Glasdegib
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Identification
- Summary
Glasdegib is a sonic hedgehog receptor inhibitor used to treat newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in patients over 75 years who cannot receive intense chemotherapy.
- Brand Names
- Daurismo
- Generic Name
- Glasdegib
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB11978
- Background
Glasdegib, also known as PF-04449913, is a small-molecule hedgehog signaling inhibitor selected under the group of benzimidazoles. In early research, benzimidazoles attracted large interest as they represented a class of inhibitors with low molecular weight, potent inhibitory activity, and lacking unstable functionality.1 The great lipophilicity of this group of compounds brought interest to further modification. This analysis concluded that the presence of p-cyano ureas presented good physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties from which glasdegib was developed.1
Glasdegib was developed by Pfizer Inc and approved on November 21, 2018 by the FDA for the treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).11 Glasdegib targets cancerous cells by inhibiting the sonic hedgehog receptor smoothened (SMO), a transmembrane protein involved in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade.5 Aberrant of Hh signaling is one of the main pathophysiologies of AML, with observed overexpression or constitutive activation of SMO.6,7 Although the efficacy of glasdegib monotherapy is limited, the landmark Phase 2 Bright AML 1003 trial showed a superior overall survival and complete response when glasdegib is combined with low dose cytarabine. Currently, the current gold standard of AML in older patients is still venetoclax with hypomethylation agents, new clinical combinations of glasdegib are being tested in hope of replacing venetoclax due to glasdegib's more favorable side effects profile.5
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 374.448
Monoisotopic: 374.185509352 - Chemical Formula
- C21H22N6O
- Synonyms
- Glasdegib
- External IDs
- PF 04449913
- PF-04449913
- PF-4449913
Pharmacology
- Indication
Glasdegib, in combination with cytarabine, is indicated for the treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in adult patients who are over 75 years old or that have co-morbidities that preclude intensive induction chemotherapy.9
Acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by abnormal production of myeloblasts, red cells, or platelets. It is considered a cancer of blood and bone marrow and it is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.10
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to treat Acute myeloid leukemia Regimen in combination with: Cytarabine (DB00987) •••••••••••• •••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••• •••••• Used in combination to treat Acute myeloid leukemia (aml) Regimen in combination with: Cytarabine (DB00987) •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••••••• •••• •••••••• ••••••••• •••••••••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
In preclinical studies, glasdegib achieved a significant reduction in leukemic stem cell burden in xenograft models and a reduction in cell population expressing leukemic stem cell markers.2
In clinical trials, glasdegib demonstrated a marked downregulation of more than 80% of the expression of glioma-associated transcriptional regulator GL11 in skin. In this same study 8% of the studied individuals with acute myeloid leukemia achieved morphological complete remission while 31% achieved stable disease state.2
The latest clinical trial proved glasdegib to generate an overall survival of 8.3 months which was almost double to what has been observed in patients under low-dose cytarabine treatment. As well, there have been reports of dose-dependent QTc prolongation in patients administered with glasdegib.9
- Mechanism of action
Glasdegib is a potent and selective inhibitor of the hedgehog signaling pathway that acts by binding to the smoothened (SMO) receptor.1
The hedgehog signaling pathway is involved in maintenance of neural and skin stem cells. In this pathway, the binding of specific ligands to the transmembrane receptor patched (PTCH1) allows the activation of the transcriptional regulators GL11, GL12 and modulation of the gene expression through SMO-mediated signaling. The aberrant activation of the hedgehog pathway is thought to be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia, medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma due to the hyperproliferative state that a modification on this pathway will produce.3
Target Actions Organism AProtein smoothened inhibitorHumans ASerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Glasdegib presents a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile which is observed by the presence of a broad dose-proportional maximum plasma concentration. In this study and on a dose of 50 mg, the median time to reach a maximum concentration of 321 ng/ml was of 4 hours with an AUC of 9587 ng.h/ml.2 The oral bioavailability of glasdegib is reported to be of 55%.1
In a multiple dose study of 50 mg, the Cmax, tmax and AUC was reported to be 542 ng/ml, 4 h and 9310 ng.h/ml respectively. In this same study, the average concentration at a steady state was of 388 ng/ml.2
The absorption rates of glasdegib can be modified by the concomitant consumption of a high-fat, high-calorie meal.Label
- Volume of distribution
Glasdegib reported volume of distribution in a dose of 50 mg is 225 L.2 The geometric mean (%CV) apparent volume of distribution (Vz/F) was 188 L (20%) in patients with hematologic malignancies.12
- Protein binding
Glasdegib is reported to be 91% protein bounded which is explained due to its high lipophilic profile.8
- Metabolism
After oral administration, glasdegib was primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 with minor contributions of CYP2C8 and UGT1A9. The amount of unchanged glasdegib in plasma accounts only for 69% of the administered dose.4
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- Route of elimination
From a single oral dose of 100 mg radiolabeled glasdegib, 49% is eliminated in the urine from which 17% is excreted as the unchanged form while 42% is eliminated in feces where 20% represents the unchanged form.4,12
- Half-life
The reported half-life of glasdegib is of 17.4 hours.8
- Clearance
The clearance rate of 50 mg of glasdegib is reported to be of 5.22 L/h.2 The geometric mean (%CV) apparent clearance of 6.45 L/h (25%) following 100 mg once daily dosing in patients with hematologic malignancies.12
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Based on its mechanism of action and findings in animal embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies, glasdegib can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are no clinical data on the use of glasdegib in pregnant women to inform of a drug-associated risk of major birth defects and miscarriage. Glasdegib is not recommended for use during pregnancy. Conduct pregnancy testing in female patients of reproductive potential prior to initiating treatment with glasdegib. Report pregnancy exposures to Pfizer at 1-800-438-1985.12
In animal embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies, repeat-dose oral administration of glasdegib during organogenesis at maternal exposures that were less than the human exposure at the recommended dose resulted in embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, and teratogenicity in rats and rabbits. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.12
Carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with glasdegib. Glasdegib was not mutagenic in vitro in the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay and was not clastogenic in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay in human lymphocytes. Glasdegib was not clastogenic or aneugenic in the rat micronucleus assay.12
Based on nonclinical safety findings, glasdegib has the potential to impair reproductive function in males. Men should seek advice on effective fertility preservation before treatment. In repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats, findings observed in the male reproductive tract included adverse testicular changes with glasdegib at doses ≥50 mg/kg/day and consisted of minimal to severe hypospermatogenesis characterized by partial to complete loss of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids and testicular degeneration. Hypospermatogenesis did not recover whereas testicular degeneration did recover. The dose at which testicular effects were observed in male rats was identified as 50 mg/kg/day with corresponding systemic exposures that were approximately 6.6 times (based on AUC) those associated with the observed human exposure at the 100 mg once daily dose.
There is no specific antidote for DAURISMO. Management of DAURISMO overdose should include symptomatic treatment and ECG monitoring. Glasdegib has been administered in clinical studies up to a dose of 640 mg/day. At the highest dosage, the adverse reactions that were dose-limiting were nausea, vomiting, dehydration, hypotension, fatigue, and dizziness.12
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Glasdegib can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Glasdegib can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Glasdegib. Abiraterone The metabolism of Glasdegib can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Glasdegib can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. - Food Interactions
- Avoid St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A metabolism and may reduce serum levels of glasdegib.
- Take at the same time every day.
- Take with or without food.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Glasdegib hydrochloride 4Y7R3PBO4V 1095173-64-0 OCHAAZGYSAHXOF-LJLRIERRSA-N Glasdegib maleate TH2EV99S4Z 2030410-25-2 VJCVKWFBWAVYOC-UIXXXISESA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Daurismo Tablet 25 mg Oral Pfizer Italia S.R.L. 2020-08-10 Not applicable Canada Daurismo Tablet, film coated 100 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2021-03-16 Not applicable EU Daurismo Tablet, film coated 25 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2021-03-16 Not applicable EU Daurismo Tablet, film coated 100 mg/1 Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 2018-12-10 Not applicable US Daurismo Tablet, film coated 100 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2021-03-16 Not applicable EU
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01XJ03 — Glasdegib
- Drug Categories
- Amides
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors
- BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
- Benzene Derivatives
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor
- Hedgehog pathway inhibitors
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- MATE 1 Inhibitors
- MATE 2 Inhibitors
- MATE inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Smoothened Receptor Antagonists
- UGT1A9 Substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-phenylureas. These are compounds containing a N-phenylurea moiety, which is structurally characterized by a phenyl group linked to one nitrogen atom of a urea group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- N-phenylureas
- Direct Parent
- N-phenylureas
- Alternative Parents
- Benzimidazoles / Benzonitriles / Aralkylamines / Piperidines / Imidazoles / Heteroaromatic compounds / Ureas / Trialkylamines / Nitriles / Azacyclic compounds show 3 more
- Substituents
- Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Benzimidazole / Benzonitrile / Carbonitrile / Carbonyl group / Cyanide show 15 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- K673DMO5H9
- CAS number
- 1095173-27-5
- InChI Key
- SFNSLLSYNZWZQG-VQIMIIECSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C21H22N6O/c1-27-11-10-16(24-21(28)23-15-8-6-14(13-22)7-9-15)12-19(27)20-25-17-4-2-3-5-18(17)26-20/h2-9,16,19H,10-12H2,1H3,(H,25,26)(H2,23,24,28)/t16-,19-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 1-[(2R,4R)-2-(1H-1,3-benzodiazol-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl]-3-(4-cyanophenyl)urea
- SMILES
- CN1CC[C@H](C[C@@H]1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2N1)NC(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=C1)C#N
References
- Synthesis Reference
Munchhof MJ, Li Q, Shavnya A, et al. Discovery of PF-04449913, a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Smoothened. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2012;3(2):106-11.
- General References
- Munchhof MJ, Li Q, Shavnya A, Borzillo GV, Boyden TL, Jones CS, LaGreca SD, Martinez-Alsina L, Patel N, Pelletier K, Reiter LA, Robbins MD, Tkalcevic GT: Discovery of PF-04449913, a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Smoothened. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Dec 21;3(2):106-11. doi: 10.1021/ml2002423. eCollection 2012 Feb 9. [Article]
- Minami Y, Minami H, Miyamoto T, Yoshimoto G, Kobayashi Y, Munakata W, Onishi Y, Kobayashi M, Ikuta M, Chan G, Woolfson A, Ono C, Shaik MN, Fujii Y, Zheng X, Naoe T: Phase I study of glasdegib (PF-04449913), an oral smoothened inhibitor, in Japanese patients with select hematologic malignancies. Cancer Sci. 2017 Aug;108(8):1628-1633. doi: 10.1111/cas.13285. Epub 2017 Jun 19. [Article]
- Irvine DA, Copland M: Targeting hedgehog in hematologic malignancy. Blood. 2012 Mar 8;119(10):2196-204. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-383752. Epub 2012 Jan 5. [Article]
- Lam JL, Vaz A, Hee B, Liang Y, Yang X, Shaik MN: Metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of [(14)C]glasdegib (PF-04449913) in healthy volunteers following oral administration. Xenobiotica. 2017 Dec;47(12):1064-1076. doi: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1261307. Epub 2017 Jan 3. [Article]
- Iyer SG, Stanchina M, Bradley TJ, Watts J: Profile of Glasdegib for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Evidence to Date. Cancer Manag Res. 2022 Aug 1;14:2267-2272. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S195723. eCollection 2022. [Article]
- Jamieson C, Martinelli G, Papayannidis C, Cortes JE: Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors: A New Therapeutic Class for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov. 2020 Aug 11;1(2):134-145. doi: 10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-20-0007. eCollection 2020 Sep. [Article]
- Terao T, Minami Y: Targeting Hedgehog (Hh) Pathway for the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment. Cells. 2019 Apr 3;8(4):312. doi: 10.3390/cells8040312. [Article]
- Bethesda (2006). Drugs and Lactation Database. National Library of Medicine.
- FDA news [Link]
- NIH [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Daurismo (glasdegib) oral tablets [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Daurismo (glasdegib) oral tablets (March 2023) [Link]
- EMA Assessment Report: Daurismo International non-proprietary name glasdegib [Link]
- Pfizer Glasdegib product information [File]
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 25166913
- PubChem Substance
- 347828300
- ChemSpider
- 28518072
- BindingDB
- 50385635
- 2105845
- ChEBI
- 145428
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL2043437
- ZINC
- ZINC000068251434
- Wikipedia
- Glasdegib
- FDA label
- Download (572 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (24.6 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Withdrawn Not Available Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Active Not Recruiting Health Services Research Soft Tissue Sarcoma 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Completed Treatment Acute Myeloid Leukemia / Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia / Myelodysplastic Syndrome 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Recruiting Treatment Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 100 mg Tablet Oral 25 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 25 MG - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US8431597 No 2013-04-30 2028-06-29 US US8148401 No 2012-04-03 2031-01-30 US US10414748 No 2019-09-17 2036-04-13 US US11168066 No 2021-11-09 2036-04-13 US US11891372 No 2016-04-13 2036-04-13 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility 0.02 mg/ml (in the form of di-HCl monohydrate salt) Munchhof M., et al. (2011). ACS Med Chem Lett. logP 2.28 Munchhof M., et al. (2011). ACS Med Chem Lett. Caco2 permeability 0.00000598 Munchhof M., et al. (2011). ACS Med Chem Lett. pKa 6 Munchhof M., et al. (2011). ACS Med Chem Lett. - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0469 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.68 ALOGPS logP 2.28 Chemaxon logS -3.9 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 11.39 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 6.67 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 96.84 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 108.26 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 40.73 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004i-0049000000-95adfc803c1d43ca30ba Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004i-0395000000-e2bf38ac0737cad4bda1 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004i-0189000000-56dfc6f45f475567ee71 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-002f-9581000000-f9bde29ab07cf8da4667 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-05ox-4938000000-f6d5c9edfc7d0b28d876 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-2922000000-38b506603028dba063be Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 179.29291 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 181.68848 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 188.2357 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- G protein-coupled receptor which associates with the patched protein (PTCH) to transduce hedgehog protein signaling. Binding of sonic hedgehog (SHH) to its receptor patched prevents inhibition of smoothened (SMO) by patched. When active, SMO binds to and sequesters protein kinase A catalytic subunit PRKACA at the cell membrane, preventing PRKACA-mediated phosphorylation of GLI transcription factors which releases the GLI proteins from PRKACA-mediated inhibition and allows for transcriptional activation of hedgehog pathway target genes (By similarity). Required for the accumulation of KIF7, GLI2 and GLI3 in the cilia (PubMed:19592253). Interacts with DLG5 at the ciliary base to induce the accumulation of KIF7 and GLI2 at the ciliary tip for GLI2 activation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity
- Gene Name
- SMO
- Uniprot ID
- Q99835
- Uniprot Name
- Protein smoothened
- Molecular Weight
- 86395.95 Da
References
- Munchhof MJ, Li Q, Shavnya A, Borzillo GV, Boyden TL, Jones CS, LaGreca SD, Martinez-Alsina L, Patel N, Pelletier K, Reiter LA, Robbins MD, Tkalcevic GT: Discovery of PF-04449913, a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Smoothened. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Dec 21;3(2):106-11. doi: 10.1021/ml2002423. eCollection 2012 Feb 9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serine/threonine protein kinase which is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth and survival in response to hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals (PubMed:12087098, PubMed:12150925, PubMed:12150926, PubMed:12231510, PubMed:12718876, PubMed:14651849, PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:15545625, PubMed:15718470, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18762023, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:20537536, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429703, PubMed:23429704, PubMed:25799227, PubMed:26018084, PubMed:29150432, PubMed:29236692, PubMed:31112131, PubMed:31601708, PubMed:32561715, PubMed:34519269, PubMed:37751742). MTOR directly or indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of at least 800 proteins (PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:17517883, PubMed:18372248, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:21576368, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429704, PubMed:29236692, PubMed:37751742). Functions as part of 2 structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 1 and 2) (PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:21576368, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429704). In response to nutrients, growth factors or amino acids, mTORC1 is recruited to the lysosome membrane and promotes protein, lipid and nucleotide synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis (PubMed:12087098, PubMed:12150925, PubMed:12150926, PubMed:12231510, PubMed:12718876, PubMed:14651849, PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:15545625, PubMed:15718470, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18762023, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:20537536, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429703, PubMed:23429704, PubMed:25799227, PubMed:26018084, PubMed:29150432, PubMed:29236692, PubMed:31112131, PubMed:34519269). This includes phosphorylation of EIF4EBP1 and release of its inhibition toward the elongation initiation factor 4E (eiF4E) (PubMed:24403073, PubMed:29236692). Moreover, phosphorylates and activates RPS6KB1 and RPS6KB2 that promote protein synthesis by modulating the activity of their downstream targets including ribosomal protein S6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor EIF4B, and the inhibitor of translation initiation PDCD4 (PubMed:12087098, PubMed:12150925, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:29150432, PubMed:29236692). Stimulates the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, both by acute regulation through RPS6KB1-mediated phosphorylation of the biosynthetic enzyme CAD, and delayed regulation, through transcriptional enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway which produces 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), an allosteric activator of CAD at a later step in synthesis, this function is dependent on the mTORC1 complex (PubMed:23429703, PubMed:23429704). Regulates ribosome synthesis by activating RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription through phosphorylation and inhibition of MAF1 an RNA polymerase III-repressor (PubMed:20516213). Activates dormant ribosomes by mediating phosphorylation of SERBP1, leading to SERBP1 inactivation and reactivation of translation (PubMed:36691768). In parallel to protein synthesis, also regulates lipid synthesis through SREBF1/SREBP1 and LPIN1 (PubMed:23426360). To maintain energy homeostasis mTORC1 may also regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through regulation of PPARGC1A (By similarity). In the same time, mTORC1 inhibits catabolic pathways: negatively regulates autophagy through phosphorylation of ULK1 (PubMed:32561715). Under nutrient sufficiency, phosphorylates ULK1 at 'Ser-758', disrupting the interaction with AMPK and preventing activation of ULK1 (PubMed:32561715). Also prevents autophagy through phosphorylation of the autophagy inhibitor DAP (PubMed:20537536). Also prevents autophagy by phosphorylating RUBCNL/Pacer under nutrient-rich conditions (PubMed:30704899). Prevents autophagy by mediating phosphorylation of AMBRA1, thereby inhibiting AMBRA1 ability to mediate ubiquitination of ULK1 and interaction between AMBRA1 and PPP2CA (PubMed:23524951, PubMed:25438055). mTORC1 exerts a feedback control on upstream growth factor signaling that includes phosphorylation and activation of GRB10 a INSR-dependent signaling suppressor (PubMed:21659604). Among other potential targets mTORC1 may phosphorylate CLIP1 and regulate microtubules (PubMed:12231510). The mTORC1 complex is inhibited in response to starvation and amino acid depletion (PubMed:12150925, PubMed:12150926, PubMed:24403073, PubMed:31695197). The non-canonical mTORC1 complex, which acts independently of RHEB, specifically mediates phosphorylation of MiT/TFE factors MITF, TFEB and TFE3 in the presence of nutrients, promoting their cytosolic retention and inactivation (PubMed:22343943, PubMed:22576015, PubMed:22692423, PubMed:24448649, PubMed:32612235, PubMed:36608670, PubMed:36697823). Upon starvation or lysosomal stress, inhibition of mTORC1 induces dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3, promoting their transcription factor activity (PubMed:22343943, PubMed:22576015, PubMed:22692423, PubMed:24448649, PubMed:32612235, PubMed:36608670). The mTORC1 complex regulates pyroptosis in macrophages by promoting GSDMD oligomerization (PubMed:34289345). MTOR phosphorylates RPTOR which in turn inhibits mTORC1 (By similarity). As part of the mTORC2 complex MTOR may regulate other cellular processes including survival and organization of the cytoskeleton (PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718). mTORC2 plays a critical role in the phosphorylation at 'Ser-473' of AKT1, a pro-survival effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, facilitating its activation by PDK1 (PubMed:15718470). mTORC2 may regulate the actin cytoskeleton, through phosphorylation of PRKCA, PXN and activation of the Rho-type guanine nucleotide exchange factors RHOA and RAC1A or RAC1B (PubMed:15268862). mTORC2 also regulates the phosphorylation of SGK1 at 'Ser-422' (PubMed:18925875). Regulates osteoclastogenesis by adjusting the expression of CEBPB isoforms (By similarity). Plays an important regulatory role in the circadian clock function; regulates period length and rhythm amplitude of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and liver clocks (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ATP binding
- Gene Name
- MTOR
- Uniprot ID
- P42345
- Uniprot Name
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR
- Molecular Weight
- 288889.05 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Lam JL, Vaz A, Hee B, Liang Y, Yang X, Shaik MN: Metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of [(14)C]glasdegib (PF-04449913) in healthy volunteers following oral administration. Xenobiotica. 2017 Dec;47(12):1064-1076. doi: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1261307. Epub 2017 Jan 3. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Daurismo (glasdegib) oral tablets (March 2023) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15470161, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18052087, PubMed:18674515, PubMed:19545173). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol and estrone (PubMed:15472229). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist caderastan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:20610558). Also metabolizes mycophenolate, an immunosuppressive agent (PubMed:15470161, PubMed:18004212)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A9
- Uniprot ID
- O60656
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9
- Molecular Weight
- 59940.495 Da
References
- Lam JL, Vaz A, Hee B, Liang Y, Yang X, Shaik MN: Metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of [(14)C]glasdegib (PF-04449913) in healthy volunteers following oral administration. Xenobiotica. 2017 Dec;47(12):1064-1076. doi: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1261307. Epub 2017 Jan 3. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- EMA Assessment Report: Daurismo International non-proprietary name glasdegib [Link]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Functions as a transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in the body. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
- Specific Function
- Not Available
Components:
References
- EMA Assessment Report: Daurismo International non-proprietary name glasdegib [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Daurismo (glasdegib) oral tablets (March 2023) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes a wide variety of physiological compounds, dietary toxins and xenobiotics from cells (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12958161, PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20705604, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239, PubMed:31003562). Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme (PubMed:20705604, PubMed:23189181). Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells (PubMed:20110355). Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion (PubMed:19506252, PubMed:20368174, PubMed:22132962, PubMed:31003562, PubMed:36749388). In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates (PubMed:12682043, PubMed:28554189, PubMed:30405239). Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity). Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux (PubMed:11306452, PubMed:12477054, PubMed:15670731, PubMed:18056989, PubMed:31254042). In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Daurismo (glasdegib) oral tablets (March 2023) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17509534). Plays a physiological role in the excretion of cationic compounds including endogenous metabolites, drugs, toxins through the kidney and liver, into urine and bile respectively (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as creatinine, vitamin B1/thiamine, agmatine and estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:16330770, PubMed:17495125, PubMed:17509534, PubMed:17582384, PubMed:18305230, PubMed:19158817, PubMed:21128598, PubMed:24961373). May also contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC47A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96FL8
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61921.585 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Daurismo (glasdegib) oral tablets (March 2023) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter. Mediates the efflux of cationic compounds, such as the model cations, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the platinum-based drug oxaliplatin or weak bases that are positively charged at physiological pH, cimetidine, the platinum-based drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin or the antidiabetic drug metformin. Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as, creatinine, thiamine and estrone-3-sulfate. Plays a physiological role in the excretion of drugs, toxins and endogenous metabolites through the kidney
- Specific Function
- antiporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC47A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q86VL8
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 65083.915 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Daurismo (glasdegib) oral tablets (March 2023) [Link]
Drug created at October 20, 2016 21:07 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:24