Acitretin
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Identification
- Summary
Acitretin is an oral retinoid used in the treatment of severe psoriasis.
- Brand Names
- Soriatane
- Generic Name
- Acitretin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00459
- Background
An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of etretinate with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 326.4293
Monoisotopic: 326.188194698 - Chemical Formula
- C21H26O3
- Synonyms
- (all-E)-9-(4-Methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid
- Acitretin
- Acitretina
- Acitretine
- Acitretinum
- all-trans-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid
- Etretin
- External IDs
- RO 10-1670
- RO 10-1670/000
- RO-10-1670/000
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of severe psoriasis in adults.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Keratinization disorders •••••••••••• Management of Severe psoriasis •••••••••••• ••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Acitretin is a retinoid. Retinoids have a structure similar to vitamin A and are involved in the normal growth of skin cells. Acitretin works by inhibiting the excessive cell growth and keratinisation (process by which skin cells become thickened due to the deposition of a protein within them) seen in psoriasis. It therefore reduces the thickening of the skin, plaque formation and scaling.
- Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of acitretin is unknown, however it is believed to work by targeting specific receptors (retinoid receptors such as RXR and RAR) in the skin which help normalize the growth cycle of skin cells.
Target Actions Organism ARetinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha agonistHumans ASignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitorHumans ARetinoic acid receptor alpha agonistHumans ARetinoic acid receptor beta agonistHumans ARetinoic acid receptor gamma agonistHumans ARetinoic acid receptor RXR-beta agonistHumans ARetinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma agonistHumans URetinol-binding protein 1 agonistHumans URetinoic acid receptor RXR Not Available - Absorption
Oral absorption of acitretin is optimal when given with food, and is linear and proportional with increasing doses from 25 to 100 mg. Approximately 72% (range 47% to 109%) of the administered dose was absorbed after a single 50 mg dose of acitretin was given to 12 healthy subjects.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Over 99.9% bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
- Metabolism
Following oral absorption, acitretin undergoes extensive metabolism and interconversion by simple isomerization to its 13-cis form (cis-acitretin). Both parent compound and isomer are further metabolized into chain-shortened breakdown products and conjugates, which are excreted.
- Route of elimination
Both parent compound and isomer are further metabolized into chain-shortened breakdown products and conjugates, which are excreted. The chain-shortened metabolites and conjugates of acitretin and cis-acitretin are ultimately excreted in the feces (34% to 54%) and urine (16% to 53%).
- Half-life
49 hours (range 33 to 96 hours)
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Oral, rat: LD50 = >4000 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include headache and vertigo.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareCyproterone acetate The therapeutic efficacy of Cyproterone acetate can be decreased when used in combination with Acitretin. Demeclocycline The risk or severity of pseudotumor cerebri can be increased when Acitretin is combined with Demeclocycline. Desogestrel The therapeutic efficacy of Desogestrel can be decreased when used in combination with Acitretin. Dienogest The therapeutic efficacy of Dienogest can be decreased when used in combination with Acitretin. Diethylstilbestrol The therapeutic efficacy of Diethylstilbestrol can be decreased when used in combination with Acitretin. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Women of childbearing age should avoid ingesting any alcohol during treatment and two months after discontinuation of acitretin. Alcohol intake increases the duration of risk for birth defects to beyond three years post acitretin discontinuation.
- Take with food. Taking acitretin with the main meal of the day improves oral absorption.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Neotigason
- Brand Name Prescription Products
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acitretin Capsule 10 mg/1 Oral Alembic Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2024-08-08 Not applicable US Acitretin Capsule 10 mg/1 Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2016-02-11 2018-05-31 US Acitretin Capsule 10 mg/1 Oral Prasco Laboratories 2013-07-19 2021-03-31 US Acitretin Capsule 10 mg/1 Oral Alembic Pharmaceuticals Limited 2024-08-08 Not applicable US Acitretin Capsule 17.5 mg/1 Oral AvKARE 2017-10-11 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- D05BB02 — Acitretin
- Drug Categories
- Alkenes
- Antipsoriatics
- Antipsoriatics for Systemic Use
- Biological Factors
- Carotenoids
- Cyclohexanes
- Cyclohexenes
- Cycloparaffins
- Dermatologicals
- Drugs causing inadvertant photosensitivity
- Hepatotoxic Agents
- Hydrocarbons, Acyclic
- Keratolytic Agents
- Misc. Skin and Mucous Membrane Agents
- Photosensitizing Agents
- Pigments, Biological
- Polyenes
- Retinoids
- Retinoids for Treatment of Psoriasis
- Terpenes
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as retinoids. These are oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Prenol lipids
- Sub Class
- Retinoids
- Direct Parent
- Retinoids
- Alternative Parents
- Sesquiterpenoids / Styrenes / Phenoxy compounds / Methoxybenzenes / Medium-chain fatty acids / Anisoles / Methyl-branched fatty acids / Alkyl aryl ethers / Unsaturated fatty acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives show 4 more
- Substituents
- Alkyl aryl ether / Anisole / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzenoid / Branched fatty acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Cyclofarsesane sesquiterpenoid / Ether show 18 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- retinoid, alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, acitretin (CHEBI:50173)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- LCH760E9T7
- CAS number
- 55079-83-9
- InChI Key
- IHUNBGSDBOWDMA-AQFIFDHZSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C21H26O3/c1-14(8-7-9-15(2)12-21(22)23)10-11-19-16(3)13-20(24-6)18(5)17(19)4/h7-13H,1-6H3,(H,22,23)/b9-7+,11-10+,14-8+,15-12+
- IUPAC Name
- (2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
- SMILES
- COC1=C(C)C(C)=C(\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C(O)=O)C(C)=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Yatendra Kumar, "Process for the preparation of acitretin." U.S. Patent US20040192949, issued September 30, 2004.
US20040192949- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014602
- KEGG Drug
- D02754
- PubChem Compound
- 5284513
- PubChem Substance
- 46509178
- ChemSpider
- 4447573
- BindingDB
- 50088429
- 16818
- ChEBI
- 50173
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1131
- ZINC
- ZINC000003798734
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000743
- PharmGKB
- PA448039
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Acitretin
- FDA label
- Download (530 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Inflammation / Psoriasis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Not Available Psoriasis 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Prevention Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer 2 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Psoriasis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Terminated Treatment Psoriasis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Stiefel laboratories inc
- Packagers
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Pharmaceutics International Inc.
- Stiefel Labs
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral 22.5 mg/1 Capsule Oral Capsule Oral 10 mg Capsule Oral 25 mg Capsule, coated Oral 10 mg Capsule Oral 10.0 mg Capsule Oral 25.0 mg Capsule Oral 10 mg/1 Capsule Oral 17.5 mg/1 Capsule Oral 25 mg/1 - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Soriatane 17.5 mg capsule 30.21USD capsule Soriatane 22.5 mg capsule 30.21USD capsule Soriatane 25 mg capsule 21.71USD capsule Soriatane 10 mg capsule 13.25USD capsule DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 228-230 °C PhysProp water solubility 0.0729 mg/L Not Available logP 6.40 SANGSTER (1993) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.000478 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 5.2 ALOGPS logP 5.59 Chemaxon logS -5.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.77 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -4.8 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 46.53 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 Chemaxon Refractivity 104.17 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 38.58 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9885 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.5841 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8628 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6057 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.6973 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9382 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8899 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7907 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8202 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5108 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.6804 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9239 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9409 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.648 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8768 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.5923 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8341 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.83 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.714 Rat acute toxicity 1.8804 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9216 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9501
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 217.63939 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 217.96299 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 196.85797 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 217.68559 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 218.07359 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 199.25352 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 218.41019 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 218.08969 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 205.2307 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor (PubMed:11162439, PubMed:11915042, PubMed:37478846). Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes (PubMed:10195690, PubMed:11162439, PubMed:11915042, PubMed:16107141, PubMed:17761950, PubMed:18800767, PubMed:19167885, PubMed:28167758, PubMed:37478846). The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 to regulate transcription (PubMed:10195690, PubMed:11162439, PubMed:11915042, PubMed:17761950, PubMed:28167758). The high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) is 9-cis retinoic acid (PubMed:1310260). In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression (PubMed:20215566). On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and coactivators are recruited leading to transcriptional activation (PubMed:20215566, PubMed:37478846, PubMed:9267036). Serves as a common heterodimeric partner for a number of nuclear receptors, such as RARA, RARB and PPARA (PubMed:10195690, PubMed:11915042, PubMed:28167758, PubMed:29021580). The RXRA/RARB heterodimer can act as a transcriptional repressor or transcriptional activator, depending on the RARE DNA element context (PubMed:29021580). The RXRA/PPARA heterodimer is required for PPARA transcriptional activity on fatty acid oxidation genes such as ACOX1 and the P450 system genes (PubMed:10195690). Together with RARA, positively regulates microRNA-10a expression, thereby inhibiting the GATA6/VCAM1 signaling response to pulsatile shear stress in vascular endothelial cells (PubMed:28167758). Acts as an enhancer of RARA binding to RARE DNA element (PubMed:28167758). May facilitate the nuclear import of heterodimerization partners such as VDR and NR4A1 (PubMed:12145331, PubMed:15509776). Promotes myelin debris phagocytosis and remyelination by macrophages (PubMed:26463675). Plays a role in the attenuation of the innate immune system in response to viral infections, possibly by negatively regulating the transcription of antiviral genes such as type I IFN genes (PubMed:25417649). Involved in the regulation of calcium signaling by repressing ITPR2 gene expression, thereby controlling cellular senescence (PubMed:30216632)
- Specific Function
- Dna binding domain binding
- Gene Name
- RXRA
- Uniprot ID
- P19793
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 50810.835 Da
References
- Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC, Almond-Roesler B, Geilen CC: Current use and future potential role of retinoids in dermatology. Drugs. 1997 Mar;53(3):358-88. [Article]
- Tian K, Norris AW, Lin CL, Li E: The isolation and characterization of purified heterocomplexes of recombinant retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor ligand binding domains. Biochemistry. 1997 May 13;36(19):5669-76. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF, LEP and other growth factors (PubMed:10688651, PubMed:12359225, PubMed:12873986, PubMed:15194700, PubMed:15653507, PubMed:16285960, PubMed:17344214, PubMed:18242580, PubMed:18782771, PubMed:22306293, PubMed:23084476, PubMed:28262505, PubMed:32929201). Once activated, recruits coactivators, such as NCOA1 or MED1, to the promoter region of the target gene (PubMed:15653507, PubMed:16285960, PubMed:17344214, PubMed:18782771, PubMed:28262505, PubMed:32929201). May mediate cellular responses to activated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4 (PubMed:12873986). Upon activation of IL6ST/gp130 signaling by interleukin-6 (IL6), binds to the IL6-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes (PubMed:12359225). Activated by IL31 through IL31RA (PubMed:15194700). Acts as a regulator of inflammatory response by regulating differentiation of naive CD4(+) T-cells into T-helper Th17 or regulatory T-cells (Treg): acetylation promotes its transcription activity and cell differentiation while deacetylation and oxidation of lysine residues by LOXL3 inhibits differentiation (PubMed:28065600, PubMed:28262505). Involved in cell cycle regulation by inducing the expression of key genes for the progression from G1 to S phase, such as CCND1 (PubMed:17344214). Mediates the effects of LEP on melanocortin production, body energy homeostasis and lactation (By similarity). May play an apoptotic role by transctivating BIRC5 expression under LEP activation (PubMed:18242580). Cytoplasmic STAT3 represses macroautophagy by inhibiting EIF2AK2/PKR activity (PubMed:23084476). Plays a crucial role in basal beta cell functions, such as regulation of insulin secretion (By similarity). Following JAK/STAT signaling activation and as part of a complex with NFATC3 and NFATC4, binds to the alpha-beta E4 promoter region of CRYAB and activates transcription in cardiomyocytes (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Chromatin dna binding
- Gene Name
- STAT3
- Uniprot ID
- P40763
- Uniprot Name
- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Molecular Weight
- 88067.215 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid (PubMed:16417524, PubMed:19850744, PubMed:20215566, PubMed:21152046, PubMed:37478846). Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes (PubMed:28167758, PubMed:37478846, PubMed:21152046). The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 (PubMed:19398580, PubMed:28167758). In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression (PubMed:16417524). On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and associate with the coactivators leading to transcriptional activation (PubMed:19850744, PubMed:20215566, PubMed:9267036, PubMed:37478846). Formation of a complex with histone deacetylases might lead to inhibition of RARE DNA element binding and to transcriptional repression (PubMed:28167758). Transcriptional activation and RARE DNA element binding might be supported by the transcription factor KLF2 (PubMed:28167758). RARA plays an essential role in the regulation of retinoic acid-induced germ cell development during spermatogenesis (By similarity). Has a role in the survival of early spermatocytes at the beginning prophase of meiosis (By similarity). In Sertoli cells, may promote the survival and development of early meiotic prophase spermatocytes (By similarity). In concert with RARG, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity). Together with RXRA, positively regulates microRNA-10a expression, thereby inhibiting the GATA6/VCAM1 signaling response to pulsatile shear stress in vascular endothelial cells (PubMed:28167758). In association with HDAC3, HDAC5 and HDAC7 corepressors, plays a role in the repression of microRNA-10a and thereby promotes the inflammatory response (PubMed:28167758)
- Specific Function
- Alpha-actinin binding
- Gene Name
- RARA
- Uniprot ID
- P10276
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 50770.805 Da
References
- Saurat JH: Retinoids and psoriasis: novel issues in retinoid pharmacology and implications for psoriasis treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Sep;41(3 Pt 2):S2-6. [Article]
- Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC, Almond-Roesler B, Geilen CC: Current use and future potential role of retinoids in dermatology. Drugs. 1997 Mar;53(3):358-88. [Article]
- Tian K, Norris AW, Lin CL, Li E: The isolation and characterization of purified heterocomplexes of recombinant retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor ligand binding domains. Biochemistry. 1997 May 13;36(19):5669-76. [Article]
- Tippmann F, Hundt J, Schneider A, Endres K, Fahrenholz F: Up-regulation of the alpha-secretase ADAM10 by retinoic acid receptors and acitretin. FASEB J. 2009 Jun;23(6):1643-54. doi: 10.1096/fj.08-121392. Epub 2009 Jan 14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence or presence of hormone ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors (PubMed:12554770). The RXRA/RARB heterodimer can act as a repressor on the DR1 element and as an activator on the DR5 element (PubMed:29021580). In concert with RARG, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Dna binding
- Gene Name
- RARB
- Uniprot ID
- P10826
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor beta
- Molecular Weight
- 50488.63 Da
References
- Berggren Soderlund M, Johannesson G, Fex G: Expression of human all-trans-retinoic acid receptor beta and its ligand-binding domain in Escherichia coli. Biochem J. 1995 May 15;308 ( Pt 1):353-9. [Article]
- Zouboulis CC: Retinoids--which dermatological indications will benefit in the near future? Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001 Sep-Oct;14(5):303-15. [Article]
- Tippmann F, Hundt J, Schneider A, Endres K, Fahrenholz F: Up-regulation of the alpha-secretase ADAM10 by retinoic acid receptors and acitretin. FASEB J. 2009 Jun;23(6):1643-54. doi: 10.1096/fj.08-121392. Epub 2009 Jan 14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors. Required for limb bud development. In concert with RARA or RARB, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Chromatin binding
- Gene Name
- RARG
- Uniprot ID
- P13631
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 50341.405 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE)
- Specific Function
- Dna-binding transcription activator activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
- Gene Name
- RXRB
- Uniprot ID
- P28702
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta
- Molecular Weight
- 56921.38 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. The high affinity ligand for RXRs is 9-cis retinoic acid (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Dna-binding transcription factor activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
- Gene Name
- RXRG
- Uniprot ID
- P48443
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 50870.72 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC, Almond-Roesler B, Geilen CC: Current use and future potential role of retinoids in dermatology. Drugs. 1997 Mar;53(3):358-88. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Cytoplasmic retinol-binding protein (PubMed:22665496, PubMed:26900151, PubMed:28057518). Accepts retinol from the transport protein STRA6, and thereby contributes to retinol uptake, storage and retinoid homeostasis (PubMed:15632377, PubMed:22665496)
- Specific Function
- All-trans-retinol binding
- Gene Name
- RBP1
- Uniprot ID
- P09455
- Uniprot Name
- Retinol-binding protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 15850.13 Da
References
- Berni R, Clerici M, Malpeli G, Cleris L, Formelli F: Retinoids: in vitro interaction with retinol-binding protein and influence on plasma retinol. FASEB J. 1993 Sep;7(12):1179-84. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- Antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Urien S, Claudepierre P, Meyer J, Brandt R, Tillement JP: Comparative binding of etretinate and acitretin to plasma proteins and erythrocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Nov 3;44(9):1891-3. [Article]
- Preiss JC, Zouboulis CC, Zeitz M, Duchmann R: [Severe erythrodermic psoriasis in a patient with 22q11 deletion syndrome]. Med Klin (Munich). 2005 May 13;100(5):275-8. [Article]
- Carillet V, Morliere P, Maziere JC, Huppe G, Santus R, Dubertret L: In vitro interactions of the aromatic retinoids Ro 10-9359 (etretinate) and Ro 10-1670 (acitretin), its main metabolite, with human serum lipoproteins and albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Nov 12;1055(2):98-101. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 18, 2024 01:23