Salbutamol

Identification

Summary

Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat asthma, bronchitis, COPD, as well as prevent exercise induced bronchospasms.

Brand Names

Airomir, Combivent, Proair, Proventil, Ventolin, Xopenex

Generic Name

Salbutamol

DrugBank Accession Number

DB01001

Background

Salbutamol is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. It is 29 times more selective for beta2 receptors than beta1 receptors giving it higher specificity for pulmonary beta receptors versus beta1-adrenergic receptors located in the heart. Salbutamol is formulated as a racemic mixture of the R- and S-isomers. The R-isomer has 150 times greater affinity for the beta2-receptor than the S-isomer and the S-isomer has been associated with toxicity. This lead to the development of levalbuterol, the single R-isomer of salbutamol. However, the high cost of levalbuterol compared to salbutamol has deterred wide-spread use of this enantiomerically pure version of the drug. Salbutamol is generally used for acute episodes of bronchospasm caused by bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and other chronic bronchopulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). It is also used prophylactically for exercise-induced asthma.^Label,1,2

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Vet approved

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 239.3107
Monoisotopic: 239.152143543
Chemical Formula: C₁₃H₂₁NO₃

Synonyms

Albuterol
Salbutamol
Salbutamolum

Pharmacology

Indication

Salbutamol is indicated for (i) the symptomatic relief and prevention of bronchospasm due to bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, reversible obstructive airway disease, and other chronic bronchopulmonary disorders in which bronchospasm is a complicating factor, and/or (ii) the acute prophylaxis against exercise-induced bronchospasm and other stimuli known to induce bronchospasm.^Label,4,5

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Associated Conditions

Associated Therapies

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN), a moderately selective beta(2)-receptor agonist similar in structure to terbutaline, is widely used as a bronchodilator to manage asthma and other chronic obstructive airway diseases.^Label,4,5 The R-isomer, levalbuterol, is responsible for bronchodilation while the S-isomer increases bronchial reactivity.² The R-enantiomer is available and sold in its pure form as levalbuterol and subsequently may produce fewer side-effects with only the R-enantiomer present - although this has not been formally demonstrated.²

After oral and parenteral administration, stimulation of the beta receptors in the body, both beta-1 and beta-2, occurs because (a) beta-2 selectivity is not absolute, and (b) higher concentrations of salbutamol occur in the regions of these receptors with these modes of administration.^Label,4,5 This results in the beta-1 effect of cardiac stimulation, though not so much as with isoprenaline, and beta-2 effects of peripheral vasodilatation and hypotension, skeletal muscle tremor, and uterine muscle relaxation.^Label,4,5

Metabolic effects such as hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia also may occur, although it is not known whether these effects are mediated by beta-1 or beta-2 receptors.^Label,4,5 The serum potassium levels have a tendency to fall.⁴

Mechanism of action

In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have shown that salbutamol has a preferential effect on beta2-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol.^Label,4,5 Although beta2 adrenoceptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and beta1 adrenoceptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, there are also beta2-adrenoceptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenoceptors.^Label,4,5 The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but their presence raises the possibility that even selective beta2-agonists may have cardiac effects.^Label,4,5

Activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenyl cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP).^Label,4,5 This increase of cyclic AMP leads to the activation of protein kinase A, which inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin and lowers intracellular ionic calcium concentrations, resulting in relaxation.^Label,4,5 Salbutamol relaxes the smooth muscles of all airways, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles.^Label,4,5 Salbutamol acts as a functional antagonist to relax the airway irrespective of the spasmogen involved, thus protecting against all bronchoconstrictor challenges.^Label,4,5 Increased cyclic AMP concentrations are also associated with the inhibition of release of mediators from mast cells in the airway.^Label,4,5

Salbutamol has been shown in most controlled clinical trials to have more effect on the respiratory tract, in the form of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, than isoproterenol at comparable doses while producing fewer cardiovascular effects.^Label,4,5 Controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other beta-adrenergic agonist drugs, can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients, as measured by pulse rate, blood pressure, symptoms, and/or electrocardiographic changes.^Label,4,5

A measurable decrease in airway resistance is typically observed within 5 to 15 minutes after inhalation of salbutamol.^Label,4,5 The maximum improvement in pulmonary function usually occurs 60 to 90 minutes after salbutamol treatment, and significant bronchodilator activity has been observed to persist for 3 to 6 hours.^Label,4,5

Target	Actions	Organism
ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor	agonist	Humans
UBeta-1 adrenergic receptor	agonist	Humans
UBeta-3 adrenergic receptor	Not Available	Humans

Absorption

Following inhalation, salbutamol acts topically on bronchial smooth muscle and the drug is initially undetectable in the blood.⁴ After 2 to 3 hours low concentrations are seen, due presumably to the portion of the dose which is swallowed and absorbed in the gut.⁴

In particular, the systemic levels of salbutamol are low after inhalation of recommended doses.^Label A trial conducted in 12 healthy male and female subjects using a higher dose (1,080 mcg of albuterol base) showed that mean peak plasma concentrations of approximately 3 ng/mL occurred after dosing when salbutamol was delivered using propellant HFA-134a.^Label The mean time to peak concentrations (Tmax) was delayed after administration of VENTOLIN (salbutamol) HFA (Tmax = 0.42 hours) as compared with CFC-propelled salbutamol inhaler (Tmax = 0.17 hours).^Label

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution recorded for intravenously administered salbutamol has been recorded as 156 +/- 38 L.¹

Protein binding

Salbutamol is only weakly bound to plasma proteins.⁵

Metabolism

Salbutamol is not metabolized in the lung but is converted in the liver to the 4'-o-sulphate (salbutamol 4'-O-sulfate) ester, which has negligible pharmacologic activity.^4,5 It may also be metabolized by oxidative deamination and/or conjugation with glucuronide.^4,5 Salbutamol is ultimately excreted in the urine as free drug and as the metabolite.^4,5

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Salbutamol
- Salbutamol 4-O-sulfate

Route of elimination

After oral administration, 58-78% of the dose is excreted in the urine in 24 hours, approximately 60% as metabolites.^4,5 A small fraction is excreted in the feces.^4,5

Half-life

The elimination half-life of inhaled or oral salbutamol has been recorded as being between 2.7 and 5 hours while the apparent terminal plasma half-life of albuterol has been documented as being approximately 4.6 hours.^4,Label

Clearance

The renal clearance of salbutamol has been documented as 272 +/- 38 ml/min after oral administration and 291 +/- 70 ml/min after intravenous administration.¹ Furthermore, the renal clearance of the predominant sulfate conjugate metabolite was recorded as 98.5 +/- 23.5 ml/min following oral administration.¹

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

The expected signs and symptoms with overdosage of albuterol are those of excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and/or occurrence or exaggeration of any of the signs and symptoms of beta-adrenergic stimulation (e.g., seizures, angina, hypertension or hypotension, tachycardia with rates up to 200 beats/min, arrhythmias, nervousness, headache, tremor, muscle cramps, dry mouth, palpitation, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, malaise, insomnia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis).^Label In particular, the signs of salbutamol overdosage are significant tachycardia and/or significant muscle tremor.^4,5

Hypokalaemia may occur following overdosage with salbutamol.⁴ Serum potassium levels should be monitored.⁴

Lactic acidosis has been reported in association with high therapeutic doses as well as overdoses of short-acting beta-agonist therapy, therefore monitoring for elevated serum lactate and consequent metabolic acidosis (particularly if there is persistence or worsening of tachypnea despite resolution of other signs of bronchospasm such as wheezing) may be indicated in the setting of overdose.^4,5

Salbutamol is categorized as Pregnancy Category C.^Label There are no adequate and well-controlled trials with salbutamolc or albuterol sulfate in pregnant women.^Label During worldwide marketing experience, various congenital anomalies, including cleft palate and limb defects, have been reported in the offspring of patients being treated with salbutamol.^Label Some of the mothers were taking multiple medications during their pregnancies.^Label No consistent pattern of defects can be discerned, and a relationship between salbutamol use and congenital anomalies has not been established.^Label Animal reproduction studies in mice and rabbits revealed evidence of teratogenicity.^Label Salbutamol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetusLabel]. Women should be advised to contact their physicians if they become pregnant while taking salbutamol.^Label

Since there exists a potential for beta-agonist interference with uterine contractility, the use of salbutamol during labour should be restricted to those patients in whom the benefits clearly outweigh the risk.^Label

Plasma levels of albuterol sulfate and HFA-134a after inhaled therapeutic doses are very low in humans, but it is not known whether the components of salbutamol are excreted in human milk.^Label Because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for albuterol in animal studies and lack of experience with the use of salbutamol by nursing mothers, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.^Label Caution should be exercised when salbutamol is administered to a nursing woman.^Label

The safety and effectiveness of salbutamol in children younger than 4 years of age has not yet been established.^Label

Clinical trials of VENTOLIN HFA did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and older to determine whether older subjects respond differently than younger subjects.^Label Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.^Label In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.^Label

The LD₅₀ value was determined to be 1100 mg/kg (orally in mice).

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Abacavir	Salbutamol may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
Acebutolol	The therapeutic efficacy of Salbutamol can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol.
Aceclofenac	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Salbutamol is combined with Aceclofenac.
Acemetacin	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Salbutamol is combined with Acemetacin.
Acetaminophen	Acetaminophen may decrease the excretion rate of Salbutamol which could result in a higher serum level.
Acetazolamide	Acetazolamide may increase the excretion rate of Salbutamol which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Acetylsalicylic acid	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Salbutamol.
Aclidinium	Salbutamol may decrease the excretion rate of Aclidinium which could result in a higher serum level.
Acrivastine	The risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Salbutamol is combined with Acrivastine.
Acyclovir	Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Salbutamol which could result in a higher serum level.

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Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Salbutamol sulfate	021SEF3731	51022-70-9	BNPSSFBOAGDEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Levosalbutamol	unknown	EDN2NBH5SS	34391-04-3	NDAUXUAQIAJITI-LBPRGKRZSA-N

Product Images

International/Other Brands

Aerolin / Asmol / Asthalin / Asthavent / ProAir (Teva) / PROAIRHFA / Salamol / Ventilan (GlaxoSmithKline) / Ventoline (GlaxoSmithKline) / VENTOLINHFA / Ventorlin (GlaxoSmithKline) / VoSpire

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
AccuNeb	Solution	0.63 mg/3mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Mylan Specialty	2011-02-10	2013-08-31
AccuNeb	Solution	1.25 mg/3mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Mylan Specialty	2011-02-10	2013-08-31
Airomir	Aerosol, metered	100 mcg / act	Respiratory (inhalation)	Bausch Health, Canada Inc.	1998-08-13	Not applicable
Albuterol	Aerosol, metered	90 ug/1	Oral	Armstrong Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2007-11-27	Not applicable
Albuterol	Aerosol, spray	90 ug/1	Oral	Warrick Pharmaceuticals Corporation	2006-12-07	Not applicable
Albuterol HFA	Aerosol, metered	108 ug/1	Respiratory (inhalation)	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2007-03-16	2009-08-31
Albuterol Sulfate	Solution	0.83 mg/1mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Holopack International	2008-12-31	Not applicable
Albuterol Sulfate	Aerosol, metered	90 ug/1	Respiratory (inhalation)	HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst	2018-09-22	Not applicable
Albuterol Sulfate	Solution	5 mg/1mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Bauch & Lomb Incorporated	2008-09-02	Not applicable
Albuterol Sulfate	Aerosol, metered	90 ug/1	Respiratory (inhalation)	HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst	2018-10-18	Not applicable

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Albuterol	Tablet	4 mg/1	Oral	Rising Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2018-06-29	Not applicable
Albuterol	Tablet	2 mg/1	Oral	Aurobindo Pharma Limited	2020-05-14	Not applicable
Albuterol	Tablet	2 mg/1	Oral	Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.	2020-10-23	Not applicable
Albuterol	Tablet	2 mg/1	Oral	Mylan Institutional Inc.	1997-04-29	2023-01-31
Albuterol	Tablet	2 mg/1	Oral	Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.	1991-01-17	2023-01-31
Albuterol	Tablet	2 mg/1	Oral	Virtus Pharmaceuticals LLC	2018-10-27	Not applicable
Albuterol	Tablet	2 mg/1	Oral	Amneal Pharmaceuticals NY LLC	2018-05-24	Not applicable
Albuterol	Tablet	2 mg/1	Oral	Nivagen Pharmaceuticals Inc	2021-01-21	Not applicable
Albuterol	Tablet	4 mg/1	Oral	Dash Pharmaceutical LLC	2019-03-15	2021-02-24
Albuterol	Tablet	4 mg/1	Oral	PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	1991-01-17	2023-02-28

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
APO-SALVENT TABLET 2 mg	Tablet	2 mg	Oral	PHARMAFORTE SINGAPORE PTE LTD	1995-10-02	Not applicable
APO-SALVENT TABLET 4 mg	Tablet	4 mg	Oral	PHARMAFORTE SINGAPORE PTE LTD	1996-02-05	Not applicable
ASMOL 2 TABLET 2 mg	Tablet	2 mg	Oral	SUNWARD PHARMACEUTICAL PRIVATE LIMITED	1991-10-06	Not applicable
ASMOL SYRUP 2 mg/5 ml	Syrup	2 mg/5ml	Oral	SUNWARD PHARMACEUTICAL PRIVATE LIMITED	1989-02-27	Not applicable
ASMOL TABLET 4 mg	Tablet	4 mg	Oral	SUNWARD PHARMACEUTICAL PRIVATE LIMITED	1989-05-22	Not applicable
ICM ASTHMA FORMULA MIXTURE 2 mg/5 ml	Suspension	2 mg/5ml	Oral	ICM PHARMA PTE. LTD.	1997-02-05	Not applicable
SALBUTAMOL SYRUP 2 mg/5 ml	Syrup	2 mg/5ml	Oral	YUNG SHIN PHARMACEUTICAL (SINGAPORE) PTE LTD	1998-04-11	Not applicable
SP-BRONCOVENT TABLET 2 mg	Tablet	2 mg	Oral	LUEN WAH MEDICAL COMPANY (SINGAPORE) PRIVATE LIMITED	1997-05-20	Not applicable
SP-BRONCOVENT TABLET 4 mg	Tablet	4 mg	Oral	SPECTRUM HEALTH PROMOTION PTE LTD	1997-05-20	Not applicable
VENDEROL TABLET 2 mg	Tablet	2 mg	Oral	BEACONS PHARMACEUTICALS PTE. LTD.	1989-04-28	Not applicable

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Apo-salvent-ipravent Sterules	Salbutamol sulfate (2.5 mg / 2.5 mL) + Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.5 mg / 2.5 mL)	Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	Apotex Corporation	2006-08-25	Not applicable
BECLOSAL HFA INHALER	Salbutamol (120 MCG/1DOSE) + Beclomethasone dipropionate (50 MCG/1DOSE)	Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	บริษัท ฐิติรัตน์สานนท์ จำกัด จำกัด	2020-02-25	Not applicable
CLENIL KOMPOZE INHALASYON AEROSOLÜ, 200 DOZ	Salbutamol (100 mcg) + Beclomethasone dipropionate (50 mcg)	Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	CHIESI İLAÇ TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	2019-11-11
COMBINEB ( Nebuliser Solution Unit Dose Vial Ipratropium Bromide 0.5 mg and Salbutamol 2.5 mg )	Salbutamol (2.5 mg) + Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.5 mg)	Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	AIN MEDICARE SDN. BHD.	2020-09-08	Not applicable
Combivent	Salbutamol sulfate (90 ug/1) + Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (18 ug/1)	Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2000-09-18	2013-06-30
Combivent	Salbutamol sulfate (90 ug/1) + Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (18 ug/1)	Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	Boehringer Ingelheim	1997-06-01	2014-09-30
COMBİVENT 0,5 MG/2,5 ML + 2,5 MG/2,5 ML NEBÜLİZASYON İÇİN İNHALASYON ÇÖZELTİSİ	Salbutamol (2.5 mg/2.5ml) + Ipratropium bromide anhydrous (0.5 mg/2.5ml)	Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	BOEHRİNGER INGELHEİM İLAÇ TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	Not applicable
Combivent Inhalation Aerosol	Salbutamol sulfate (120 mcg / act) + Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (20 mcg / act)	Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Ltee	1995-12-31	2007-10-02
Combivent Lösung für einen Vernebler in Einzeldosisbehältnissen	Salbutamol (2.5 mg/2.5ml) + Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.5 mg/2.5ml)	Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	Boehringer Ingelheim Rcv Gmb H & Co Kg	1996-07-11	Not applicable
COMBIVENT OLCULU DOZ INHALATORLU AEROSOL 10 ML	Salbutamol (2.5 mg/2.5ml) + Ipratropium bromide anhydrous (0.5 mg/2.5ml)	Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	BOEHRİNGER INGELHEİM İLAÇ TİC. A.Ş.	2020-08-14	2019-04-24

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Basic Dental Emergency Kit	Salbutamol sulfate (108 ug/1) + Acetylsalicylic acid (325 mg/1) + D-glucose (4000 mg/1) + Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (50 mg/1mL) + Epinephrine (0.3 mg/0.3mL) + Nitroglycerin (0.4 mg/1)	Aerosol, metered; Injection; Kit; Tablet; Tablet, chewable	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Oral; Respiratory (inhalation); Subcutaneous; Sublingual	Best Dental Kit LLC	2023-01-30	Not applicable
Deluxe Dental Emergency Kit	Salbutamol sulfate (108 ug/1) + Acetylsalicylic acid (325 mg/1) + D-glucose (4000 mg/1) + Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (50 mg/1mL) + Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/5mL) + Epinephrine (0.3 mg/0.3mL) + Epinephrine (0.15 mg/0.15mL) + Nitroglycerin (0.4 mg/1)	Aerosol, metered; Injection; Kit; Solution; Tablet; Tablet, chewable	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Oral; Respiratory (inhalation); Subcutaneous; Sublingual	Best Dental Kit LLC	2023-01-30	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: QF8SVZ843E
CAS number: 18559-94-9
InChI Key: NDAUXUAQIAJITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C13H21NO3/c1-13(2,3)14-7-12(17)9-4-5-11(16)10(6-9)8-15/h4-6,12,14-17H,7-8H2,1-3H3
IUPAC Name: 4-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
SMILES: CC(C)(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(CO)=C(O)C=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Toshikuni Kawazi, Masahiro Ono, Nobuko Inoue, "Salbutamol-containing plaster and method of producing same." U.S. Patent US5068103, issued February, 1984.

US5068103

General References

Morgan DJ, Paull JD, Richmond BH, Wilson-Evered E, Ziccone SP: Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral salbutamol and its sulphate conjugate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Nov;22(5):587-93. [Article]
Jacobson GA, Raidal S, Robson K, Narkowicz CK, Nichols DS, Haydn Walters E: Bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetics of (R)-salbutamol and (S)-salbutamol enantiomers in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and lung tissue of horses. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Jul;83(7):1436-1445. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13228. Epub 2017 Feb 8. [Article]
FDA Approved Drug Products: AIRSUPRA (albuterol and budesonide) inhalation aerosol, for oral inhalation use [Link]
Salbutamol Australian Product Information [File]
Salbutamol Canadian Product Information [File]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0001937
KEGG Drug: D02147
PubChem Compound: 2083
PubChem Substance: 46505312
ChemSpider: 1999
BindingDB: 25769
RxNav: 435
ChEBI: 2549
ChEMBL: CHEMBL714
Therapeutic Targets Database: DNC000873
PharmGKB: PA448068
Guide to Pharmacology: GtP Drug Page
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Wikipedia: Salbutamol

FDA label

Download (693 KB)

MSDS

Download (52.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Air Trapping / Airway Obstruction / Hyperinflation / Obstructive Lung Diseases / Secondhand Smoke / Tobacco	1
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Respiratory Muscle Weakness / Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI)	1
4	Completed	Not Available	Asthma	2
4	Completed	Not Available	Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	1
4	Completed	Basic Science	Asthma	1
4	Completed	Basic Science	Bronchoconstriction / Cycling Performance / Inhaled Salbutamol	1
4	Completed	Diagnostic	Asthma	1
4	Completed	Diagnostic	Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS)	1
4	Completed	Diagnostic	Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity / Very Low Birth Weight	1
4	Completed	Health Services Research	Asthma / Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Armstrong pharmaceuticals inc
Genpharm inc
Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
Pliva inc
Schering corp sub schering plough corp
Glaxosmithkline
Teva global respiratory research llc
3m pharmaceuticals inc
Dey lp
Actavis mid atlantic llc
Apotex inc richmond hill
Apotex inc
Bausch and lomb inc
Cobalt laboratories inc
Copley pharmaceutical inc
Hi tech pharmacal co inc
Holopack international
Landela pharmaceutical
Nephron pharmaceuticals corp
Nephron corp
Novex pharma
Roxane laboratories inc
Teva parenteral medicines inc
Watson laboratories inc
Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
Amneal pharmaceuticals
Mova pharmaceuticals corp
Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
Vintage pharmaceuticals llc
Vistapharm inc
Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
Muro pharmaceutical inc
Dava pharmaceuticals inc
American therapeutics inc
Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
Sandoz inc
Ucb inc
Warner chilcott div warner lambert co
Breath ltd
Sepracor inc
Teva Pharmaceuticals

Packagers

3M Health Care
Actavis Group
Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
Amerisource Health Services Corp.
Apotheca Inc.
Apothecon
Armstrong Pharmaceuticals Inc.
A-S Medication Solutions LLC
Aslung Pharmaceutical Lp
Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
Automatic Liquid Packaging Inc.
Bausch & Lomb Inc.
Bryant Ranch Prepack
Cardinal Health
Catalent Pharma Solutions
Charter Laboratories Inc.
Cipla Ltd.
Cobalt Pharmaceuticals Inc.
DAVA Pharmaceuticals
Dey Pharma LP
Direct Dispensing Inc.
DispenseXpress Inc.
Dispensing Solutions
Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
Heartland Repack Services LLC
Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
Holopack International Corp.
Ivax Pharmaceuticals
Kaiser Foundation Hospital
Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
Major Pharmaceuticals
Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
Mutual Pharmaceutical Co.
Mylan
Nephron Pharmaceuticals Corp.
Novopharm Ltd.
Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Odyssey Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Patient First Corp.
PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Pharmedix
Physician Partners Ltd.
Physicians Total Care Inc.
Pliva Inc.
Prasco Labs
Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Qualitest
Quality Care
Rebel Distributors Corp.
Redpharm Drug
Rx Elite
Sandhills Packaging Inc.
Schering Corp.
Sepracor Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Southwood Pharmaceuticals
Stratus Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
UDL Laboratories
United Research Laboratories Inc.
Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Vistapharm Inc.
Warrick Pharmaceuticals Corp.
Watson Pharmaceuticals

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.63 mg/3mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	1.25 mg/3mL
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	2 mg
Aerosol, metered	Intrabronchial	90 ug/1
Aerosol, metered	Oral	90 ug/1
Aerosol, spray	Oral	90 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	4 mg/1
Inhalant	Nasal	0.63 mg/3mL
Inhalant	Nasal	1.50 mg/3mL
Inhalant	Nasal	2.5 mg/3mL
Inhalant	Oral	2.5 mg/3mL
Inhalant	Respiratory (inhalation)	108 ug/1
Solution	Intrabronchial	0.63 mg/3mL
Solution	Intrabronchial	1.25 mg/3mL
Solution	Intrabronchial	2.5 mg/3mL
Solution	Nasal	5 mg/1mL
Solution	Oral	2 mg/5mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.83 mg/1mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	1.5 mg/3mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 mg/0.5mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 mg/3mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg/1mL
Syrup	Occlusive dressing technique	2 mg/5mL
Syrup	Oral	2 mg/5mL
Tablet	Oral	2 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	2.4 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	4.8 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	4 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	8 mg/1
Tablet, extended release	Oral	4 mg/1
Tablet, extended release	Oral	8 mg/1
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	90 ug/1g
Spray	Oral; Respiratory (inhalation)
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.24 %
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg/actuation
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	97 mcg / act
Aerosol, metered; injection; kit; tablet; tablet, chewable	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Oral; Respiratory (inhalation); Subcutaneous; Sublingual
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 g
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 cg
Gas	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1 mg/1
Aerosol, spray	Respiratory (inhalation)	500 mcg
Spray	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.5 %
Syrup	Respiratory (inhalation)	2 MG/5ML
Capsule, coated	Oral	4 mg
Syrup	Oral	0.0483 g
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg/1dose
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1429 g
Powder, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg/dose
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg/1dose
Powder, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mcg/dose
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mcg/1dose
Aerosol; suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)
Spray, suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)
Spray, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution	Nasal	0.5 mg/2.5ml
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 mg/1
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.4 mg/1
Aerosol, metered; injection; kit; solution; tablet; tablet, chewable	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Oral; Respiratory (inhalation); Subcutaneous; Sublingual
Tablet	Oral	2.4 MG
Aerosol; solution	Respiratory (inhalation)
Capsule, extended release		4 mg
Injection
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	1 mg/mL
Powder, for solution	Oral
Suspension	Oral	2 mg/5ml
Tablet	Oral	4.82 MG
Inhalant	Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mg
Injection
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1 mg
Aerosol, metered	Oral	100 mcg / act
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	1.25 mg
Liquid	Oral
Solution	Oral	0.4 mg / mL
Spray	Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution; spray, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)
Inhalant	Respiratory (inhalation)	90 ug/1
Powder, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	90 ug/1
Spray	Oral	90 ug/1
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg / act
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.5 mg / mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg / mL
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg / dose
Aerosol; solution	Respiratory (inhalation)
Elixir	Oral	2 MG/5ML
Aerosol, spray	Respiratory (inhalation)
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.159 % w/w
Syrup	Oral
Aerosol, powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1 MG
Aerosol, powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 MG
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	1.25 mg/2.5ml
Gas	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 µg
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	250 mg
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.215 % w/w
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 mg
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)	4 mg
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)	8 mg
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.12745 g
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2145 % w/w
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2145 % w/w
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Gas	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1 MG
Syrup	Oral	40 mg
Solution	Oral	40 mg
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 g
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1166 g
Solution	Nasal; Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 g
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 mg
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 %
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	1 mg / mL
Syrup	Oral	0.04 g
Syrup	Oral	48.207 mg
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.05 %
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1 %
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.2 %
Spray, suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 MG/ML
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	30130 Mg
Syrup	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Tablet	Oral	2.41 MG
Capsule, extended release	Oral
Aerosol; suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Spray	Respiratory (inhalation)
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.01 g
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1 mg
Syrup		100 ml
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	120 MCG
Tablet	Oral	4 MG
Injection	Intravenous	0.5 mg/ml
Solution	Oral
Capsule, coated pellets
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg/2.5ml
Suspension	Respiratory (inhalation)	31.68 mg
Solution	Oral; Respiratory (inhalation)
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous	0.5 mg
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.1 mg
Aerosol, spray	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	1.21 MG
Aerosol; powder	Respiratory (inhalation)
Tablet	Oral	2.418 MG
Tablet
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	1 mg / mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	2 mg / mL
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	3 MG
Aerosol, powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Powder, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 MICROGRAMMI
Spray	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 MG/2ML
Spray	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 MG/2ML
Syrup		0.048 %
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mcg / blister
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	400 mcg / blister
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	90 ug/1
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)	6 MG
Injection, solution	Intravenous	100 MCG/5ML
Injection, solution	Intravenous	500 MCG/1ML
Powder, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)
Powder, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 MCG
Solution	Intramuscular	500 μg/ml
Solution	Intravenous	100 μg/5ml
Syrup		2 MG/10ML
Tablet, effervescent	Oral	2 MG
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 doz
Tablet	Oral	2 mg
Powder, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mcg/inhalation
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mcg / act
Aerosol, spray	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg
Solution	Intramuscular	0.5 mg / mL
Solution	Intravenous	0.25 mg / 5 mL
Solution	Intravenous	1 mg / mL
Liquid	Intramuscular	.5 mg / mL
Liquid	Intravenous	1 mg / mL
Liquid	Intravenous	.25 mg / 5 mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 mg / 2.5 mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg / 2.5 mL
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	1.25 mg / 2.5 mL
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 mg / 2.5 mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	1.25 mg / 2.5 mL
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg / 2.5 mL
Liquid	Oral	0.4 mg / mL
Liquid	Oral	.4 mg / mL
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	0.5 % w/v
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mcg
Powder	Respiratory (inhalation)	400 mcg
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)	200 mcg / cap
Capsule	Respiratory (inhalation)	400 mcg / cap
Injection	Intravenous	5 mg/5ml
Injection, solution	Intravenous
Syrup		150 ml
Tablet	Oral	4 mg / tab
Aerosol, metered	Respiratory (inhalation)	108 ug/1
Tablet, extended release	Oral	8 MG
Injection	Intramuscular
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 mg/2.5ml
Solution	Respiratory (inhalation)	2.5 mg/2.5ml
Tablet	Respiratory (inhalation)
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	5 mg/1ml
Liquid	Nasal	5 mg/1ml
Aerosol	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 mcg/1dose
Syrup		2 mg/5ml

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Xopenex 0.63 mg/3 ml solution	64.2USD	ml
Proventil HFA 108 (90 Base)mcg/act Aerosol 6.7 gm Inhaler	55.09USD	inhaler
Xopenex HFA 45 mcg/act Aerosol 15 gm Inhaler	53.84USD	inhaler
AccuNeb 0.63 mg/3ml Neb. Solution 1 Box= 25 Vials	53.14USD	plastic
AccuNeb 1.25 mg/3ml Neb. Solution 1 Box= 25 Vials	53.14USD	plastic
ProAir HFA 108 (90 Base)mcg/act Aerosol 8.5 gm Inhaler	45.99USD	inhaler
Ventolin HFA 108 (90 Base)mcg/act Aerosol 18 gm Inhaler	39.99USD	inhaler
Proair hfa 90 mcg inhaler	12.62USD	g
Proventil hfa 90 mcg inhaler	8.07USD	g
Xopenex hfa 45 mcg inhaler	6.12USD	g
Xopenex 0.31 mg/3ml (1 Box = 24, 3ml Vials)	4.87USD	plastic
Xopenex 1.25 mg/3ml (1 Box = 24, 3ml Vials)	4.87USD	plastic
Xopenex 0.63 mg/3ml (1 Box = 24, 3ml Vials)	4.71USD	plastic
Xopenex 1.25 mg/3 ml solution	2.96USD	ml
Ventolin hfa 90 mcg inhaler	2.01USD	g
Xopenex 0.31 mg/3 ml solution	1.56USD	ml
Ventolin 5 mg/ml Solution	1.13USD	ml
Ventolin Nebules P.F. 2 mg/ml Unit Dose Solution	0.88USD	ml
Accuneb 0.63 mg/3 ml inh solution	0.68USD	ml
Accuneb 1.25 mg/3 ml inh solution	0.68USD	ml
Mylan-Salbutamol 5 mg/ml Solution	0.62USD	ml
Pms-Salbutamol 5 mg/ml Solution	0.62USD	ml
Ratio-Salbutamol 5 mg/ml Solution	0.62USD	ml
Sandoz Salbutamol 5 mg/ml Solution	0.62USD	ml
Mylan-Salbutamol Sterinebs P.F. 2 mg/ml Unit Dose Solution	0.48USD	ml
Pms-Salbutamol Polyneb 2 mg/ml Unit Dose Solution	0.48USD	ml
Ratio-Salbutamol Uni Dose P.F. 2 mg/ml Unit Dose Solution	0.48USD	ml
Ventolin Nebules P.F. 1 mg/ml Solution	0.47USD	ml
Mylan-Salbutamol Sterinebs P.F. 1 mg/ml Solution	0.25USD	ml
Pms-Salbutamol 1 mg/ml Solution	0.25USD	ml
Ratio-Salbutamol Sulf U.D.P.F. 1 mg/ml Solution	0.25USD	ml
Apo-Salvent 4 mg Tablet	0.22USD	tablet
Pms-Salbutamol 0.5 mg/ml Solution	0.16USD	ml
Ratio-Salbutamol Unit Dose P.F 0.5 mg/ml Solution	0.16USD	ml
Apo-Salvent 2 mg Tablet	0.13USD	tablet
Pms-Salbutamol 400 mcg/ml Liquid	0.05USD	ml
Ratio-Salbutamol Hfa 100 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol	0.04USD	dose
Airomir Cfc-Free 100 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol	0.03USD	dose
Apo-Salvent Cfc Free 100 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol	0.03USD	dose
Ventolin Hfa 100 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol	0.03USD	dose

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
US6352684	No	2002-03-05	2009-11-28
CA2125667	No	2000-03-13	2012-12-04
CA2125665	No	2001-06-12	2012-12-04
US5775321	No	1998-07-07	2015-07-07
US6451289	No	2002-09-17	2021-03-21
US6446627	No	2002-09-10	2017-12-18
US6702997	No	2004-03-09	2021-12-28
US6632842	No	2003-10-14	2021-12-28
US6558651	Yes	2003-05-06	2017-06-19
US6743413	Yes	2004-06-01	2021-12-01
US6938796	Yes	2005-09-06	2018-07-16
US6997349	Yes	2006-02-14	2018-07-16
US6431168	Yes	2002-08-13	2018-12-08
US7107986	Yes	2006-09-19	2018-12-06
US7500444	Yes	2009-03-10	2026-08-26
US6315173	Yes	2001-11-13	2018-06-23
US7143908	Yes	2006-12-05	2018-07-16
US6170717	Yes	2001-01-09	2018-06-23
US7350676	Yes	2008-04-01	2019-02-24
US7832351	Yes	2010-11-16	2023-12-19
US6161724	Yes	2000-12-19	2018-07-16
US6510969	Yes	2003-01-28	2018-06-23
US6966467	Yes	2005-11-22	2018-06-23
US6435372	Yes	2002-08-20	2018-07-16
US7566445	No	2009-07-28	2017-06-04
US8834849	No	2014-09-16	2017-06-04
US7105152	No	2006-09-12	2023-09-12
US8132712	No	2012-03-13	2028-09-07
US6006745	No	1999-12-28	2016-12-28
US7256310	No	2007-08-14	2024-10-08
US8765153	No	2014-07-01	2023-12-08
US5836299	No	1998-11-17	2015-11-17
US6453795	Yes	2002-09-24	2017-06-05
US8733341	Yes	2014-05-27	2031-04-16
US9027967	Yes	2015-05-12	2027-10-01
US7104470	Yes	2006-09-12	2017-04-04
US7246615	Yes	2007-07-24	2016-12-01
US7896264	Yes	2011-03-01	2025-11-26
US7988001	Yes	2011-08-02	2022-02-04
US7802568	Yes	2010-09-28	2019-08-26
US6149054	Yes	2000-11-21	2017-06-16
US6726124	Yes	2004-04-27	2017-04-04
US7396341	Yes	2008-07-08	2027-04-10
US6846413	Yes	2005-01-25	2019-02-28
US6176442	Yes	2001-01-23	2016-12-01
US7837235	Yes	2010-11-23	2028-09-13
US5964416	Yes	1999-10-12	2017-04-04
US7284474	Yes	2007-10-23	2025-02-26
US6977042	Yes	2005-12-20	2019-02-28
US6988496	Yes	2006-01-24	2020-08-23
US6871646	No	2005-03-29	2021-06-23
US8978966	Yes	2015-03-17	2032-07-13
US6701917	No	2004-03-09	2021-06-23
US7540282	Yes	2009-06-02	2023-11-06
US6748947	No	2004-06-15	2021-06-23
US8006690	No	2011-08-30	2021-06-23
US6718972	No	2004-04-13	2021-06-23
US9216260	Yes	2015-12-22	2031-12-28
US8651103	Yes	2014-02-18	2028-09-26
US9463289	No	2016-10-11	2031-05-18
US9463288	Yes	2016-10-11	2025-11-19
US9415009	No	2016-08-16	2030-05-28
US9731087	Yes	2017-08-15	2031-11-18
US9808587	No	2017-11-07	2031-05-18
US9861771	No	2018-01-09	2020-10-11
US10022510	Yes	2018-07-17	2031-11-18
US10022509	No	2018-07-17	2031-05-18
US10086156	No	2018-10-02	2031-05-18
US10124131	Yes	2018-11-13	2031-11-18
US9782550	Yes	2017-10-10	2036-02-28
US9782551	Yes	2017-10-10	2036-02-28
US10569034	Yes	2020-02-25	2037-02-16
US10561808	Yes	2020-02-18	2032-07-01
US10695512	No	2020-06-30	2031-05-18
US10765820	Yes	2020-09-08	2025-11-19
US10918816	Yes	2021-02-16	2036-06-14
US11000653	Yes	2021-05-11	2039-06-18
US11173259	Yes	2021-11-16	2041-01-06
US11266796	Yes	2021-08-22	2041-08-22
US11344685	Yes	2020-03-26	2040-03-26
US11351317	Yes	2018-08-10	2038-08-10
US11357935	No	2018-09-24	2038-09-24
US11395889	No	2011-05-18	2031-05-18
US11439777	No	2020-05-24	2040-05-24
US11464923	No	2020-06-19	2040-06-19

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	147-149	Lunts, L.H.C. and Toon, P.; U.S. Patent 3,644,353; February 22,1972; assigned to Allen & Hanburys Ltd.
water solubility	1.41E+004 mg/L	YALKOWSKY,SH & HE,Y (2003)
logP	1.4	Not Available
logS	-1.22	ADME Research, USCD
pKa	10.3	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	2.15 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	0.44	ALOGPS
logP	0.34	Chemaxon
logS	-2	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	10.12	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.4	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	1	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	4	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	72.72 Å²	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	5	Chemaxon
Refractivity	67.87 m³·mol^-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	26.86 Å³	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	1	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	No	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.9812
Blood Brain Barrier	-	0.9659
Caco-2 permeable	-	0.7112
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.684
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.8781
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9673
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.8974
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7897
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7074
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9197
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9287
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9343
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.8834
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.8409
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.8863
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	0.9734
Rat acute toxicity	2.5275 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9564
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.9288

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive	LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-0090000000-afe3df5bdead805eacaf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-0090000000-1d8b235dd1e02960dba1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dr-0090000000-6fee6c25dfbf9c3a7c13
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0290000000-0d38029df88ee8018d9a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00kf-0950000000-9572451e9f596ae94494
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0900000000-05c59c5c9d63de269feb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-0090000000-8ef6b84074e243e637bd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dr-0090000000-e288fafc6755fa4abcba
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0290000000-5569e08c145733118852
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0296-0940000000-f3558c829fecc8fea6f0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0900000000-9b7ad78396782fd2237d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-0090000000-19973e6238f364b40ec6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00dl-0190000000-bec72774da692a955281
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0900000000-9d1b7a0e974ab4c5c2cf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-0090000000-98cef35812448be3e2db
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-006x-0090000000-182d7b602151e8ac7849
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-006t-0950000000-935c99cfc4690ce298f1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0900000000-064806e46a30b7dd760b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0900000000-6acca58ec4a7b6892bb1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-007k-1900000000-6b18a64209aa89c42af0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00ec-4900000000-70c609482357e411ae42
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-006x-0090000000-127c8a78dd75e131e46a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-006t-0950000000-a3cef97d0495f36363a5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0900000000-af9a8ad8ae6e7ade3b9b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0900000000-c95568abe549433d67e8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-007k-1900000000-06178e64d95e7221bccb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00ec-4900000000-339502da9d74d89569f0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-0090000000-039f3f4bbefe1a1588d8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-006x-0190000000-99e78b87fa74322fae1d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0900000000-637588735361fe2a9ad0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-007k-1900000000-b19c47ea3e07181932ab
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-009x-7900000000-6091051edb1a5c40218e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-002f-9400000000-ff279a7ba0390c8a14df
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00r2-0930000000-00b798f29eb25b7a4565

Targets

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Details1. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function: Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately ...
Gene Name: ADRB2
Uniprot ID: P07550
Uniprot Name: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 46458.32 Da

References

Brichetto L, Milanese M, Song P, Patrone M, Crimi E, Rehder K, Brusasco V: Beclomethasone rapidly ablates allergen-induced beta 2-adrenoceptor pathway dysfunction in human isolated bronchi. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Jan;284(1):L133-9. Epub 2002 Aug 16. [Article]
Chong LK, Suvarna K, Chess-Williams R, Peachell PT: Desensitization of beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses by short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists in human lung mast cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Feb;138(3):512-20. [Article]
Yamanishi T, Chapple CR, Yasuda K, Yoshida K, Chess-Williams R: Role of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in mediating relaxation of the pig bladder trigonal muscle in vitro. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22(4):338-42. [Article]
Brouri F, Hanoun N, Mediani O, Saurini F, Hamon M, Vanhoutte PM, Lechat P: Blockade of beta 1- and desensitization of beta 2-adrenoceptors reduce isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Feb 6;485(1-3):227-34. [Article]
Choudhry S, Ung N, Avila PC, Ziv E, Nazario S, Casal J, Torres A, Gorman JD, Salari K, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Toscano M, Sylvia JS, Alioto M, Castro RA, Salazar M, Gomez I, Fagan JK, Salas J, Clark S, Lilly C, Matallana H, Selman M, Chapela R, Sheppard D, Weiss ST, Ford JG, Boushey HA, Drazen JM, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Silverman EK, Burchard EG: Pharmacogenetic differences in response to albuterol between Puerto Ricans and Mexicans with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar 15;171(6):563-70. Epub 2004 Nov 19. [Article]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Kd (nM)	21878	7.4	37	A15307
Ki (nM)	2440	N/A	N/A	A15544

Details2. Beta-1 adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Receptor signaling protein activity
Specific Function: Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...
Gene Name: ADRB1
Uniprot ID: P08588
Uniprot Name: Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 51322.1 Da

References

Baker JG: The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;144(3):317-22. [Article]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Kd (nM)	46774	7.4	37	A15307
Ki (nM)	>10000	N/A	N/A	A15544

Details3. Beta-3 adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Curator comments: agonist with low affininty

General Function: Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function: Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis.
Gene Name: ADRB3
Uniprot ID: P13945
Uniprot Name: Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 43518.615 Da

References

Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]

Enzymes

Details1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name: CYP3A4
Uniprot ID: P08684
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight: 57342.67 Da

References

Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
Kenworthy KE, Bloomer JC, Clarke SE, Houston JB: CYP3A4 drug interactions: correlation of 10 in vitro probe substrates. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;48(5):716-27. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 24, 2023 20:20

Salbutamol

Identification

Structure for Salbutamol (DB01001)

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Targets

References

References

References

Enzymes

References