gel Dental; Topical Injection, solution Intravenous Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous; Parenteral Injection, solution, concentrate Parenteral Solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection Intravenous Solution Dental 1 % Paste Dental Liquid Dental .15 % Gel, dentifrice Oral Liquid Intravenous Solution Intravenous Injection, solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intravenous 1 mg/1mL Injection Intravenous 1 mg/1mL - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 46.1 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.91 ALOGPS logP 0.61 Chemaxon logS -0.47 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) -7 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 0 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 5.62 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 2.39 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- This is a receptor for bradykinin. Could be a factor in chronic pain and inflammation
- Specific Function
- bradykinin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- BDKRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P46663
- Uniprot Name
- B1 bradykinin receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 40494.29 Da
References
- Ignjatovic T, Tan F, Brovkovych V, Skidgel RA, Erdos EG: Novel mode of action of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors: direct activation of bradykinin B1 receptor. J Biol Chem. 2002 May 10;277(19):16847-52. Epub 2002 Mar 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Stabilization
- General Function
- Involved in the cellular defense against the biological effects of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) and O4-methylthymine (O4-MeT) in DNA. Repairs the methylated nucleobase in DNA by stoichiometrically transferring the methyl group to a cysteine residue in the enzyme. This is a suicide reaction: the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- MGMT
- Uniprot ID
- P16455
- Uniprot Name
- Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 21645.83 Da
References
- Rasimas JJ, Kanugula S, Dalessio PM, Ropson IJ, Fried MG, Pegg AE: Effects of zinc occupancy on human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Biochemistry. 2003 Feb 4;42(4):980-90. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Catalyzes the reversible conversion of beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into two triose phosphate and plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:14766013). In addition, may also function as scaffolding protein (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- actin binding
- Gene Name
- ALDOA
- Uniprot ID
- P04075
- Uniprot Name
- Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A
- Molecular Weight
- 39419.675 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Berry A, Marshall KE: Identification of zinc-binding ligands in the class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 1993 Feb 22;318(1):11-6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Translation elongation factor that catalyzes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the A-site of ribosomes during the elongation phase of protein synthesis (PubMed:26593721, PubMed:26651998, PubMed:36123449, PubMed:36264623, PubMed:36638793). Base pairing between the mRNA codon and the aa-tRNA anticodon promotes GTP hydrolysis, releasing the aa-tRNA from EEF1A1 and allowing its accommodation into the ribosome (PubMed:26593721, PubMed:26651998, PubMed:36123449, PubMed:36264623, PubMed:36638793). The growing protein chain is subsequently transferred from the P-site peptidyl tRNA to the A-site aa-tRNA, extending it by one amino acid through ribosome-catalyzed peptide bond formation (PubMed:26593721, PubMed:26651998, PubMed:36123449, PubMed:36264623). Also plays a role in the positive regulation of IFNG transcription in T-helper 1 cells as part of an IFNG promoter-binding complex with TXK and PARP1 (PubMed:17177976)
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- EEF1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P68104
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor 1-alpha 1
- Molecular Weight
- 50140.565 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Glycolytic enzyme the catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PubMed:1369209, PubMed:29775581). In addition to glycolysis, involved in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses (PubMed:10802057, PubMed:12666133, PubMed:2005901, PubMed:29775581). May also function in the intravascular and pericellular fibrinolytic system due to its ability to serve as a receptor and activator of plasminogen on the cell surface of several cell-types such as leukocytes and neurons (PubMed:12666133). Stimulates immunoglobulin production (PubMed:1369209)
- Specific Function
- cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- ENO1
- Uniprot ID
- P06733
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-enolase
- Molecular Weight
- 47168.555 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- May play an important role in regulating the switch between different pathways for energy production during spermiogenesis and in the spermatozoon. Required for sperm motility and male fertility (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity
- Gene Name
- GAPDHS
- Uniprot ID
- O14556
- Uniprot Name
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific
- Molecular Weight
- 44500.835 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. Required for neural development including neural patterning and cell fate determination. During GZMA-mediated cell death, works in concert with TREX1. NME1 nicks one strand of DNA and TREX1 removes bases from the free 3' end to enhance DNA damage and prevent DNA end reannealing and rapid repair
- Specific Function
- 3'-5' exonuclease activity
- Gene Name
- NME1
- Uniprot ID
- P15531
- Uniprot Name
- Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A
- Molecular Weight
- 17148.635 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Buczynski G, Potter RL: Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from Xenopus oocytes; partial purification and characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Dec 5;1041(3):296-304. doi: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90288-q. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- This multifunctional protein catalyzes the formation, breakage and rearrangement of disulfide bonds. At the cell surface, seems to act as a reductase that cleaves disulfide bonds of proteins attached to the cell. May therefore cause structural modifications of exofacial proteins. Inside the cell, seems to form/rearrange disulfide bonds of nascent proteins. At high concentrations and following phosphorylation by FAM20C, functions as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins (PubMed:32149426). At low concentrations, facilitates aggregation (anti-chaperone activity). May be involved with other chaperones in the structural modification of the TG precursor in hormone biogenesis. Also acts as a structural subunit of various enzymes such as prolyl 4-hydroxylase and microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein MTTP. Receptor for LGALS9; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration (PubMed:21670307)
- Specific Function
- actin binding
- Gene Name
- P4HB
- Uniprot ID
- P07237
- Uniprot Name
- Protein disulfide-isomerase
- Molecular Weight
- 57115.795 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Protein disulfide isomerase that catalyzes the formation, isomerization, and reduction or oxidation of disulfide bonds in client proteins and functions as a protein folding chaperone (PubMed:11825568, PubMed:16193070, PubMed:27897272, PubMed:36104323, PubMed:7487104). Core component of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) peptide loading complex where it functions as an essential folding chaperone for TAPBP. Through TAPBP, assists the dynamic assembly of the MHC I complex with high affinity antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, plays a crucial role in the presentation of antigens to cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity (PubMed:35948544, PubMed:36104323)
- Specific Function
- cysteine-type endopeptidase activity
- Gene Name
- PDIA3
- Uniprot ID
- P30101
- Uniprot Name
- Protein disulfide-isomerase A3
- Molecular Weight
- 56781.84 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. Might participate in the signaling cascades of growth factors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by regulating the intracellular concentrations of H(2)O(2) (PubMed:9497357). Reduces an intramolecular disulfide bond in GDPD5 that gates the ability to GDPD5 to drive postmitotic motor neuron differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- PRDX1
- Uniprot ID
- Q06830
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxiredoxin-1
- Molecular Weight
- 22110.19 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Catalyzes the last irreversible step in the biosynthesis of L-serine from carbohydrates, the dephosphorylation of O-phospho-L-serine to L-serine (PubMed:12213811, PubMed:14673469, PubMed:15291819, PubMed:25080166, PubMed:9222972). L-serine can then be used in protein synthesis, to produce other amino acids, in nucleotide metabolism or in glutathione synthesis, or can be racemized to D-serine, a neuromodulator (PubMed:14673469). May also act on O-phospho-D-serine (Probable)
- Specific Function
- identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- PSPH
- Uniprot ID
- P78330
- Uniprot Name
- Phosphoserine phosphatase
- Molecular Weight
- 25007.49 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Triosephosphate isomerase is an extremely efficient metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
- Specific Function
- methylglyoxal synthase activity
- Gene Name
- TPI1
- Uniprot ID
- P60174
- Uniprot Name
- Triosephosphate isomerase
- Molecular Weight
- 26669.33 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis. Also plays a role in the regulation of autophagy and innate immunity. Recruits ATG5-ATG12 and NLRX1 at mitochondria and serves as a checkpoint of the RIGI-MAVS pathway. In turn, inhibits RLR-mediated type I interferon while promoting autophagy
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- TUFM
- Uniprot ID
- P49411
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 49874.55 Da
References
- She YM, Narindrasorasak S, Yang S, Spitale N, Roberts EA, Sarkar B: Identification of metal-binding proteins in human hepatoma lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1306-18. Epub 2003 Oct 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3 (PubMed:17922032). Maintains neuronal survival in response to ischemic reperfusion injury when in the presence of circulating estradiol (17-beta-estradiol/E2) (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- 14-3-3 protein binding
- Gene Name
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID
- P03372
- Uniprot Name
- Estrogen receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 66215.45 Da
References
- Payne JC, Rous BW, Tenderholt AL, Godwin HA: Spectroscopic determination of the binding affinity of zinc to the DNA-binding domains of nuclear hormone receptors. Biochemistry. 2003 Dec 9;42(48):14214-24. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Cytokine secreted predominantly by activated T-lymphocytes as well as mast cells and osteoblastic cells that controls the production and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into lineage-restricted cells (PubMed:2556442). Stimulates also mature basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes to become functionally activated (PubMed:10779277, PubMed:32889153). In addition, plays an important role in neural cell proliferation and survival (PubMed:23226269). Participates as well in bone homeostasis and inhibits osteoclast differentiation by preventing NF-kappa-B nuclear translocation and activation (PubMed:12816992). Mechanistically, exerts its biological effects through a receptor composed of IL3RA subunit and a signal transducing subunit IL3RB (PubMed:29374162). Receptor stimulation results in the rapid activation of JAK2 kinase activity leading to STAT5-mediated transcriptional program (By similarity). Alternatively, contributes to cell survival under oxidative stress in non-hematopoietic systems by activating pathways mediated by PI3K/AKT and ERK (PubMed:27862234)
- Specific Function
- cytokine activity
- Gene Name
- IL3
- Uniprot ID
- P08700
- Uniprot Name
- Interleukin-3
- Molecular Weight
- 17232.905 Da
References
- Smit V, van Veelen PA, Tjaden UR, van der Greef J, Haaijman JJ: Human interleukin-3 contains a discontinuous zinc binding domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Sep 16;187(2):859-66. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals; these proteins are transcriptionally regulated by both heavy metals and glucocorticoids
- Specific Function
- metal ion binding
- Gene Name
- MT2A
- Uniprot ID
- P02795
- Uniprot Name
- Metallothionein-2
- Molecular Weight
- 6042.05 Da
References
- Palumaa P, Tammiste I, Kruusel K, Kangur L, Jornvall H, Sillard R: Metal binding of metallothionein-3 versus metallothionein-2: lower affinity and higher plasticity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Mar 14;1747(2):205-11. Epub 2004 Dec 19. [Article]
- Yang F, Zhou M, He Z, Liu X, Sun L, Sun Y, Chen Z: High-yield expression in Escherichia coli of soluble human MT2A with native functions. Protein Expr Purif. 2007 May;53(1):186-94. Epub 2006 Dec 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Delivers copper to copper zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)
- Specific Function
- cadherin binding
- Gene Name
- CCS
- Uniprot ID
- O14618
- Uniprot Name
- Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase
- Molecular Weight
- 29040.445 Da
References
- Stasser JP, Eisses JF, Barry AN, Kaplan JH, Blackburn NJ: Cysteine-to-serine mutants of the human copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase reveal a copper cluster at a domain III dimer interface. Biochemistry. 2005 Mar 8;44(9):3143-52. [Article]
- Lamb AL, Wernimont AK, Pufahl RA, O'Halloran TV, Rosenzweig AC: Crystal structure of the second domain of the human copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. Biochemistry. 2000 Feb 22;39(7):1589-95. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056, PubMed:28497810). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Acts as a component of the histone deacetylase NuRD complex which participates in the remodeling of chromatin (PubMed:16428440, PubMed:28977666). As part of the SIN3B complex is recruited downstream of the constitutively active genes transcriptional start sites through interaction with histones and mitigates histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II progression within transcribed regions contributing to the regulation of transcription (PubMed:21041482). Also functions as a deacetylase for non-histone targets, such as NR1D2, RELA, SP1, SP3, STAT3 and TSHZ3 (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16285960, PubMed:16478997, PubMed:17996965, PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates SP proteins, SP1 and SP3, and regulates their function (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16478997). Component of the BRG1-RB1-HDAC1 complex, which negatively regulates the CREST-mediated transcription in resting neurons (PubMed:19081374). Upon calcium stimulation, HDAC1 is released from the complex and CREBBP is recruited, which facilitates transcriptional activation (PubMed:19081374). Deacetylates TSHZ3 and regulates its transcriptional repressor activity (PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates 'Lys-310' in RELA and thereby inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:17000776). Deacetylates NR1D2 and abrogates the effect of KAT5-mediated relieving of NR1D2 transcription repression activity (PubMed:17996965). Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex that suppresses, via histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment, a number of genes implicated in multilineage blood cell development (By similarity). Involved in CIART-mediated transcriptional repression of the circadian transcriptional activator: CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex or CRY1 through histone deacetylation (By similarity). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones (PubMed:28497810)
- Specific Function
- core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
- Gene Name
- HDAC1
- Uniprot ID
- Q13547
- Uniprot Name
- Histone deacetylase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 55102.615 Da
References
- Bhuiyan MP, Kato T, Okauchi T, Nishino N, Maeda S, Nishino TG, Yoshida M: Chlamydocin analogs bearing carbonyl group as possible ligand toward zinc atom in histone deacetylases. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 May 15;14(10):3438-46. Epub 2006 Jan 24. [Article]
- Zhang L, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Zhang L, Song W: Zinc binding groups for histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2018 Dec;33(1):714-721. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1417274. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Involved in muscle maturation via its interaction with the myocyte enhancer factors such as MEF2A, MEF2C and MEF2D. Involved in the MTA1-mediated epigenetic regulation of ESR1 expression in breast cancer. Deacetylates HSPA1A and HSPA1B at 'Lys-77' leading to their preferential binding to co-chaperone STUB1 (PubMed:27708256)
- Specific Function
- DNA-binding transcription factor binding
- Gene Name
- HDAC4
- Uniprot ID
- P56524
- Uniprot Name
- Histone deacetylase 4
- Molecular Weight
- 119038.875 Da
References
- Bhuiyan MP, Kato T, Okauchi T, Nishino N, Maeda S, Nishino TG, Yoshida M: Chlamydocin analogs bearing carbonyl group as possible ligand toward zinc atom in histone deacetylases. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 May 15;14(10):3438-46. Epub 2006 Jan 24. [Article]
- Zhang L, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Zhang L, Song W: Zinc binding groups for histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2018 Dec;33(1):714-721. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1417274. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Hydrolysis of the deoxyribose N-glycosidic bond to excise 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from the damaged DNA polymer formed by alkylation lesions
- Specific Function
- alkylbase DNA N-glycosylase activity
- Gene Name
- MPG
- Uniprot ID
- P29372
- Uniprot Name
- DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase
- Molecular Weight
- 32868.365 Da
References
- Massiah MA, Simmons BN, Short KM, Cox TC: Solution structure of the RBCC/TRIM B-box1 domain of human MID1: B-box with a RING. J Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 28;358(2):532-45. Epub 2006 Feb 20. [Article]
- Metz AH, Hollis T, Eichman BF: DNA damage recognition and repair by 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I (TAG). EMBO J. 2007 May 2;26(9):2411-20. doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601649. Epub 2007 Apr 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Predominant protein in semen. It participates in the formation of a gel matrix entrapping the accessory gland secretions and ejaculated spermatozoa. Fragments of semenogelin and/or fragments of the related proteins may contribute to the activation of progressive sperm movements as the gel-forming proteins are fragmented by KLK3/PSA
- Specific Function
- zinc ion binding
- Gene Name
- SEMG1
- Uniprot ID
- P04279
- Uniprot Name
- Semenogelin-1
- Molecular Weight
- 52130.885 Da
References
- Jonsson M, Lundwall A, Linse S, Frohm B, Malm J: Truncated semenogelin I binds zinc and is cleaved by prostate-specific antigen. J Androl. 2006 Jul-Aug;27(4):542-7. Epub 2006 Apr 1. [Article]
- Jonsson M, Linse S, Frohm B, Lundwall A, Malm J: Semenogelins I and II bind zinc and regulate the activity of prostate-specific antigen. Biochem J. 2005 Apr 15;387(Pt 2):447-53. doi: 10.1042/BJ20041424. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems
- Specific Function
- copper ion binding
- Gene Name
- SOD1
- Uniprot ID
- P00441
- Uniprot Name
- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
- Molecular Weight
- 15935.685 Da
References
- Krishnan U, Son M, Rajendran B, Elliott JL: Novel mutations that enhance or repress the aggregation potential of SOD1. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Jul;287(1-2):201-11. Epub 2006 Apr 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748, PubMed:28497810). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748). Also involved in the deacetylation of cohesin complex protein SMC3 regulating release of cohesin complexes from chromatin (PubMed:22885700). May play a role in smooth muscle cell contractility (PubMed:15772115). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones (PubMed:28497810)
- Specific Function
- DNA-binding transcription factor binding
- Gene Name
- HDAC8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BY41
- Uniprot Name
- Histone deacetylase 8
- Molecular Weight
- 41757.29 Da
References
- Gantt SL, Gattis SG, Fierke CA: Catalytic activity and inhibition of human histone deacetylase 8 is dependent on the identity of the active site metal ion. Biochemistry. 2006 May 16;45(19):6170-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Induces CD27-mediated apoptosis. Inhibits BCL2L1 isoform Bcl-x(L) anti-apoptotic activity. Inhibits activation of NF-kappa-B and promotes T-cell receptor-mediated apoptosis
- Specific Function
- CD27 receptor binding
- Gene Name
- SIVA1
- Uniprot ID
- O15304
- Uniprot Name
- Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva
- Molecular Weight
- 18694.45 Da
References
- Nestler M, Martin U, Hortschansky P, Saluz HP, Henke A, Munder T: The zinc containing pro-apoptotic protein siva interacts with the peroxisomal membrane protein pmp22. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Jul;287(1-2):147-55. Epub 2006 May 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Glycine receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels (PubMed:23994010, PubMed:25730860). Channel opening is triggered by extracellular glycine (PubMed:14551753, PubMed:16144831, PubMed:2155780, PubMed:22715885, PubMed:22973015, PubMed:25973519, PubMed:7920629, PubMed:9009272). Channel opening is also triggered by taurine and beta-alanine (PubMed:16144831, PubMed:9009272). Channel characteristics depend on the subunit composition; heteropentameric channels are activated by lower glycine levels and display faster desensitization (PubMed:14551753). Plays an important role in the down-regulation of neuronal excitability (PubMed:8298642, PubMed:9009272). Contributes to the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (PubMed:25445488). Channel activity is potentiated by ethanol (PubMed:25973519). Potentiation of channel activity by intoxicating levels of ethanol contribute to the sedative effects of ethanol (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activity
- Gene Name
- GLRA1
- Uniprot ID
- P23415
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 52623.35 Da
References
- Chen Z, Dillon GH, Huang R: Identification of residues critical for Cu2+-mediated inhibition of glycine alpha1 receptors. Neuropharmacology. 2006 Sep;51(4):701-8. Epub 2006 Jul 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of p53/TP53, leading to its degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:29681526). Inhibits p53/TP53- and p73/TP73-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by binding its transcriptional activation domain. Also acts as a ubiquitin ligase E3 toward itself and ARRB1. Permits the nuclear export of p53/TP53. Promotes proteasome-dependent ubiquitin-independent degradation of retinoblastoma RB1 protein. Inhibits DAXX-mediated apoptosis by inducing its ubiquitination and degradation. Component of the TRIM28/KAP1-MDM2-p53/TP53 complex involved in stabilizing p53/TP53. Also a component of the TRIM28/KAP1-ERBB4-MDM2 complex which links growth factor and DNA damage response pathways. Mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome degradation of DYRK2 in nucleus. Ubiquitinates IGF1R and SNAI1 and promotes them to proteasomal degradation (PubMed:12821780, PubMed:15053880, PubMed:15195100, PubMed:15632057, PubMed:16337594, PubMed:17290220, PubMed:19098711, PubMed:19219073, PubMed:19837670, PubMed:19965871, PubMed:20173098, PubMed:20385133, PubMed:20858735, PubMed:22128911). Ubiquitinates DCX, leading to DCX degradation and reduction of the dendritic spine density of olfactory bulb granule cells (By similarity). Ubiquitinates DLG4, leading to proteasomal degradation of DLG4 which is required for AMPA receptor endocytosis (By similarity). Negatively regulates NDUFS1, leading to decreased mitochondrial respiration, marked oxidative stress, and commitment to the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (PubMed:30879903). Binds NDUFS1 leading to its cytosolic retention rather than mitochondrial localization resulting in decreased supercomplex assembly (interactions between complex I and complex III), decreased complex I activity, ROS production, and apoptosis (PubMed:30879903)
- Specific Function
- 5S rRNA binding
- Gene Name
- MDM2
- Uniprot ID
- Q00987
- Uniprot Name
- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2
- Molecular Weight
- 55232.39 Da
References
- Kostic M, Matt T, Martinez-Yamout MA, Dyson HJ, Wright PE: Solution structure of the Hdm2 C2H2C4 RING, a domain critical for ubiquitination of p53. J Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 20;363(2):433-50. Epub 2006 Aug 14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Stabilization
- General Function
- Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver
- Specific Function
- hormone activity
- Gene Name
- INS
- Uniprot ID
- P01308
- Uniprot Name
- Insulin
- Molecular Weight
- 11980.795 Da
References
- Huus K, Havelund S, Olsen HB, van de Weert M, Frokjaer S: Chemical and thermal stability of insulin: effects of zinc and ligand binding to the insulin zinc-hexamer. Pharm Res. 2006 Nov;23(11):2611-20. Epub 2006 Sep 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- May play a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
- Specific Function
- actin binding
- Gene Name
- UTRN
- Uniprot ID
- P46939
- Uniprot Name
- Utrophin
- Molecular Weight
- 394463.09 Da
References
- Hnia K, Zouiten D, Cantel S, Chazalette D, Hugon G, Fehrentz JA, Masmoudi A, Diment A, Bramham J, Mornet D, Winder SJ: ZZ domain of dystrophin and utrophin: topology and mapping of a beta-dystroglycan interaction site. Biochem J. 2007 Feb 1;401(3):667-77. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the deacetylation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) to produce acetate and L-aspartate. NAA occurs in high concentration in brain and its hydrolysis NAA plays a significant part in the maintenance of intact white matter. In other tissues it acts as a scavenger of NAA from body fluids
- Specific Function
- aspartoacylase activity
- Gene Name
- ASPA
- Uniprot ID
- P45381
- Uniprot Name
- Aspartoacylase
- Molecular Weight
- 35734.79 Da
References
- Herga S, Berrin JG, Perrier J, Puigserver A, Giardina T: Identification of the zinc binding ligands and the catalytic residue in human aspartoacylase, an enzyme involved in Canavan disease. FEBS Lett. 2006 Oct 30;580(25):5899-904. Epub 2006 Oct 2. [Article]
- Bitto E, Bingman CA, Wesenberg GE, McCoy JG, Phillips GN Jr: Structure of aspartoacylase, the brain enzyme impaired in Canavan disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 9;104(2):456-61. Epub 2006 Dec 28. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- S100A8 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Participates also in regulatory T-cell differentiation together with CD69 (PubMed:26296369). Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its pro-inflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the pro-inflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex directs selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH and probably multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif; S100A8 seems to contribute to S-nitrosylation site selectivity
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid binding
- Gene Name
- S100A8
- Uniprot ID
- P05109
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A8
- Molecular Weight
- 10834.43 Da
References
- Vogl T, Leukert N, Barczyk K, Strupat K, Roth J: Biophysical characterization of S100A8 and S100A9 in the absence and presence of bivalent cations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1763(11):1298-306. Epub 2006 Aug 25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response (PubMed:12626582, PubMed:15331440, PubMed:16258195, PubMed:19122197, PubMed:20103766, PubMed:21325622, PubMed:8423249). It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism (PubMed:12626582, PubMed:15331440, PubMed:20103766). Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions (PubMed:16258195, PubMed:19122197, PubMed:8423249). The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase (PubMed:15331440, PubMed:21325622). Participates also in regulatory T-cell differentiation together with CD69 (PubMed:26296369). Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX (PubMed:15642721, PubMed:22808130). The extracellular functions involve pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities (PubMed:19534726, PubMed:8423249). Its pro-inflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration (PubMed:15598812, PubMed:21487906). Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER) (PubMed:19402754). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the pro-inflammatory cascade (PubMed:19402754, PubMed:22804476). Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth (PubMed:19087201). Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3 (PubMed:19935772). Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK (PubMed:22363402). Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants (PubMed:21912088, PubMed:22489132). Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread (PubMed:16258195). Has transnitrosylase activity; in oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox))-induced S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' proposed to transfer the NO moiety from NOS2/iNOS to GAPDH via its own S-nitrosylated Cys-3 (PubMed:25417112). The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex is proposed to also direct selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif (PubMed:25417112)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- S100A9
- Uniprot ID
- P06702
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A9
- Molecular Weight
- 13241.955 Da
References
- Vogl T, Leukert N, Barczyk K, Strupat K, Roth J: Biophysical characterization of S100A8 and S100A9 in the absence and presence of bivalent cations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1763(11):1298-306. Epub 2006 Aug 25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Matrix metalloproteinase that plays an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration (PubMed:12879005, PubMed:1480034, PubMed:2551898). Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption (By similarity). Cleaves KiSS1 at a Gly-|-Leu bond (PubMed:12879005). Cleaves NINJ1 to generate the Secreted ninjurin-1 form (PubMed:32883094). Cleaves type IV and type V collagen into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments (PubMed:1480034). Degrades fibronectin but not laminin or Pz-peptide
- Specific Function
- collagen binding
- Gene Name
- MMP9
- Uniprot ID
- P14780
- Uniprot Name
- Matrix metalloproteinase-9
- Molecular Weight
- 78457.51 Da
References
- Martens E, Leyssen A, Van Aelst I, Fiten P, Piccard H, Hu J, Descamps FJ, Van den Steen PE, Proost P, Van Damme J, Liuzzi GM, Riccio P, Polverini E, Opdenakker G: A monoclonal antibody inhibits gelatinase B/MMP-9 by selective binding to part of the catalytic domain and not to the fibronectin or zinc binding domains. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Feb;1770(2):178-86. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Chaperone
- General Function
- Participates in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Isoforms containing the transactivation domain are pro-apoptotic, isoforms lacking the domain are anti-apoptotic and block the function of p53 and transactivating p73 isoforms. May be a tumor suppressor protein. Is an activator of FOXJ1 expression (By similarity). It is an essential factor for the positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation (PubMed:34077761)
- Specific Function
- DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
- Gene Name
- TP73
- Uniprot ID
- O15350
- Uniprot Name
- Tumor protein p73
- Molecular Weight
- 69622.865 Da
References
- Lokshin M, Li Y, Gaiddon C, Prives C: p53 and p73 display common and distinct requirements for sequence specific binding to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(1):340-52. Epub 2006 Dec 14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- InactivatorRegulator
- General Function
- May function as calcium sensor and modulator, contributing to cellular calcium signaling. May function by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and indirectly play a role in many physiological processes. May also play a role in suppressing tumor cell growth
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- S100A2
- Uniprot ID
- P29034
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A2
- Molecular Weight
- 11116.695 Da
References
- Koch M, Bhattacharya S, Kehl T, Gimona M, Vasak M, Chazin W, Heizmann CW, Kroneck PM, Fritz G: Implications on zinc binding to S100A2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Mar;1773(3):457-70. Epub 2006 Dec 19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Chaperone
- General Function
- Multifunctional transcription factor that induces cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis upon binding to its target DNA sequence (PubMed:11025664, PubMed:12524540, PubMed:12810724, PubMed:15186775, PubMed:15340061, PubMed:17317671, PubMed:17349958, PubMed:19556538, PubMed:20673990, PubMed:20959462, PubMed:22726440, PubMed:24051492, PubMed:24652652, PubMed:9840937, PubMed:35618207, PubMed:36634798, PubMed:38653238). Acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type (PubMed:11025664, PubMed:12524540, PubMed:12810724, PubMed:15186775, PubMed:15340061, PubMed:17189187, PubMed:17317671, PubMed:17349958, PubMed:19556538, PubMed:20673990, PubMed:20959462, PubMed:22726440, PubMed:24051492, PubMed:24652652, PubMed:9840937, PubMed:38653238). Negatively regulates cell division by controlling expression of a set of genes required for this process (PubMed:11025664, PubMed:12524540, PubMed:12810724, PubMed:15186775, PubMed:15340061, PubMed:17317671, PubMed:17349958, PubMed:19556538, PubMed:20673990, PubMed:20959462, PubMed:22726440, PubMed:24051492, PubMed:24652652, PubMed:9840937). One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression (PubMed:12524540, PubMed:17189187). Its pro-apoptotic activity is activated via its interaction with PPP1R13B/ASPP1 or TP53BP2/ASPP2 (PubMed:12524540). However, this activity is inhibited when the interaction with PPP1R13B/ASPP1 or TP53BP2/ASPP2 is displaced by PPP1R13L/iASPP (PubMed:12524540). In cooperation with mitochondrial PPIF is involved in activating oxidative stress-induced necrosis; the function is largely independent of transcription. Induces the transcription of long intergenic non-coding RNA p21 (lincRNA-p21) and lincRNA-Mkln1. LincRNA-p21 participates in TP53-dependent transcriptional repression leading to apoptosis and seems to have an effect on cell-cycle regulation. Implicated in Notch signaling cross-over. Prevents CDK7 kinase activity when associated to CAK complex in response to DNA damage, thus stopping cell cycle progression. Isoform 2 enhances the transactivation activity of isoform 1 from some but not all TP53-inducible promoters. Isoform 4 suppresses transactivation activity and impairs growth suppression mediated by isoform 1. Isoform 7 inhibits isoform 1-mediated apoptosis. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated transcriptional activation of PER2 (PubMed:24051492)
- Specific Function
- 14-3-3 protein binding
- Gene Name
- TP53
- Uniprot ID
- P04637
- Uniprot Name
- Cellular tumor antigen p53
- Molecular Weight
- 43652.79 Da
References
- Wang Y, Rosengarth A, Luecke H: Structure of the human p53 core domain in the absence of DNA. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2007 Mar;63(Pt 3):276-81. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [Article]
- Kogan S, Carpizo DR: Zinc Metallochaperones as Mutant p53 Reactivators: A New Paradigm in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel). 2018 May 29;10(6). pii: cancers10060166. doi: 10.3390/cancers10060166. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Binds heavy metals. Contains three zinc and three copper atoms per polypeptide chain and only a negligible amount of cadmium. Inhibits survival and neurite formation of cortical neurons in vitro
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- MT3
- Uniprot ID
- P25713
- Uniprot Name
- Metallothionein-3
- Molecular Weight
- 6926.855 Da
References
- Meloni G, Faller P, Vasak M: Redox silencing of copper in metal-linked neurodegenerative disorders: reaction of Zn7metallothionein-3 with Cu2+ ions. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 1;282(22):16068-78. Epub 2007 Mar 27. [Article]
- Vasak M, Meloni G: Mammalian Metallothionein-3: New Functional and Structural Insights. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 May 24;18(6). pii: ijms18061117. doi: 10.3390/ijms18061117. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals; these proteins are transcriptionally regulated by both heavy metals and glucocorticoids
- Specific Function
- metal ion binding
- Gene Name
- MT1A
- Uniprot ID
- P04731
- Uniprot Name
- Metallothionein-1A
- Molecular Weight
- 6120.19 Da
References
- Sutherland DE, Willans MJ, Stillman MJ: Single domain metallothioneins: supermetalation of human MT 1a. J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Feb 15;134(6):3290-9. doi: 10.1021/ja211767m. Epub 2012 Feb 6. [Article]
- Irvine GW, Pinter TB, Stillman MJ: Defining the metal binding pathways of human metallothionein 1a: balancing zinc availability and cadmium seclusion. Metallomics. 2016 Jan;8(1):71-81. doi: 10.1039/c5mt00225g. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Is able to inhibit all four classes of proteinases by a unique 'trapping' mechanism. This protein has a peptide stretch, called the 'bait region' which contains specific cleavage sites for different proteinases. When a proteinase cleaves the bait region, a conformational change is induced in the protein which traps the proteinase. The entrapped enzyme remains active against low molecular weight substrates (activity against high molecular weight substrates is greatly reduced). Following cleavage in the bait region, a thioester bond is hydrolyzed and mediates the covalent binding of the protein to the proteinase
- Specific Function
- brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding
- Gene Name
- A2M
- Uniprot ID
- P01023
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2-macroglobulin
- Molecular Weight
- 163289.945 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Chelator
- General Function
- Promotes endocytosis, possesses opsonic properties and influences the mineral phase of bone. Shows affinity for calcium and barium ions
- Specific Function
- cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- AHSG
- Uniprot ID
- P02765
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 39340.41 Da
References
- Lebreton JP, Joisel F, Raoult JP, Lannuzel B, Rogez JP, Humbert G: Serum concentration of human alpha 2 HS glycoprotein during the inflammatory process: evidence that alpha 2 HS glycoprotein is a negative acute-phase reactant. J Clin Invest. 1979 Oct;64(4):1118-29. doi: 10.1172/JCI109551. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- InducerLigand
- General Function
- Participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As part of the SPAP complex, activates spermatozoa motility
- Specific Function
- amyloid-beta binding
- Gene Name
- APOA1
- Uniprot ID
- P02647
- Uniprot Name
- Apolipoprotein A-I
- Molecular Weight
- 30777.58 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Mooradian AD, Haas MJ, Wong NC: The effect of select nutrients on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels. Endocr Rev. 2006 Feb;27(1):2-16. doi: 10.1210/er.2005-0013. Epub 2005 Oct 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Macrophage receptor that binds to the apolipoprotein B48 (APOB) of dietary triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL) or to a like domain of APOB in hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoprotein (HTG-VLDL). Binds and internalizes TRL when out of the context of the macrophage. May provide essential lipids to reticuloendothelial cells. Could also be involved in foam cell formation with elevated TRL and remnant lipoprotein (RLP). Mediates the rapid high-affinity uptake of chylomicrons (CM), HTG-VLDL, and trypsinized (tryp) VLDL devoid of APOE in vitro in macrophages
- Specific Function
- very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity
- Gene Name
- APOBR
- Uniprot ID
- Q0VD83
- Uniprot Name
- Apolipoprotein B receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 115633.15 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids (PubMed:14754908, PubMed:1911868, PubMed:6860692). APOE is a core component of plasma lipoproteins and is involved in their production, conversion and clearance (PubMed:14754908, PubMed:1911868, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:23620513, PubMed:2762297, PubMed:6860692, PubMed:9395455). Apolipoproteins are amphipathic molecules that interact both with lipids of the lipoprotein particle core and the aqueous environment of the plasma (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:6860692, PubMed:9395455). As such, APOE associates with chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) but shows a preferential binding to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (PubMed:1911868, PubMed:6860692). It also binds a wide range of cellular receptors including the LDL receptor/LDLR, the LDL receptor-related proteins LRP1, LRP2 and LRP8 and the very low-density lipoprotein receptor/VLDLR that mediate the cellular uptake of the APOE-containing lipoprotein particles (PubMed:12950167, PubMed:1530612, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:20030366, PubMed:20303980, PubMed:2063194, PubMed:2762297, PubMed:7635945, PubMed:7768901, PubMed:8756331, PubMed:8939961). Finally, APOE has also a heparin-binding activity and binds heparan-sulfate proteoglycans on the surface of cells, a property that supports the capture and the receptor-mediated uptake of APOE-containing lipoproteins by cells (PubMed:23676495, PubMed:7635945, PubMed:9395455, PubMed:9488694). A main function of APOE is to mediate lipoprotein clearance through the uptake of chylomicrons, VLDLs, and HDLs by hepatocytes (PubMed:1911868, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:23676495, PubMed:29516132, PubMed:9395455). APOE is also involved in the biosynthesis by the liver of VLDLs as well as their uptake by peripheral tissues ensuring the delivery of triglycerides and energy storage in muscle, heart and adipose tissues (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:29516132). By participating in the lipoprotein-mediated distribution of lipids among tissues, APOE plays a critical role in plasma and tissues lipid homeostasis (PubMed:1917954, PubMed:2762297, PubMed:29516132). APOE is also involved in two steps of reverse cholesterol transport, the HDLs-mediated transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, and thereby plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513, PubMed:9395455). First, it is functionally associated with ABCA1 in the biogenesis of HDLs in tissues (PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513). Second, it is enriched in circulating HDLs and mediates their uptake by hepatocytes (PubMed:9395455). APOE also plays an important role in lipid transport in the central nervous system, regulating neuron survival and sprouting (PubMed:25173806, PubMed:8939961). APOE is also involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, controlling for instance the survival of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (By similarity). Binds to the immune cell receptor LILRB4 (PubMed:30333625). APOE may also play a role in transcription regulation through a receptor-dependent and cholesterol-independent mechanism, that activates MAP3K12 and a non-canonical MAPK signal transduction pathway that results in enhanced AP-1-mediated transcription of APP (PubMed:28111074)
- Specific Function
- amyloid-beta binding
- Gene Name
- APOE
- Uniprot ID
- P02649
- Uniprot Name
- Apolipoprotein E
- Molecular Weight
- 36153.83 Da
References
- Xu H, Gupta VB, Martins IJ, Martins RN, Fowler CJ, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA: Zinc affects the proteolytic stability of Apolipoprotein E in an isoform-dependent way. Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Sep;81:38-48. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.016. Epub 2015 Jun 25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- May play a role in lipid exchange and transport throughout the body. May participate in reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral cells to the liver
- Specific Function
- chloride channel activity
- Gene Name
- APOL1
- Uniprot ID
- O14791
- Uniprot Name
- Apolipoprotein L1
- Molecular Weight
- 43973.805 Da
References
- Olabisi OA, Heneghan JF: APOL1 Nephrotoxicity: What Does Ion Transport Have to Do With It? Semin Nephrol. 2017 Nov;37(6):546-551. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.07.008. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- C1q associates with the proenzymes C1r and C1s to yield C1, the first component of the serum complement system. The collagen-like regions of C1q interact with the Ca(2+)-dependent C1r(2)C1s(2) proenzyme complex, and efficient activation of C1 takes place on interaction of the globular heads of C1q with the Fc regions of IgG or IgM antibody present in immune complexes
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- C1QB
- Uniprot ID
- P02746
- Uniprot Name
- Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B
- Molecular Weight
- 26721.62 Da
References
- Boyle MD: Inhibition by zinc of the binding of C1 to antigen-antibody complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Dec 15;103(3):856-62. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90889-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- C1q associates with the proenzymes C1r and C1s to yield C1, the first component of the serum complement system. The collagen-like regions of C1q interact with the Ca(2+)-dependent C1r(2)C1s(2) proenzyme complex, and efficient activation of C1 takes place on interaction of the globular heads of C1q with the Fc regions of IgG or IgM antibody present in immune complexes
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- C1QC
- Uniprot ID
- P02747
- Uniprot Name
- Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C
- Molecular Weight
- 25773.56 Da
References
- Boyle MD: Inhibition by zinc of the binding of C1 to antigen-antibody complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Dec 15;103(3):856-62. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90889-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- C1r B chain is a serine protease that combines with C1q and C1s to form C1, the first component of the classical pathway of the complement system
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- C1R
- Uniprot ID
- P00736
- Uniprot Name
- Complement C1r subcomponent
- Molecular Weight
- 80118.04 Da
References
- Boyle MD: Inhibition by zinc of the binding of C1 to antigen-antibody complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Dec 15;103(3):856-62. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90889-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- C1s B chain is a serine protease that combines with C1q and C1r to form C1, the first component of the classical pathway of the complement system. C1r activates C1s so that it can, in turn, activate C2 and C4. Cleaves also IGFBP5 and thereby inhibits the trophic effects of IGF1
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- C1S
- Uniprot ID
- P09871
- Uniprot Name
- Complement C1s subcomponent
- Molecular Weight
- 76683.905 Da
References
- Boyle MD: Inhibition by zinc of the binding of C1 to antigen-antibody complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Dec 15;103(3):856-62. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90889-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- InhibitorLigand
- General Function
- C3 plays a central role in the activation of the complement system. Its processing by C3 convertase is the central reaction in both classical and alternative complement pathways. After activation C3b can bind covalently, via its reactive thioester, to cell surface carbohydrates or immune aggregates
- Specific Function
- C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- C3
- Uniprot ID
- P01024
- Uniprot Name
- Complement C3
- Molecular Weight
- 187146.73 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Smailhodzic D, van Asten F, Blom AM, Mohlin FC, den Hollander AI, van de Ven JP, van Huet RA, Groenewoud JM, Tian Y, Berendschot TT, Lechanteur YT, Fauser S, de Bruijn C, Daha MR, van der Wilt GJ, Hoyng CB, Klevering BJ: Zinc supplementation inhibits complement activation in age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 13;9(11):e112682. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112682. eCollection 2014. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Non-enzymatic component of the C3 and C5 convertases and thus essential for the propagation of the classical complement pathway. Covalently binds to immunoglobulins and immune complexes and enhances the solubilization of immune aggregates and the clearance of IC through CR1 on erythrocytes. C4A isotype is responsible for effective binding to form amide bonds with immune aggregates or protein antigens, while C4B isotype catalyzes the transacylation of the thioester carbonyl group to form ester bonds with carbohydrate antigens
- Specific Function
- carbohydrate binding
- Gene Name
- C4B
- Uniprot ID
- P0C0L5
- Uniprot Name
- Complement C4-B
- Molecular Weight
- 192749.785 Da
References
- Blom AM, Kask L, Ramesh B, Hillarp A: Effects of zinc on factor I cofactor activity of C4b-binding protein and factor H. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003 Oct 15;418(2):108-18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Controls the classical pathway of complement activation. It binds as a cofactor to C3b/C4b inactivator (C3bINA), which then hydrolyzes the complement fragment C4b. It also accelerates the degradation of the C4bC2a complex (C3 convertase) by dissociating the complement fragment C2a. Alpha chain binds C4b. It interacts also with anticoagulant protein S and with serum amyloid P component
- Specific Function
- RNA binding
- Gene Name
- C4BPA
- Uniprot ID
- P04003
- Uniprot Name
- C4b-binding protein alpha chain
- Molecular Weight
- 67032.63 Da
References
- Blom AM, Kask L, Ramesh B, Hillarp A: Effects of zinc on factor I cofactor activity of C4b-binding protein and factor H. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003 Oct 15;418(2):108-18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Controls the classical pathway of complement activation. It binds as a cofactor to C3b/C4b inactivator (C3bINA), which then hydrolyzes the complement fragment C4b. It also accelerates the degradation of the C4bC2a complex (C3 convertase) by dissociating the complement fragment C2a. It also interacts with anticoagulant protein S and with serum amyloid P component. The beta chain binds protein S
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- C4BPB
- Uniprot ID
- P20851
- Uniprot Name
- C4b-binding protein beta chain
- Molecular Weight
- 28357.215 Da
References
- Blom AM, Kask L, Ramesh B, Hillarp A: Effects of zinc on factor I cofactor activity of C4b-binding protein and factor H. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003 Oct 15;418(2):108-18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Activation of C5 by a C5 convertase initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the membrane attack complex. C5b has a transient binding site for C6. The C5b-C6 complex is the foundation upon which the lytic complex is assembled
- Specific Function
- chemokine activity
- Gene Name
- C5
- Uniprot ID
- P01031
- Uniprot Name
- Complement C5
- Molecular Weight
- 188303.705 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Metalloprotease that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:19214193, PubMed:20656690, PubMed:24075985, PubMed:26344097). Does not have activity toward 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:19214193, PubMed:20656690, PubMed:24075985, PubMed:26344097). Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs) (PubMed:14636569, PubMed:16707425, PubMed:17525341, PubMed:19202061, PubMed:19261746, PubMed:19261748, PubMed:19261749). In the BRCA1-A complex, it specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX, antagonizing the RNF8-dependent ubiquitination at double-strand breaks (DSBs) (PubMed:20656690). Catalytic subunit of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates (PubMed:20656690, PubMed:24075985, PubMed:26195665, PubMed:26344097). Mediates the specific 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination associated with the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), via the interaction of the BRISC complex with the CSN complex (PubMed:19214193). The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating NUMA1 (PubMed:26195665). Plays a role in interferon signaling via its role in the deubiquitination of the interferon receptor IFNAR1; deubiquitination increases IFNAR1 activity by enhancing its stability and cell surface expression (PubMed:24075985, PubMed:26344097). Acts as a regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome by mediating deubiquitination of NLRP3, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly (By similarity). Down-regulates the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its role in IFNAR1 deubiquitination (PubMed:24075985). Deubiquitinates HDAC1 and PWWP2B leading to their stabilization (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity
- Gene Name
- BRCC3
- Uniprot ID
- P46736
- Uniprot Name
- Lys-63-specific deubiquitinase BRCC36
- Molecular Weight
- 36071.695 Da
References
- Zeqiraj E, Tian L, Piggott CA, Pillon MC, Duffy NM, Ceccarelli DF, Keszei AF, Lorenzen K, Kurinov I, Orlicky S, Gish GD, Heck AJ, Guarne A, Greenberg RA, Sicheri F: Higher-Order Assembly of BRCC36-KIAA0157 Is Required for DUB Activity and Biological Function. Mol Cell. 2015 Sep 17;59(6):970-83. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.028. Epub 2015 Sep 3. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Glycoprotein that plays an essential role in maintaining a well-balanced immune response by modulating complement activation. Acts as a soluble inhibitor of complement, where its binding to self markers such as glycan structures prevents complement activation and amplification on cell surfaces (PubMed:21285368, PubMed:25402769). Accelerates the decay of the complement alternative pathway (AP) C3 convertase C3bBb, thus preventing local formation of more C3b, the central player of the complement amplification loop (PubMed:19503104, PubMed:26700768). As a cofactor of the serine protease factor I, CFH also regulates proteolytic degradation of already-deposited C3b (PubMed:18252712, PubMed:23332154, PubMed:28671664). In addition, mediates several cellular responses through interaction with specific receptors. For example, interacts with CR3/ITGAM receptor and thereby mediates the adhesion of human neutrophils to different pathogens. In turn, these pathogens are phagocytosed and destroyed (PubMed:20008295, PubMed:9558116)
- Specific Function
- complement component C3b binding
- Gene Name
- CFH
- Uniprot ID
- P08603
- Uniprot Name
- Complement factor H
- Molecular Weight
- 139095.31 Da
References
- Nan R, Farabella I, Schumacher FF, Miller A, Gor J, Martin AC, Jones DT, Lengyel I, Perkins SJ: Zinc binding to the Tyr402 and His402 allotypes of complement factor H: possible implications for age-related macular degeneration. J Mol Biol. 2011 May 13;408(4):714-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.006. Epub 2011 Mar 17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Functions as extracellular chaperone that prevents aggregation of non native proteins (PubMed:11123922, PubMed:19535339). Prevents stress-induced aggregation of blood plasma proteins (PubMed:11123922, PubMed:12176985, PubMed:17260971, PubMed:19996109). Inhibits formation of amyloid fibrils by APP, APOC2, B2M, CALCA, CSN3, SNCA and aggregation-prone LYZ variants (in vitro) (PubMed:12047389, PubMed:17407782, PubMed:17412999). Does not require ATP (PubMed:11123922). Maintains partially unfolded proteins in a state appropriate for subsequent refolding by other chaperones, such as HSPA8/HSC70 (PubMed:11123922). Does not refold proteins by itself (PubMed:11123922). Binding to cell surface receptors triggers internalization of the chaperone-client complex and subsequent lysosomal or proteasomal degradation (PubMed:21505792). Protects cells against apoptosis and against cytolysis by complement (PubMed:2780565). Intracellular forms interact with ubiquitin and SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes and promote the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:20068069). Promotes proteasomal degradation of COMMD1 and IKBKB (PubMed:20068069). Modulates NF-kappa-B transcriptional activity (PubMed:12882985). A mitochondrial form suppresses BAX-dependent release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and inhibit apoptosis (PubMed:16113678, PubMed:17689225). Plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation (PubMed:19137541). An intracellular form suppresses stress-induced apoptosis by stabilizing mitochondrial membrane integrity through interaction with HSPA5 (PubMed:22689054). Secreted form does not affect caspase or BAX-mediated intrinsic apoptosis and TNF-induced NF-kappa-B-activity (PubMed:24073260). Secreted form act as an important modulator during neuronal differentiation through interaction with STMN3 (By similarity). Plays a role in the clearance of immune complexes that arise during cell injury (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- amyloid-beta binding
- Gene Name
- CLU
- Uniprot ID
- P10909
- Uniprot Name
- Clusterin
- Molecular Weight
- 52494.22 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Trougakos IP, Pawelec G, Tzavelas C, Ntouroupi T, Gonos ES: Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J up-regulation after zinc exposure, replicative senescence or differentiation of human haematopoietic cells. Biogerontology. 2006 Oct-Dec;7(5-6):375-82. doi: 10.1007/s10522-006-9052-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Multifunctional blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane (PubMed:16150804). Copper ions provide a large number of enzymatic activites. Oxidizes highly toxic ferrous ions to the ferric state for further incorporation onto apo-transferrins, catalyzes Cu(+) oxidation and promotes the oxidation of biogenic amines such as norepinephrin and serotonin (PubMed:14623105, PubMed:4643313, PubMed:5912351). Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1 (By similarity). Has glutathione peroxidase-like activity, can remove both hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide in the presence of thiols (PubMed:10481051). Also shows NO-oxidase and NO2 synthase activities that determine endocrine NO homeostasis (PubMed:16906150)
- Specific Function
- copper ion binding
- Gene Name
- CP
- Uniprot ID
- P00450
- Uniprot Name
- Ceruloplasmin
- Molecular Weight
- 122218.48 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Protects the body from potent vasoactive and inflammatory peptides containing C-terminal Arg or Lys (such as kinins or anaphylatoxins) which are released into the circulation
- Specific Function
- metallocarboxypeptidase activity
- Gene Name
- CPN1
- Uniprot ID
- P15169
- Uniprot Name
- Carboxypeptidase N catalytic chain
- Molecular Weight
- 52285.935 Da
References
- Skidgel RA, Erdos EG: Structure and function of human plasma carboxypeptidase N, the anaphylatoxin inactivator. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007 Dec 20;7(14):1888-99. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.014. Epub 2007 Aug 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- The 83 kDa subunit binds and stabilizes the catalytic subunit at 37 degrees Celsius and keeps it in circulation. Under some circumstances it may be an allosteric modifier of the catalytic subunit
- Specific Function
- enzyme regulator activity
- Gene Name
- CPN2
- Uniprot ID
- P22792
- Uniprot Name
- Carboxypeptidase N subunit 2
- Molecular Weight
- 60556.01 Da
References
- Skidgel RA, Erdos EG: Structure and function of human plasma carboxypeptidase N, the anaphylatoxin inactivator. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007 Dec 20;7(14):1888-99. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.014. Epub 2007 Aug 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Stabilization
- General Function
- Found in sweat, has an antimicrobial activity during early bacterial colonization (PubMed:11694882, PubMed:23426625). The secreted peptide assembles into homohexameric complexes that can associate with and also insert into pathogen membranes (PubMed:23426625). Once inserted in bacteria membranes forms anion channels probably altering the transmembrane potential essential for bacterial survival (PubMed:23426625). Highly effective against E.coli, E.faecalis, S.aureus and C.albicans (PubMed:11694882). Optimal pH and salt concentration resemble the conditions in sweat (PubMed:11694882). Also exhibits proteolytic activity, cleaving on the C-terminal side of Arg and, to a lesser extent, Lys residues (PubMed:17448443)
- Specific Function
- lipid binding
- Gene Name
- DCD
- Uniprot ID
- P81605
- Uniprot Name
- Dermcidin
- Molecular Weight
- 11283.745 Da
References
- Song C, Weichbrodt C, Salnikov ES, Dynowski M, Forsberg BO, Bechinger B, Steinem C, de Groot BL, Zachariae U, Zeth K: Crystal structure and functional mechanism of a human antimicrobial membrane channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Mar 19;110(12):4586-91. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1214739110. Epub 2013 Feb 20. [Article]
- Becucci L, Valensin D, Innocenti M, Guidelli R: Dermcidin, an anionic antimicrobial peptide: influence of lipid charge, pH and Zn2+ on its interaction with a biomimetic membrane. Soft Matter. 2014 Jan 28;10(4):616-26. doi: 10.1039/c3sm52400k. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Cleaved by the protease thrombin to yield monomers which, together with fibrinogen beta (FGB) and fibrinogen gamma (FGG), polymerize to form an insoluble fibrin matrix. Fibrin has a major function in hemostasis as one of the primary components of blood clots. In addition, functions during the early stages of wound repair to stabilize the lesion and guide cell migration during re-epithelialization. Was originally thought to be essential for platelet aggregation, based on in vitro studies using anticoagulated blood. However, subsequent studies have shown that it is not absolutely required for thrombus formation in vivo. Enhances expression of SELP in activated platelets via an ITGB3-dependent pathway. Maternal fibrinogen is essential for successful pregnancy. Fibrin deposition is also associated with infection, where it protects against IFNG-mediated hemorrhage. May also facilitate the immune response via both innate and T-cell mediated pathways
- Specific Function
- extracellular matrix structural constituent
- Gene Name
- FGA
- Uniprot ID
- P02671
- Uniprot Name
- Fibrinogen alpha chain
- Molecular Weight
- 94972.455 Da
References
- Marx G: Zinc binding to fibrinogen and fibrin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988 Oct;266(1):285-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- ModulatorLigand
- General Function
- Fibronectins bind cell surfaces and various compounds including collagen, fibrin, heparin, DNA, and actin (PubMed:3024962, PubMed:3593230, PubMed:3900070, PubMed:7989369). Fibronectins are involved in cell adhesion, cell motility, opsonization, wound healing, and maintenance of cell shape (PubMed:3024962, PubMed:3593230, PubMed:3900070, PubMed:7989369). Involved in osteoblast compaction through the fibronectin fibrillogenesis cell-mediated matrix assembly process, essential for osteoblast mineralization (By similarity). Participates in the regulation of type I collagen deposition by osteoblasts (By similarity). Acts as a ligand for the LILRB4 receptor, inhibiting FCGR1A/CD64-mediated monocyte activation (PubMed:34089617)
- Specific Function
- collagen binding
- Gene Name
- FN1
- Uniprot ID
- P02751
- Uniprot Name
- Fibronectin
- Molecular Weight
- 272318.79 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Graille M, Pagano M, Rose T, Ravaux MR, van Tilbeurgh H: Zinc induces structural reorganization of gelatin binding domain from human fibronectin and affects collagen binding. Structure. 2010 Jun 9;18(6):710-8. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2010.03.012. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues
- Specific Function
- heme binding
- Gene Name
- HBA1
- Uniprot ID
- P69905
- Uniprot Name
- Hemoglobin subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 15257.405 Da
References
- Gilman JG, Brewer GJ: The oxygen-linked zinc-binding site of human haemoglobin. Biochem J. 1978 Mar 1;169(3):625-32. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues
- Specific Function
- heme binding
- Gene Name
- HBB
- Uniprot ID
- P68871
- Uniprot Name
- Hemoglobin subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 15998.34 Da
References
- Gilman JG, Brewer GJ: The oxygen-linked zinc-binding site of human haemoglobin. Biochem J. 1978 Mar 1;169(3):625-32. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity, and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- HP
- Uniprot ID
- P00738
- Uniprot Name
- Haptoglobin
- Molecular Weight
- 45205.065 Da
References
- KLUTHE R, ISLIKER H: [The isolation of serum haptoglobins as haptoglobin--hemoglobin complex by zinc precipitation and columnar chromatography]. Helv Physiol Pharmacol Acta. 1960;18:404-13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Involved in protein-protein interactions that result in protein complexes, receptor-ligand binding or cell adhesion
- Specific Function
- insulin-like growth factor binding
- Gene Name
- IGFALS
- Uniprot ID
- P35858
- Uniprot Name
- Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 66034.13 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Rocha ED, de Brito NJ, Dantas MM, Silva Ade A, Almeida Md, Brandao-Neto J: Effect of Zinc Supplementation on GH, IGF1, IGFBP3, OCN, and ALP in Non-Zinc-Deficient Children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(4):290-9. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.929511. Epub 2015 Mar 11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- May act as a carrier of hyaluronan in serum or as a binding protein between hyaluronan and other matrix protein, including those on cell surfaces in tissues to regulate the localization, synthesis and degradation of hyaluronan which are essential to cells undergoing biological processes
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- ITIH1
- Uniprot ID
- P19827
- Uniprot Name
- Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1
- Molecular Weight
- 101388.49 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Salier JP, Martin JP, Lambin P, McPhee H, Hochstrasser K: Purification of the human serum inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by zinc chelate and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. Anal Biochem. 1980 Dec;109(2):273-83. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90649-1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- May act as a carrier of hyaluronan in serum or as a binding protein between hyaluronan and other matrix protein, including those on cell surfaces in tissues to regulate the localization, synthesis and degradation of hyaluronan which are essential to cells undergoing biological processes
- Specific Function
- endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- ITIH2
- Uniprot ID
- P19823
- Uniprot Name
- Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2
- Molecular Weight
- 106462.725 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Salier JP, Martin JP, Lambin P, McPhee H, Hochstrasser K: Purification of the human serum inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by zinc chelate and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. Anal Biochem. 1980 Dec;109(2):273-83. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90649-1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- May act as a carrier of hyaluronan in serum or as a binding protein between hyaluronan and other matrix protein, including those on cell surfaces in tissues to regulate the localization, synthesis and degradation of hyaluronan which are essential to cells undergoing biological processes
- Specific Function
- endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- ITIH3
- Uniprot ID
- Q06033
- Uniprot Name
- Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3
- Molecular Weight
- 99848.575 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Salier JP, Martin JP, Lambin P, McPhee H, Hochstrasser K: Purification of the human serum inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by zinc chelate and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. Anal Biochem. 1980 Dec;109(2):273-83. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90649-1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Type II acute-phase protein (APP) involved in inflammatory responses to trauma. May also play a role in liver development or regeneration
- Specific Function
- endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- ITIH4
- Uniprot ID
- Q14624
- Uniprot Name
- Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4
- Molecular Weight
- 103356.645 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Salier JP, Martin JP, Lambin P, McPhee H, Hochstrasser K: Purification of the human serum inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by zinc chelate and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. Anal Biochem. 1980 Dec;109(2):273-83. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90649-1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Component of
- General Function
- Serves to link two monomer units of either IgM or IgA. In the case of IgM, the J chain-joined dimer is a nucleating unit for the IgM pentamer, and in the case of IgA it induces dimers and/or larger polymers. It also helps to bind these immunoglobulins to secretory component
- Specific Function
- antigen binding
- Gene Name
- JCHAIN
- Uniprot ID
- P01591
- Uniprot Name
- Immunoglobulin J chain
- Molecular Weight
- 18098.39 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Zikan J, Novotny J, Trapane TL, Koshland ME, Urry DW, Bennett JC, Mestecky J: Secondary structure of the immunoglobulin J chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(17):5905-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.17.5905. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Participates in the surface-dependent activation of blood coagulation. Activates, in a reciprocal reaction, coagulation factor XII/F12 after binding to negatively charged surfaces. Releases bradykinin from HMW kininogen and may also play a role in the renin-angiotensin system by converting prorenin into renin
- Specific Function
- serine-type endopeptidase activity
- Gene Name
- KLKB1
- Uniprot ID
- P03952
- Uniprot Name
- Plasma kallikrein
- Molecular Weight
- 71342.175 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Goettig P, Magdolen V, Brandstetter H: Natural and synthetic inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs). Biochimie. 2010 Nov;92(11):1546-67. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.06.022. Epub 2010 Jul 6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Kininogens are inhibitors of thiol proteases. HMW-kininogen plays an important role in blood coagulation by helping to position optimally prekallikrein and factor XI next to factor XII; HMW-kininogen inhibits the thrombin- and plasmin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes. LMW-kininogen inhibits the aggregation of thrombocytes. LMW-kininogen is in contrast to HMW-kininogen not involved in blood clotting
- Specific Function
- cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- KNG1
- Uniprot ID
- P01042
- Uniprot Name
- Kininogen-1
- Molecular Weight
- 71956.965 Da
References
- Herwald H, Morgelin M, Svensson HG, Sjobring U: Zinc-dependent conformational changes in domain D5 of high molecular mass kininogen modulate contact activation. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Jan;268(2):396-404. [Article]
- Joseph K, Ghebrehiwet B, Peerschke EI, Reid KB, Kaplan AP: Identification of the zinc-dependent endothelial cell binding protein for high molecular weight kininogen and factor XII: identity with the receptor that binds to the globular "heads" of C1q (gC1q-R). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8552-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- May serve an important special function either in the mature palmar and plantar skin tissue or in the morphogenetic program of the formation of these tissues. Plays a role in keratin filament assembly
- Specific Function
- structural constituent of cytoskeleton
- Gene Name
- KRT9
- Uniprot ID
- P35527
- Uniprot Name
- Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9
- Molecular Weight
- 62064.29 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various hydrophobic ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ORM2
- Uniprot ID
- P19652
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 23602.43 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- May play a scavenger role by digesting biologically active peptidoglycan (PGN) into biologically inactive fragments. Has no direct bacteriolytic activity
- Specific Function
- N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity
- Gene Name
- PGLYRP2
- Uniprot ID
- Q96PD5
- Uniprot Name
- N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase
- Molecular Weight
- 62216.365 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Hydrolyzes the toxic metabolites of a variety of organophosphorus insecticides. Capable of hydrolyzing a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and lactones, and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Mediates an enzymatic protection of low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to atheroma formation
- Specific Function
- acyl-L-homoserine-lactone lactonohydrolase activity
- Gene Name
- PON1
- Uniprot ID
- P27169
- Uniprot Name
- Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 39730.99 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Is able to inhibit all four classes of proteinases by a unique 'trapping' mechanism. This protein has a peptide stretch, called the 'bait region' which contains specific cleavage sites for different proteinases. When a proteinase cleaves the bait region, a conformational change is induced in the protein which traps the proteinase. The entrapped enzyme remains active against low molecular weight substrates (activity against high molecular weight substrates is greatly reduced). Following cleavage in the bait region a thioester bond is hydrolyzed and mediates the covalent binding of the protein to the proteinase
- Specific Function
- endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- PZP
- Uniprot ID
- P20742
- Uniprot Name
- Pregnancy zone protein
- Molecular Weight
- 163861.765 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- calcium ion binding
- Gene Name
- S100A7
- Uniprot ID
- P31151
- Uniprot Name
- Protein S100-A7
- Molecular Weight
- 11470.87 Da
References
- Brodersen DE, Nyborg J, Kjeldgaard M: Zinc-binding site of an S100 protein revealed. Two crystal structures of Ca2+-bound human psoriasin (S100A7) in the Zn2+-loaded and Zn2+-free states. Biochemistry. 1999 Feb 9;38(6):1695-704. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Might be responsible for some of the extracellular antioxidant defense properties of selenium or might be involved in the transport of selenium. May supply selenium to tissues such as brain and testis
- Specific Function
- selenium binding
- Gene Name
- SELENOP
- Uniprot ID
- P49908
- Uniprot Name
- Selenoprotein P
- Molecular Weight
- 43173.37 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Du X, Li H, Wang Z, Qiu S, Liu Q, Ni J: Selenoprotein P and selenoprotein M block Zn2+ -mediated Abeta42 aggregation and toxicity. Metallomics. 2013 Jun;5(7):861-70. doi: 10.1039/c3mt20282h. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Inhibitor of serine proteases. Its primary target is elastase, but it also has a moderate affinity for plasmin and thrombin. Irreversibly inhibits trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasminogen activator. The aberrant form inhibits insulin-induced NO synthesis in platelets, decreases coagulation time and has proteolytic activity against insulin and plasmin
- Specific Function
- identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- SERPINA1
- Uniprot ID
- P01009
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin
- Molecular Weight
- 46736.195 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Although its physiological function is unclear, it can inhibit neutrophil cathepsin G and mast cell chymase, both of which can convert angiotensin-1 to the active angiotensin-2
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- SERPINA3
- Uniprot ID
- P01011
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin
- Molecular Weight
- 47650.36 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Major transport protein for glucocorticoids and progestins in the blood of almost all vertebrate species
- Specific Function
- serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- SERPINA6
- Uniprot ID
- P08185
- Uniprot Name
- Corticosteroid-binding globulin
- Molecular Weight
- 45140.49 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Hammond GL, Avvakumov GV, Muller YA: Structure/function analyses of human sex hormone-binding globulin: effects of zinc on steroid-binding specificity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jun;85(2-5):195-200. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00195-x. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Thrombin inhibitor activated by the glycosaminoglycans, heparin or dermatan sulfate. In the presence of the latter, HC-II becomes the predominant thrombin inhibitor in place of antithrombin III (AT-III). Also inhibits chymotrypsin, but in a glycosaminoglycan-independent manner
- Specific Function
- endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- SERPIND1
- Uniprot ID
- P05546
- Uniprot Name
- Heparin cofactor 2
- Molecular Weight
- 57070.16 Da
References
- Eckert R, Ragg H: Zinc ions promote the interaction between heparin and heparin cofactor II. FEBS Lett. 2003 Apr 24;541(1-3):121-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. Regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration
- Specific Function
- androgen binding
- Gene Name
- SHBG
- Uniprot ID
- P04278
- Uniprot Name
- Sex hormone-binding globulin
- Molecular Weight
- 43778.755 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Hammond GL, Avvakumov GV, Muller YA: Structure/function analyses of human sex hormone-binding globulin: effects of zinc on steroid-binding specificity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jun;85(2-5):195-200. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00195-x. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization. Serum transferrin may also have a further role in stimulating cell proliferation
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- TF
- Uniprot ID
- P02787
- Uniprot Name
- Serotransferrin
- Molecular Weight
- 77049.175 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain
- Specific Function
- hormone activity
- Gene Name
- TTR
- Uniprot ID
- P02766
- Uniprot Name
- Transthyretin
- Molecular Weight
- 15886.88 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Castro-Rodrigues AF, Gales L, Saraiva MJ, Damas AM: Structural insights into a zinc-dependent pathway leading to Leu55Pro transthyretin amyloid fibrils. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2011 Dec;67(Pt 12):1035-44. doi: 10.1107/S090744491104491X. Epub 2011 Nov 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Vitronectin is a cell adhesion and spreading factor found in serum and tissues. Vitronectin interact with glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Is recognized by certain members of the integrin family and serves as a cell-to-substrate adhesion molecule. Inhibitor of the membrane-damaging effect of the terminal cytolytic complement pathway
- Specific Function
- collagen binding
- Gene Name
- VTN
- Uniprot ID
- P04004
- Uniprot Name
- Vitronectin
- Molecular Weight
- 54305.135 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Sahin C, Dilsiz OY, Demiray SB, Yeniel O, Ergenoglu M, Sezer ED, Oktem G, Goker EN, Tavmergen E: Increased stem cell marker expressions during the peri-implantation period in the rat endometrium: constructive role of exogenous zinc and/or progesterone. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:867131. doi: 10.1155/2014/867131. Epub 2014 May 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- May play a role in postsynaptic function. The C-terminal gamma-secretase processed fragment, ALID1, activates transcription activation through APBB1 (Fe65) binding (By similarity). Couples to JIP signal transduction through C-terminal binding. May interact with cellular G-protein signaling pathways. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I
- Specific Function
- alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding
- Gene Name
- APLP1
- Uniprot ID
- P51693
- Uniprot Name
- Amyloid beta precursor like protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 72175.825 Da
References
- Mayer MC, Kaden D, Schauenburg L, Hancock MA, Voigt P, Roeser D, Barucker C, Than ME, Schaefer M, Multhaup G: Novel zinc-binding site in the E2 domain regulates amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) oligomerization. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jul 4;289(27):19019-30. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.570382. Epub 2014 May 22. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- May play a role in the regulation of hemostasis. The soluble form may have inhibitory properties towards coagulation factors. May interact with cellular G-protein signaling pathways. May bind to the DNA 5'-GTCACATG-3'(CDEI box). Inhibits trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, factor XIA and plasma and glandular kallikrein. Modulates the Cu/Zn nitric oxide-catalyzed autodegradation of GPC1 heparan sulfate side chains in fibroblasts (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- APLP2
- Uniprot ID
- Q06481
- Uniprot Name
- Amyloid beta precursor like protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 86955.2 Da
References
- Mayer MC, Kaden D, Schauenburg L, Hancock MA, Voigt P, Roeser D, Barucker C, Than ME, Schaefer M, Multhaup G: Novel zinc-binding site in the E2 domain regulates amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) oligomerization. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jul 4;289(27):19019-30. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.570382. Epub 2014 May 22. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Interaction between APP molecules on neighboring cells promotes synaptogenesis (PubMed:25122912). Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(o) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1 (By similarity). By acting as a kinesin I membrane receptor, plays a role in axonal anterograde transport of cargo towards synapses in axons (PubMed:17062754, PubMed:23011729). Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1
- Specific Function
- DNA binding
- Gene Name
- APP
- Uniprot ID
- P05067
- Uniprot Name
- Amyloid-beta precursor protein
- Molecular Weight
- 86942.715 Da
References
- Mayer MC, Kaden D, Schauenburg L, Hancock MA, Voigt P, Roeser D, Barucker C, Than ME, Schaefer M, Multhaup G: Novel zinc-binding site in the E2 domain regulates amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) oligomerization. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jul 4;289(27):19019-30. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.570382. Epub 2014 May 22. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Component of
- Curator comments
- Activator/cofactor
- General Function
- Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins and plays a key role in DNA repair (PubMed:17177976, PubMed:18055453, PubMed:18172500, PubMed:19344625, PubMed:19661379, PubMed:20388712, PubMed:21680843, PubMed:22582261, PubMed:23230272, PubMed:25043379, PubMed:26344098, PubMed:26626479, PubMed:26626480, PubMed:30104678, PubMed:31796734, PubMed:32028527, PubMed:32241924, PubMed:32358582, PubMed:33186521, PubMed:34465625, PubMed:34737271). Mediates glutamate, aspartate, serine, histidine or tyrosine ADP-ribosylation of proteins: the ADP-D-ribosyl group of NAD(+) is transferred to the acceptor carboxyl group of target residues and further ADP-ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2'-position of the terminal adenosine moiety, building up a polymer with an average chain length of 20-30 units (PubMed:19764761, PubMed:25043379, PubMed:28190768, PubMed:29954836, PubMed:35393539, PubMed:7852410, PubMed:9315851). Serine ADP-ribosylation of proteins constitutes the primary form of ADP-ribosylation of proteins in response to DNA damage (PubMed:33186521, PubMed:34874266). Specificity for the different amino acids is conferred by interacting factors, such as HPF1 and NMNAT1 (PubMed:28190768, PubMed:29954836, PubMed:32028527, PubMed:33186521, PubMed:33589610, PubMed:34625544, PubMed:34874266). Following interaction with HPF1, catalyzes serine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins; HPF1 confers serine specificity by completing the PARP1 active site (PubMed:28190768, PubMed:29954836, PubMed:32028527, PubMed:33186521, PubMed:33589610, PubMed:34625544, PubMed:34874266). Also catalyzes tyrosine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins following interaction with HPF1 (PubMed:29954836, PubMed:30257210). Following interaction with NMNAT1, catalyzes glutamate and aspartate ADP-ribosylation of target proteins; NMNAT1 confers glutamate and aspartate specificity (By similarity). PARP1 initiates the repair of DNA breaks: recognizes and binds DNA breaks within chromatin and recruits HPF1, licensing serine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins, such as histones (H2BS6ADPr and H3S10ADPr), thereby promoting decompaction of chromatin and the recruitment of repair factors leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks (PubMed:17177976, PubMed:18172500, PubMed:19344625, PubMed:19661379, PubMed:23230272, PubMed:27067600, PubMed:34465625, PubMed:34874266). HPF1 initiates serine ADP-ribosylation but restricts the polymerase activity of PARP1 in order to limit the length of poly-ADP-ribose chains (PubMed:33683197, PubMed:34732825, PubMed:34795260). In addition to base excision repair (BER) pathway, also involved in double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair: together with TIMELESS, accumulates at DNA damage sites and promotes homologous recombination repair by mediating poly-ADP-ribosylation (PubMed:26344098, PubMed:30356214). Mediates the poly-ADP-ribosylation of a number of proteins, including itself, APLF, CHFR, RPA1 and NFAT5 (PubMed:17396150, PubMed:19764761, PubMed:24906880, PubMed:34049076). In addition to proteins, also able to ADP-ribosylate DNA: catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of DNA strand break termini containing terminal phosphates and a 2'-OH group in single- and double-stranded DNA, respectively (PubMed:27471034). Required for PARP9 and DTX3L recruitment to DNA damage sites (PubMed:23230272). PARP1-dependent PARP9-DTX3L-mediated ubiquitination promotes the rapid and specific recruitment of 53BP1/TP53BP1, UIMC1/RAP80, and BRCA1 to DNA damage sites (PubMed:23230272). PARP1-mediated DNA repair in neurons plays a role in sleep: senses DNA damage in neurons and promotes sleep, facilitating efficient DNA repair (By similarity). In addition to DNA repair, also involved in other processes, such as transcription regulation, programmed cell death, membrane repair, adipogenesis and innate immunity (PubMed:15607977, PubMed:17177976, PubMed:19344625, PubMed:27256882, PubMed:32315358, PubMed:32844745, PubMed:35124853, PubMed:35393539, PubMed:35460603). Acts as a repressor of transcription: binds to nucleosomes and modulates chromatin structure in a manner similar to histone H1, thereby altering RNA polymerase II (PubMed:15607977, PubMed:22464733). Acts both as a positive and negative regulator of transcription elongation, depending on the context (PubMed:27256882, PubMed:35393539). Acts as a positive regulator of transcription elongation by mediating poly-ADP-ribosylation of NELFE, preventing RNA-binding activity of NELFE and relieving transcription pausing (PubMed:27256882). Acts as a negative regulator of transcription elongation in response to DNA damage by catalyzing poly-ADP-ribosylation of CCNT1, disrupting the phase separation activity of CCNT1 and subsequent activation of CDK9 (PubMed:35393539). Involved in replication fork progression following interaction with CARM1: mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation at replication forks, slowing fork progression (PubMed:33412112). Poly-ADP-ribose chains generated by PARP1 also play a role in poly-ADP-ribose-dependent cell death, a process named parthanatos (By similarity). Also acts as a negative regulator of the cGAS-STING pathway (PubMed:32315358, PubMed:32844745, PubMed:35460603). Acts by mediating poly-ADP-ribosylation of CGAS: PARP1 translocates into the cytosol following phosphorylation by PRKDC and catalyzes poly-ADP-ribosylation and inactivation of CGAS (PubMed:35460603). Acts as a negative regulator of adipogenesis: catalyzes poly-ADP-ribosylation of histone H2B on 'Glu-35' (H2BE35ADPr) following interaction with NMNAT1, inhibiting phosphorylation of H2B at 'Ser-36' (H2BS36ph), thereby blocking expression of pro-adipogenetic genes (By similarity). Involved in the synthesis of ATP in the nucleus, together with NMNAT1, PARG and NUDT5 (PubMed:27257257). Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming (PubMed:27257257)
- Specific Function
- chromatin binding
- Gene Name
- PARP1
- Uniprot ID
- P09874
- Uniprot Name
- Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 113082.945 Da
References
- Bossak K, Goch W, Piatek K, Fraczyk T, Poznanski J, Bonna A, Keil C, Hartwig A, Bal W: Unusual Zn(II) Affinities of Zinc Fingers of Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) Nuclear Protein. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 Feb 16;28(2):191-201. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Apolipoprotein B is a major protein constituent of chylomicrons (apo B-48), LDL (apo B-100) and VLDL (apo B-100). Apo B-100 functions as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles by the apoB/E receptor
- Specific Function
- cholesterol transfer activity
- Gene Name
- APOB
- Uniprot ID
- P04114
- Uniprot Name
- Apolipoprotein B-100
- Molecular Weight
- 515540.02 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Binds heme and transports it to the liver for breakdown and iron recovery, after which the free hemopexin returns to the circulation
- Specific Function
- heme transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- HPX
- Uniprot ID
- P02790
- Uniprot Name
- Hemopexin
- Molecular Weight
- 51676.015 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Plasma glycoprotein that binds a number of ligands such as heme, heparin, heparan sulfate, thrombospondin, plasminogen, and divalent metal ions. Binds heparin and heparin/glycosaminoglycans in a zinc-dependent manner. Binds heparan sulfate on the surface of liver, lung, kidney and heart endothelial cells. Binds to N-sulfated polysaccharide chains on the surface of liver endothelial cells. Inhibits rosette formation. Acts as an adapter protein and is implicated in regulating many processes such as immune complex and pathogen clearance, cell chemotaxis, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Mediates clearance of necrotic cells through enhancing the phagocytosis of necrotic cells in a heparan sulfate-dependent pathway. This process can be regulated by the presence of certain HRG ligands such as heparin and zinc ions. Binds to IgG subclasses of immunoglobins containing kappa and lambda light chains with different affinities regulating their clearance and inhibiting the formation of insoluble immune complexes. Tethers plasminogen to the cell surface. Binds T-cells and alters the cell morphology. Modulates angiogenesis by blocking the CD6-mediated antiangiongenic effect of thrombospondins, THBS1 and THBS2. Acts as a regulator of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway; inhibits endothelial cell motility by reducing VEGF-induced complex formation between PXN/paxillin and ILK/integrin-linked protein kinase and by promoting inhibition of VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinases and alpha-actinins in endothelial cells. Also plays a role in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and tumor immune surveillance. Normalizes tumor vessels and promotes antitumor immunity by polarizing tumor-associated macrophages, leading to decreased tumor growth and metastasis
- Specific Function
- cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- HRG
- Uniprot ID
- P04196
- Uniprot Name
- Histidine-rich glycoprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 59578.04 Da
References
- Wang F, Chmil C, Pierce F, Ganapathy K, Gump BB, MacKenzie JA, Metchref Y, Bendinskas K: Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Sep 1;934:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.032. Epub 2013 Jul 5. [Article]
- Tubek S, Grzanka P, Tubek I: Role of zinc in hemostasis: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Jan;121(1):1-8. doi: 10.1007/s12011-007-8038-y. Epub 2007 Oct 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Activator
- General Function
- Factor XI triggers the middle phase of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation by activating factor IX
- Specific Function
- heparin binding
- Gene Name
- F11
- Uniprot ID
- P03951
- Uniprot Name
- Coagulation factor XI
- Molecular Weight
- 70108.56 Da
References
- Tubek S, Grzanka P, Tubek I: Role of zinc in hemostasis: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Jan;121(1):1-8. doi: 10.1007/s12011-007-8038-y. Epub 2007 Oct 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- CofactorChelator
- General Function
- Cytidine deaminase catalyzing the cytidine to uridine postranscriptional editing of a variety of mRNAs (PubMed:30844405). Form complexes with cofactors that confer differential editing activity and selectivity. Responsible for the postranscriptional editing of a CAA codon for Gln to a UAA codon for stop in the apolipoprotein B mRNA (PubMed:24916387). Also involved in CGA (Arg) to UGA (Stop) editing in the NF1 mRNA (PubMed:11727199). May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- cytidine deaminase activity
- Gene Name
- APOBEC1
- Uniprot ID
- P41238
- Uniprot Name
- C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-1
- Molecular Weight
- 28191.345 Da
References
- Smith HC: RNA binding to APOBEC deaminases; Not simply a substrate for C to U editing. RNA Biol. 2017 Sep 2;14(9):1153-1165. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1259783. Epub 2016 Nov 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Participates in the formation of a gel matrix (sperm coagulum) entrapping the accessory gland secretions and ejaculated spermatozoa
- Specific Function
- protease binding
- Gene Name
- SEMG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q02383
- Uniprot Name
- Semenogelin-2
- Molecular Weight
- 65444.485 Da
References
- Jonsson M, Linse S, Frohm B, Lundwall A, Malm J: Semenogelins I and II bind zinc and regulate the activity of prostate-specific antigen. Biochem J. 2005 Apr 15;387(Pt 2):447-53. doi: 10.1042/BJ20041424. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- InhibitorLigand
- General Function
- Sorting receptor that directs prohormones to the regulated secretory pathway. Acts also as a prohormone processing enzyme in neuro/endocrine cells, removing dibasic residues from the C-terminal end of peptide hormone precursors after initial endoprotease cleavage
- Specific Function
- carboxypeptidase activity
- Gene Name
- CPE
- Uniprot ID
- P16870
- Uniprot Name
- Carboxypeptidase E
- Molecular Weight
- 53150.185 Da
References
- Larsen KS, Auld DS: Carboxypeptidase A: mechanism of zinc inhibition. Biochemistry. 1989 Dec 12;28(25):9620-5. doi: 10.1021/bi00451a012. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Alcohol dehydrogenase. Exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation and plays a major role in ethanol catabolism
- Specific Function
- alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
- Gene Name
- ADH1C
- Uniprot ID
- P00326
- Uniprot Name
- Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C
- Molecular Weight
- 39867.27 Da
References
- Brandt EG, Hellgren M, Brinck T, Bergman T, Edholm O: Molecular dynamics study of zinc binding to cysteines in a peptide mimic of the alcohol dehydrogenase structural zinc site. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 Feb 14;11(6):975-83. doi: 10.1039/b815482a. Epub 2008 Dec 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Plays a role in the cellular breakdown of insulin, APP peptides, IAPP peptides, natriuretic peptides, glucagon, bradykinin, kallidin, and other peptides, and thereby plays a role in intercellular peptide signaling (PubMed:10684867, PubMed:17051221, PubMed:17613531, PubMed:18986166, PubMed:19321446, PubMed:21098034, PubMed:2293021, PubMed:23922390, PubMed:24847884, PubMed:26394692, PubMed:26968463, PubMed:29596046). Substrate binding induces important conformation changes, making it possible to bind and degrade larger substrates, such as insulin (PubMed:23922390, PubMed:26394692, PubMed:29596046). Contributes to the regulation of peptide hormone signaling cascades and regulation of blood glucose homeostasis via its role in the degradation of insulin, glucagon and IAPP (By similarity). Plays a role in the degradation and clearance of APP-derived amyloidogenic peptides that are secreted by neurons and microglia (Probable) (PubMed:26394692, PubMed:9830016). Degrades the natriuretic peptides ANP, BNP and CNP, inactivating their ability to raise intracellular cGMP (PubMed:21098034). Also degrades an aberrant frameshifted 40-residue form of NPPA (fsNPPA) which is associated with familial atrial fibrillation in heterozygous patients (PubMed:21098034). Involved in antigen processing. Produces both the N terminus and the C terminus of MAGEA3-derived antigenic peptide (EVDPIGHLY) that is presented to cytotoxic T lymphocytes by MHC class I
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- IDE
- Uniprot ID
- P14735
- Uniprot Name
- Insulin-degrading enzyme
- Molecular Weight
- 117967.49 Da
References
- Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Ciaccio C, Grasso G, Gioia M, Coletta A, Polticelli F, Di Pierro D, Milardi D, Van Endert P, Marini S, Coletta M: Multiple functions of insulin-degrading enzyme: a metabolic crosslight? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2017 Oct;52(5):554-582. doi: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337707. Epub 2017 Jun 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems
- Specific Function
- copper ion binding
- Gene Name
- SOD1
- Uniprot ID
- P00441
- Uniprot Name
- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
- Molecular Weight
- 15935.685 Da
References
- Nedd S, Redler RL, Proctor EA, Dokholyan NV, Alexandrova AN: Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase without Zn is folded but catalytically inactive. J Mol Biol. 2014 Dec 12;426(24):4112-4124. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.016. Epub 2014 Jul 30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (PubMed:11327835, PubMed:11802772, PubMed:11831900, PubMed:12056894, PubMed:12171926, PubMed:1336460, PubMed:14736236, PubMed:15300855, PubMed:15453828, PubMed:15667203, PubMed:15865431, PubMed:16106378, PubMed:16214338, PubMed:16290146, PubMed:16686544, PubMed:16759856, PubMed:16807956, PubMed:17127057, PubMed:17251017, PubMed:17314045, PubMed:17330962, PubMed:17346964, PubMed:17540563, PubMed:17588751, PubMed:17705204, PubMed:18024029, PubMed:18162396, PubMed:18266323, PubMed:18374572, PubMed:18481843, PubMed:18618712, PubMed:18640037, PubMed:18942852, PubMed:1909891, PubMed:1910042, PubMed:19170619, PubMed:19186056, PubMed:19206230, PubMed:19520834, PubMed:19778001, PubMed:7761440, PubMed:7901850, PubMed:8218160, PubMed:8262987, PubMed:8399159, PubMed:8451242, PubMed:8485129, PubMed:8639494, PubMed:9265618, PubMed:9398308). Can also hydrate cyanamide to urea (PubMed:10550681, PubMed:11015219). Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6 (PubMed:15990874). Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation (PubMed:15300855). Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption
- Specific Function
- arylesterase activity
- Gene Name
- CA2
- Uniprot ID
- P00918
- Uniprot Name
- Carbonic anhydrase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 29245.895 Da
References
- McCall KA, Huang C, Fierke CA: Function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes. J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1437S-46S. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Scott BJ, Bradwell AR: Identification of the serum binding proteins for iron, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and calcium. Clin Chem. 1983 Apr;29(4):629-33. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Zinc ion:proton antiporter that could function at the plasma membrane mediating zinc efflux from cells against its electrochemical gradient protecting them from intracellular zinc accumulation and toxicity (PubMed:31471319). Alternatively, could prevent the transport to the plasma membrane of CACNB2, the L-type calcium channels regulatory subunit, through a yet to be defined mechanism. By modulating the expression of these channels at the plasma membrane, could prevent calcium and zinc influx into cells. By the same mechanism, could also prevent L-type calcium channels-mediated heavy metal influx into cells (By similarity). In some cells, could also function as a zinc ion:proton antiporter mediating zinc entry into the lumen of cytoplasmic vesicles. In macrophages, can increase zinc ions concentration into the lumen of cytoplasmic vesicles containing engulfed bacteria and could help inactivate them (PubMed:32441444). Forms a complex with TMC6/EVER1 and TMC8/EVER2 at the ER membrane of keratynocytes which facilitates zinc uptake into the ER (PubMed:18158319). Down-regulates the activity of transcription factors induced by zinc and cytokines (PubMed:18158319)
- Specific Function
- calcium channel inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- SLC30A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6M5
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A1
- Molecular Weight
- 55299.41 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Electroneutral proton-coupled antiporter concentrating zinc ions into a variety of intracellular organelles including endosomes, zymogen granules and mitochondria. Thereby, plays a crucial role in cellular zinc homeostasis to confer upon cells protection against its potential cytotoxicity (PubMed:17065149, PubMed:21289295, PubMed:22733820, PubMed:25657003, PubMed:25808614, PubMed:30893306). Regulates the zinc concentration of milk, through the transport of zinc ions into secretory vesicles of mammary cells (PubMed:19496757). By concentrating zinc ions into lysosomes participates to lysosomal-mediated cell death during early mammary gland involution (PubMed:25808614)
- Specific Function
- identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- SLC30A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BRI3
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A2
- Molecular Weight
- 40563.575 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Probable proton-coupled zinc ion antiporter mediating the import of zinc from cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles and participating to cellular zinc ion homeostasis in the brain
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC30A3
- Uniprot ID
- Q99726
- Uniprot Name
- Probable proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A3
- Molecular Weight
- 41944.895 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Probable proton-coupled zinc ion antiporter mediating zinc import from cytoplasm potentially into the endocytic compartment (PubMed:19521526). Controls zinc deposition in milk (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC30A4
- Uniprot ID
- O14863
- Uniprot Name
- Probable proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A4
- Molecular Weight
- 47482.24 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Has probably no intrinsic transporter activity but together with SLC30A5 forms a functional zinc ion:proton antiporter heterodimer, mediating zinc entry into the lumen of organelles along the secretory pathway (PubMed:15994300, PubMed:19366695, PubMed:19759014). As part of that zinc ion:proton antiporter, contributes to zinc ion homeostasis within the early secretory pathway and regulates the activation and folding of enzymes like alkaline phosphatases and enzymes involved in phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis (PubMed:15994300, PubMed:19759014, PubMed:35525268)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC30A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q6NXT4
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter 6
- Molecular Weight
- 51115.08 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Together with SLC30A6 forms a functional proton-coupled zinc ion antiporter mediating zinc entry into the lumen of organelles along the secretory pathway (PubMed:11904301, PubMed:15525635, PubMed:15994300, PubMed:19366695, PubMed:22529353). By contributing to zinc ion homeostasis within the early secretory pathway, regulates the activation and folding of enzymes like alkaline phosphatases and enzymes involved in phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis (PubMed:15525635, PubMed:15994300, PubMed:16636052, PubMed:35525268). Through the transport of zinc into secretory granules of pancreatic beta-cells, plays an important role in the storage and secretion of insulin (PubMed:11904301)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC30A5
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TAD4
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A5
- Molecular Weight
- 84045.73 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Zinc ion transporter mediating zinc entry from the cytosol into the lumen of organelles along the secretory pathway (PubMed:15525635, PubMed:15994300). By contributing to zinc ion homeostasis within the early secretory pathway, regulates the activation and folding of enzymes like alkaline phosphatases (PubMed:15525635, PubMed:15994300)
- Specific Function
- identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- SLC30A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q8NEW0
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter 7
- Molecular Weight
- 41625.605 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Proton-coupled zinc ion antiporter mediating the entry of zinc into the lumen of pancreatic beta cell secretory granules, thereby regulating insulin secretion
- Specific Function
- protein homodimerization activity
- Gene Name
- SLC30A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8IWU4
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A8
- Molecular Weight
- 40754.16 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Mitochondrial proton-coupled zinc ion antiporter mediating the export of zinc from the mitochondria and involved in zinc homeostasis, zinc mobilization as well as mitochondrial morphology and health (PubMed:28334855, PubMed:34397090, PubMed:34433664, PubMed:35614220). In nucleus, functions as a secondary coactivator for nuclear receptors by cooperating with p160 coactivators subtypes. Plays a role in transcriptional activation of Wnt-responsive genes (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC30A9
- Uniprot ID
- Q6PML9
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A9, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 63514.525 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Calcium:manganese antiporter of the plasma membrane mediating the efflux of intracellular manganese coupled to an active extracellular calcium exchange (PubMed:30755481). Required for intracellular manganese homeostasis, an essential cation for the function of several enzymes, including some crucially important for the metabolism of neurotransmitters and other neuronal metabolic pathways. Manganese can also be cytotoxic and induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis (PubMed:22341972, PubMed:25319704, PubMed:26728129, PubMed:27226609, PubMed:27307044). Could also have an intracellular zinc ion transporter activity, directly regulating intracellular zinc ion homeostasis and more indirectly various signaling pathway and biological processes (PubMed:22427991, PubMed:26728129)
- Specific Function
- calcium
- Gene Name
- SLC30A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q6XR72
- Uniprot Name
- Calcium/manganese antiporter SLC30A10
- Molecular Weight
- 52683.46 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter for the divalent cation Zn(2+). Mediates the influx of Zn(2+) into cells from extracellular space (PubMed:11301334, PubMed:12888280, PubMed:16844077). Functions as the major importer of zinc from circulating blood plasma into prostate cells (PubMed:12888280)
- Specific Function
- inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC39A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NY26
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP1
- Molecular Weight
- 34249.215 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter for the divalent cation Zn(2+) (PubMed:10681536, PubMed:29791142, PubMed:30914478). Mediates the influx of Zn(2+) into cells from extracellular space. The Zn(2+) uniporter activity is independent of H(+)-driving force, but is modulated by extracellular pH and membrane potential. Transports also other divalent cations Zn(2+), Cd2(+), Cu2(+), Co2(+) in the order of decreasing affinity, respectively (PubMed:29791142, PubMed:30914478). In the skin, aids in the differentiation of keratinocytes in the epidermis (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- metal ion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC39A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NP94
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP2
- Molecular Weight
- 32742.03 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter for the divalent cation Zn(2+). Mediates the influx of Zn(2+) into cells from extracellular space. Controls Zn(2+) accumulation into dentate gyrus granule cells in the hippocampus. Mediates Zn(2+) reuptake from the secreted milk within the alveolar lumen
- Specific Function
- zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC39A3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BRY0
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP3
- Molecular Weight
- 33600.495 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Selective transporter that mediates the uptake of Zn(2+) (PubMed:17202136, PubMed:22242765, PubMed:27321477, PubMed:28875161, PubMed:31164399, PubMed:31914589, PubMed:31979155, PubMed:33837739, PubMed:36473915). Plays an essential role for dietary zinc uptake from small intestine (By similarity). The Zn(2+) uniporter activity is regulated by zinc availability (PubMed:17202136, PubMed:32348750). Exhibits also polyspecific binding and transport of Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and possibly Ni(2+) but at higher concentrations (PubMed:22242765, PubMed:31914589)
- Specific Function
- identical protein binding
- Gene Name
- SLC39A4
- Uniprot ID
- Q6P5W5
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP4
- Molecular Weight
- 68406.75 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Uniporter that transports zinc(2+) into polarized cells of enterocytes, pancreatic acinar and endoderm cells across the basolateral membrane and participates, notably, in zinc excretion from the intestine by the uptake of zinc from the blood into the intestine (By similarity). The transport mechanism is temperature- and concentration-dependent and saturable (By similarity). In addition, is also a high affinity copper transporter in vitro (PubMed:36454509). Also may regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in islets primarily through the zinc-activated SIRT1-PPARGC1A axis (By similarity). Could regulate the BMP/TGF-beta (bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor-beta) signaling pathway and modulates extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins of the sclera (PubMed:24891338). Plays a role in eye development (PubMed:24891338)
- Specific Function
- monoatomic cation
- Gene Name
- SLC39A5
- Uniprot ID
- Q6ZMH5
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP5
- Molecular Weight
- 56460.165 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Zinc-influx transporter which plays a role in zinc homeostasis and in the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (PubMed:12839489, PubMed:18272141, PubMed:21422171, PubMed:23919497, PubMed:27274087, PubMed:34394081). When associated with SLC39A10, the heterodimer formed by SLC39A10 and SLC39A6 mediates cellular zinc uptake to trigger cells to undergo epithelial- to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (PubMed:27274087). The SLC39A10-SLC39A6 heterodimer also controls NCAM1 phosphorylation and its integration into focal adhesion complexes during EMT (By similarity). Zinc influx inactivates GSK3B, enabling unphosphorylated SNAI1 in the nucleus to down-regulate adherence genes such as CDH1, causing loss of cell adherence (PubMed:23919497). In addition, the SLC39A10-SLC39A6 heterodimer plays an essentiel role in initiating mitosis by importing zinc into cells to initiate a pathway resulting in the onset of mitosis (PubMed:32797246). Participates in the T-cell receptor signaling regulation by mediating cellular zinc uptake into activated lymphocytes (PubMed:21422171, PubMed:30552163, PubMed:34394081). Regulates the zinc influx necessary for proper meiotic progression to metaphase II (MII) that allows the oocyte-to-egg transition (PubMed:25143461)
- Specific Function
- monoatomic cation
- Gene Name
- SLC39A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q13433
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP6
- Molecular Weight
- 85046.22 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transports Zn(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi apparatus to the cytosol, playing an essential role in the regulation of cytosolic zinc levels (PubMed:14525538, PubMed:15705588, PubMed:28205653, PubMed:29980658). Acts as a gatekeeper of zinc release from intracellular stores, requiring post-translational activation by phosphorylation, resulting in activation of multiple downstream pathways leading to cell growth and proliferation (PubMed:22317921, PubMed:28205653, PubMed:29980658). Has an essential role in B cell development and is required for proper B cell receptor signaling (PubMed:30718914). Plays an important role in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis and skin dermis development by regulating ER function (By similarity). Controls cell signaling pathways involved in glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle (By similarity). Has a protective role against ER stress in different biological contexts (PubMed:29980658, PubMed:30237509). Mediates Zn(2+)-induced ferroptosis (PubMed:33608508)
- Specific Function
- zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC39A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q92504
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter SLC39A7
- Molecular Weight
- 50117.95 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Electroneutral divalent metal cation:bicarbonate symporter of the plasma membrane mediating the cellular uptake of zinc and manganese, two divalent metal cations important for development, tissue homeostasis and immunity (PubMed:12504855, PubMed:22898811, PubMed:23403290, PubMed:26637978, PubMed:29337306, PubMed:29453449). Transports an electroneutral complex composed of a divalent metal cation and two bicarbonate anions or alternatively a bicarbonate and a selenite anion (PubMed:27166256, PubMed:31699897). Thereby, it also contributes to the cellular uptake of selenium, an essential trace metal and micronutrient (PubMed:27166256). Also imports cadmium a non-essential metal which is cytotoxic and carcinogenic (PubMed:27466201). May also transport iron and cobalt through membranes (PubMed:22898811). Through zinc import, indirectly regulates the metal-dependent transcription factor MTF1 and the expression of some metalloproteases involved in cartilage catabolism and also probably heart development (PubMed:29337306). Also indirectly regulates the expression of proteins involved in cell morphology and cytoskeleton organization (PubMed:29927450). Indirectly controls innate immune function and inflammatory response by regulating zinc cellular uptake which in turn modulates the expression of genes specific of these processes (PubMed:23403290, PubMed:28056086). Protects, for instance, cells from injury and death at the onset of inflammation (PubMed:18390834). By regulating zinc influx into monocytes also directly modulates their adhesion to endothelial cells and arteries (By similarity). Reclaims manganese from the bile at the apical membrane of hepatocytes, thereby regulating the activity of the manganese-dependent enzymes through the systemic levels of the nutrient (PubMed:28481222). Also participates in manganese reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney (PubMed:26637978). By mediating the extracellular uptake of manganese by cells of the blood-brain barrier, may also play a role in the transport of the micronutrient to the brain (PubMed:26637978, PubMed:31699897). With manganese cellular uptake also participates in mitochondrial proper function (PubMed:29453449). Finally, also probably functions intracellularly, translocating zinc from lysosome to cytosol to indirectly enhance the expression of specific genes during TCR-mediated T cell activation (PubMed:19401385)
- Specific Function
- monoatomic cation
- Gene Name
- SLC39A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9C0K1
- Uniprot Name
- Metal cation symporter ZIP8
- Molecular Weight
- 49630.175 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transports zinc ions across cell and organelle membranes into the cytoplasm and regulates intracellular zinc homeostasis (PubMed:19420709, PubMed:25014355, PubMed:28219737). Participates in the zinc ions efflux out of the secretory compartments (PubMed:19420709). Regulates intracellular zinc level, resulting in the enhancement of AKT1 and MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation in response to the BCR activation (PubMed:23505453). Also functions as a membrane androgen receptor that mediates, through a G protein, the non-classical androgen signaling pathway, characterized by the activation of MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) and transcription factors CREB1 or ATF1 (By similarity). This pathway contributes to CLDN1 and CLDN5 expression and tight junction formation between adjacent Sertoli cells (By similarity). Mediates androgen-induced vascular endothelial cell proliferation through activation of an inhibitory G protein leading to the AKT1 and MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) activation which in turn modulate inhibition (phosphorylation) of GSK3B and CCND1 transcription (PubMed:34555425). Moreover, has dual functions as a membrane-bound androgen receptor and as an androgen-dependent zinc transporter both of which are mediated through an inhibitory G protein (Gi) that mediates both MAP kinase and zinc signaling leading to the androgen-dependent apoptotic process (PubMed:25014355, PubMed:28219737)
- Specific Function
- androgen binding
- Gene Name
- SLC39A9
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NUM3
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP9
- Molecular Weight
- 32251.15 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Zinc-influx transporter (PubMed:17359283, PubMed:27274087, PubMed:30520657). When associated with SLC39A6, the heterodimer formed by SLC39A10 and SLC39A6 mediates cellular zinc uptake to trigger cells to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (PubMed:23186163). SLC39A10-SLC39A6 heterodimers play also an essentiel role in initiating mitosis by importing zinc into cells to initiate a pathway resulting in the onset of mitosis (PubMed:32797246). Plays an important for both mature B-cell maintenance and humoral immune responses (By similarity). When associated with SLC39A10, the heterodimer controls NCAM1 phosphorylation and integration into focal adhesion complexes during EMT (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- monoatomic cation
- Gene Name
- SLC39A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q9ULF5
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP10
- Molecular Weight
- 94131.47 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Zinc importer that regulates cytosolic zinc concentrations either via zinc influx from the extracellular compartment or efflux from intracellular organelles such as Golgi apparatus. May transport copper ions as well. The transport mechanism remains to be elucidated
- Specific Function
- copper ion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC39A11
- Uniprot ID
- Q8N1S5
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP11
- Molecular Weight
- 35395.665 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Uniporter that promotes Zn(2+) import from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm across the cell membrane. The transport activity is temperature dependent. May play a role in neurulation and neurite extension. May play a key role in maintaining intracellular zinc content at levels that reduce the inhibitory effects of rises in oxidative stress on spermatogonia and spermatozoa viability during spermatogenesis
- Specific Function
- monoatomic cation
- Gene Name
- SLC39A12
- Uniprot ID
- Q504Y0
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP12
- Molecular Weight
- 76665.43 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Functions as a zinc transporter transporting Zn(2+) from the Golgi apparatus to the cytosol and thus influences the zinc level at least in areas of the cytosol (PubMed:21917916, PubMed:23213233). May regulate beige adipocyte differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- protein homodimerization activity
- Gene Name
- SLC39A13
- Uniprot ID
- Q96H72
- Uniprot Name
- Zinc transporter ZIP13
- Molecular Weight
- 39010.1 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Electroneutral transporter of the plasma membrane mediating the cellular uptake of the divalent metal cations zinc, manganese and iron that are important for tissue homeostasis, metabolism, development and immunity (PubMed:15642354, PubMed:27231142, PubMed:29621230). Functions as an energy-dependent symporter, transporting through the membranes an electroneutral complex composed of a divalent metal cation and two bicarbonate anions (By similarity). Beside these endogenous cellular substrates, can also import cadmium a non-essential metal which is cytotoxic and carcinogenic (By similarity). Controls the cellular uptake by the intestinal epithelium of systemic zinc, which is in turn required to maintain tight junctions and the intestinal permeability (By similarity). Modifies the activity of zinc-dependent phosphodiesterases, thereby indirectly regulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways important for gluconeogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation (By similarity). Regulates insulin receptor signaling, glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes through the zinc-dependent intracellular catabolism of insulin (PubMed:27703010). Through zinc cellular uptake also plays a role in the adaptation of cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress (By similarity). Major manganese transporter of the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, it plays a central role in manganese systemic homeostasis through intestinal manganese uptake (PubMed:31028174). Also involved in manganese extracellular uptake by cells of the blood-brain barrier (PubMed:31699897). May also play a role in manganese and zinc homeostasis participating in their elimination from the blood through the hepatobiliary excretion (By similarity). Also functions in the extracellular uptake of free iron. May also function intracellularly and mediate the transport from endosomes to cytosol of iron endocytosed by transferrin (PubMed:20682781). Plays a role in innate immunity by regulating the expression of cytokines by activated macrophages (PubMed:23052185)
- Specific Function
- cadmium ion transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC39A14
- Uniprot ID
- Q15043
- Uniprot Name
- Metal cation symporter ZIP14
- Molecular Weight
- 54211.785 Da
References
- Jeong J, Eide DJ: The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;34(2-3):612-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011. [Article]
Drug created at July 12, 2018 19:50 / Updated at October 21, 2024 08:50