Teniposide

Overview

Description
A chemotherapy medication used with other cancer medications to treat children with a severe form of leukemia called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Description
A chemotherapy medication used with other cancer medications to treat children with a severe form of leukemia called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
DrugBank ID
DB00444
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
YES
Other Approved
YES
Clinical Trials
Phase 0
0
Phase 1
1
Phase 2
6
Phase 3
1
Phase 4
2
Therapeutic Categories
  • Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action

Identification

Summary

Teniposide is a cytotoxic drug used as an adjunct for chemotherapy induction in the treatment of refractory childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Generic Name
Teniposide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00444
Background

Teniposide is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 656.654
Monoisotopic: 656.1563618
Chemical Formula
C32H32O13S
Synonyms
  • 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-(R)-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside)
  • Epidophyllotoxin
  • Teniposid
  • Téniposide
  • Teniposide
  • Teniposido
  • Teniposidum
External IDs
  • EPT
  • PGT
  • VM-26
  • VM26

Pharmacology

Indication

Teniposide is used for the treatment of refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used as adjunct in combination to treatRefractory lymphoblastic leukemia, acute, childhood•••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Teniposide is a phase-specific cytotoxic drug, acting in the late S or early G 2 phase of the cell cycle. Teniposide prevents cell mitosis by causing single and double stranded DNA breaks as well as cross linking between protein and DNA.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action appears to be related to the inhibition of type II topoisomerase activity since teniposide does not intercalate into DNA or bind strongly to DNA. Teniposide binds to and inhibits DNA topoisomerase II. The cytotoxic effects of teniposide are related to the relative number of double-stranded DNA breaks produced in cells, which are a reflection of the stabilization of a topoisomerase II-DNA intermediate.

TargetActionsOrganism
ADNA topoisomerase 2-alpha
inhibitor
Humans
ADNA topoisomerase 2-beta
modulator
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

From 4% to 12% of a dose is excreted in urine as parent drug. Fecal excretion of radioactivity within 72 hours after dosing accounted for 0% to 10% of the dose.

Half-life

5 hours

Clearance
  • 10.3 mL/min/m2
Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Teniposide Action PathwayDrug action
Teniposide Metabolism PathwayDrug metabolism
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Teniposide can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Teniposide can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Teniposide.
AbemaciclibThe serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Teniposide.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Teniposide.
Food Interactions
  • Exercise caution with grapefruit products. Teniposide is a CYP3A4 substrate, and grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism, coadministration may increase the serum concentrations of teniposide.
  • Exercise caution with St. John's Wort. Teniposide is a CYP3A4 substrate, and St. John's Wort induces CYP3A4 metabolism, coadministration may reduce the serum concentrations of teniposide.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
International/Other Brands
Bang Lai (Double-Crane)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
TeniposideInjection, solution10 mg/1mLIntravenousWG Critical Care, LLC2013-04-30Not applicableUS flag
VumonInjection, solution10 mg/1mLIntravenousE.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C.1992-07-142015-07-14US flag
VumonLiquid10 mg / mLIntravenousBristol Myers Squibb1984-12-312018-05-31Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
L01CB02 — Teniposide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as podophyllotoxins. These are tetralin lignans in which the benzene moiety of the tetralin skeleton is fused to a 1,3-dioxolane and the cyclohexane is fused to a butyrolactone (pyrrolidin-2-one).
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Lignans, neolignans and related compounds
Class
Lignan lactones
Sub Class
Podophyllotoxins
Direct Parent
Podophyllotoxins
Alternative Parents
Aryltetralin lignans / Furanonaphthodioxoles / Tetralins / Pyranodioxins / Dimethoxybenzenes / Methoxyphenols / Benzodioxoles / Anisoles / Phenoxy compounds / Alkyl aryl ethers
show 16 more
Substituents
1,2-diol / 1-aryltetralin lignan / Acetal / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Anisole / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzodioxole / Carbonyl group
show 32 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
957E6438QA
CAS number
29767-20-2
InChI Key
NRUKOCRGYNPUPR-QBPJDGROSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C32H32O13S/c1-37-19-6-13(7-20(38-2)25(19)33)23-14-8-17-18(42-12-41-17)9-15(14)28(16-10-39-30(36)24(16)23)44-32-27(35)26(34)29-21(43-32)11-40-31(45-29)22-4-3-5-46-22/h3-9,16,21,23-24,26-29,31-35H,10-12H2,1-2H3/t16-,21+,23+,24-,26+,27+,28+,29+,31+,32-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(2R,4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-10-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0^{3,7}.0^{11,15}]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-12-one
SMILES
[H][C@]12COC(=O)[C@]1([H])[C@H](C1=CC(OC)=C(O)C(OC)=C1)C1=C(C=C3OCOC3=C1)[C@H]2O[C@]1([H])O[C@]2([H])CO[C@H](O[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C1=CC=CS1

References

General References
Not Available
KEGG Drug
D02698
KEGG Compound
C11153
PubChem Compound
452548
PubChem Substance
46507536
ChemSpider
398606
BindingDB
50248198
RxNav
10362
ChEBI
75988
ChEMBL
CHEMBL452231
ZINC
ZINC000004099009
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000651
PharmGKB
PA451611
PDBe Ligand
9TP
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Teniposide
PDB Entries
4l9q / 8vac
MSDS
Download (46.6 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableRecruitingTreatmentHLH1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
Not AvailableUnknown StatusTreatmentLeukemias1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4CompletedTreatmentAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
4CompletedTreatmentLeukemia, Lymphocytic, Acute, Adult1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide
3CompletedTreatmentAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Bristol myers squibb co pharmaceutical research institute
Packagers
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
  • Mead Johnson and Co.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Injection, solutionIntravenous10 mg/1mL
LiquidIntravenous10 mg / mL
InjectionParenteral50 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Vumon 10 mg/ml ampul75.31USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)242-246 °CPhysProp
logP1.24HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0598 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.78ALOGPS
logP2.78Chemaxon
logS-4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.33Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.7Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count12Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area160.83 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count6Chemaxon
Refractivity155.61 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability64.83 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings8Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.8166
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9584
Caco-2 permeable-0.5728
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.6638
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8656
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9094
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8549
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7897
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5599
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.7516
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5445
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7197
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.7423
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.7677
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.798
Ames testAMES toxic0.7291
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9303
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9254
Rat acute toxicity2.8354 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9934
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8415
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0019201000-9ca4b9500da4de8d348c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a59-0069008000-67fd759a905a79cae256
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a59-0069017000-e7905b29d013ca857d0e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0aed-1431096000-8b6bcb595226eeee9381
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-053r-0092011000-7acec192e3457750d863
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000t-0279044000-51062ad9f6a7fe19d9ba
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-213.2375
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+215.0624
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+220.70284
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Key decatenating enzyme that alters DNA topology by binding to two double-stranded DNA molecules, generating a double-stranded break in one of the strands, passing the intact strand through the broken strand, and religating the broken strand (PubMed:17567603, PubMed:18790802, PubMed:22013166, PubMed:22323612). May play a role in regulating the period length of BMAL1 transcriptional oscillation (By similarity)
Specific Function
ATP binding
Gene Name
TOP2A
Uniprot ID
P11388
Uniprot Name
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha
Molecular Weight
174383.88 Da
References
  1. de Lucio B, Manuel V, Barrera-Rodriguez R: Characterization of human NSCLC cell line with innate etoposide-resistance mediated by cytoplasmic localization of topoisomerase II alpha. Cancer Sci. 2005 Nov;96(11):774-83. [Article]
  2. Uesaka T, Shono T, Kuga D, Suzuki SO, Niiro H, Miyamoto K, Matsumoto K, Mizoguchi M, Ohta M, Iwaki T, Sasaki T: Enhanced expression of DNA topoisomerase II genes in human medulloblastoma and its possible association with etoposide sensitivity. J Neurooncol. 2007 Sep;84(2):119-29. Epub 2007 Mar 15. [Article]
  3. Winnicka K, Bielawski K, Bielawska A: Cardiac glycosides in cancer research and cancer therapy. Acta Pol Pharm. 2006 Mar-Apr;63(2):109-15. [Article]
  4. Faure P, Madelaine I: [Topoisomerases: therapeutic value]. Ann Pharm Fr. 1996;54(1):40-4. [Article]
  5. Umanskaya ON, Ioudinkova ES, Razin SV, Bystritskiy AA: Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II in living cells stimulates illegitimate recombination. Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2005 Nov-Dec;405:423-5. [Article]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Modulator
General Function
Key decatenating enzyme that alters DNA topology by binding to two double-stranded DNA molecules, generating a double-stranded break in one of the strands, passing the intact strand through the broken strand, and religating the broken strand. Plays a role in B-cell differentiation
Specific Function
ATP binding
Gene Name
TOP2B
Uniprot ID
Q02880
Uniprot Name
DNA topoisomerase 2-beta
Molecular Weight
183265.825 Da
References
  1. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes 6beta-hydroxylation of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione (PubMed:2732228). Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including calcium channel blocking drug nifedipine and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (PubMed:2732228)
Specific Function
aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Relling MV, Nemec J, Schuetz EG, Schuetz JD, Gonzalez FJ, Korzekwa KR: O-demethylation of epipodophyllotoxins is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 3A4. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Feb;45(2):352-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
Specific Function
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55944.565 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
Curator comments
There are limited data supporting this interaction, however, the monograph for teniposide indicates that it is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9.
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
Specific Function
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
  2. Teniposide monograph [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Baumhakel M, Kasel D, Rao-Schymanski RA, Bocker R, Beckurts KT, Zaigler M, Barthold D, Fuhr U: Screening for inhibitory effects of antineoplastic agents on CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Dec;39(12):517-28. [Article]
  2. Relling MV, Nemec J, Schuetz EG, Schuetz JD, Gonzalez FJ, Korzekwa KR: O-demethylation of epipodophyllotoxins is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 3A4. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Feb;45(2):352-8. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds, and xenobiotics from cells. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene-c4 (LTC4) and N-ethylmaleimide S-glutathione (NEM-GS) (in vitro), and an anionic cyclopentapeptide endothelin antagonist, BQ-123 (PubMed:11880368, PubMed:12414644). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Does not appear to actively transport drugs outside the cell. Confers low levels of cellular resistance to etoposide, teniposide, anthracyclines and cisplatin (PubMed:12414644)
Specific Function
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity
Gene Name
ABCC6
Uniprot ID
O95255
Uniprot Name
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 6
Molecular Weight
164904.81 Da
References
  1. Belinsky MG, Chen ZS, Shchaveleva I, Zeng H, Kruh GD: Characterization of the drug resistance and transport properties of multidrug resistance protein 6 (MRP6, ABCC6). Cancer Res. 2002 Nov 1;62(21):6172-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
Specific Function
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
Gene Name
ABCG2
Uniprot ID
Q9UNQ0
Uniprot Name
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
Molecular Weight
72313.47 Da
References
  1. Allen JD, Van Dort SC, Buitelaar M, van Tellingen O, Schinkel AH: Mouse breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) mediates etoposide resistance and transport, but etoposide oral availability is limited primarily by P-glycoprotein. Cancer Res. 2003 Mar 15;63(6):1339-44. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at November 05, 2024 05:09