Mephenytoin

Identification

Summary

Mephenytoin is a phenylhydantoin used to treat refractory partial epilepsy.

Generic Name
Mephenytoin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00532
Background

Mephenytoin is used for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy. Mephenytoin is a solid. This compound belongs to the phenylhydantoins. These are heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing an imiazolidinedione moiety substituted by a phenyl group. Mephenytoin is known to target sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha. Cytochrome P450 2C19, Cytochrome P450 2C8, Cytochrome P450 2C9, Cytochrome P450 2B6, Cytochrome P450 1A2, and Cytochrome P450 2D6 are known to metabolize mephenytoin. Mephenytoin is a hydantoin-derivative anticonvulsant used to control various partial seizures. Mephenytoin and oxazolidinedione derivatives are associated with higher incidences of blood dyscrasias compared to other anticonvulsants.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Withdrawn
Structure
Weight
Average: 218.2518
Monoisotopic: 218.105527702
Chemical Formula
C12H14N2O2
Synonyms
  • mefenitoína
  • Mephenytoin

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Mephenytoin is an antiepileptic drug which can be useful in the treatment of epilepsy. The primary site of action appears to be the motor cortex where spread of seizure activity is inhibited. Possibly by promoting sodium efflux from neurons, mephenytoin tends to stabilize the threshold against hyperexcitability caused by excessive stimulation or environmental changes capable of reducing membrane sodium gradient. This includes the reduction of posttetanic potentiation at synapses. Loss of posttetanic potentiation prevents cortical seizure foci from detonating adjacent cortical areas. Mephenytoin reduces the maximal activity of brain stem centers responsible for the tonic phase of tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of mephenytoin is not definitely known, but extensive research strongly suggests that its main mechanism is to block frequency-, use- and voltage-dependent neuronal sodium channels, and therefore limit repetitive firing of action potentials.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha
inhibitor
Humans
UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
activator
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution
  • 1.4 L/kg
Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Approximately 7 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*3(A;A)A Allele, homozygoteEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of mephenytoin.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*8(C;C) / (C;T)T > CEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of mephenytoin.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*7(A;A) / (A;T)T > AEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of mephenytoin.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2ANot Available681G>AEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*2BNot Available681G>AEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*4Not Available1A>GEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*5Not Available1297C>TEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*6Not Available395G>AEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*7Not Available19294T>AEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*22Not Available557G>C / 991A>GEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*24Not Available99C>T / 991A>G  … show all Effect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C19CYP2C19*35Not Available12662A>GEffect InferredPoor metabolizer, lower dose requirementDetails

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Mephenytoin is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Mephenytoin can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Mephenytoin can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Mephenytoin can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Mephenytoin.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
MesantoinTablet100 mg/1OralNovartis1946-10-232010-08-10US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N03AB04 — MephenytoinN03AB54 — Mephenytoin, combinations
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylhydantoins. These are heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing an imiazolidinedione moiety substituted by a phenyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Azolidines
Sub Class
Imidazolidines
Direct Parent
Phenylhydantoins
Alternative Parents
Phenylimidazolidines / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / N-acyl ureas / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Dicarboximides / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
show 1 more
Substituents
5-phenylhydantoin / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carbonic acid derivative / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Dicarboximide / Hydrocarbon derivative
show 11 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
R420KW629U
CAS number
50-12-4
InChI Key
GMHKMTDVRCWUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C12H14N2O2/c1-3-12(9-7-5-4-6-8-9)10(15)14(2)11(16)13-12/h4-8H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,13,16)
IUPAC Name
5-ethyl-3-methyl-5-phenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione
SMILES
CCC1(NC(=O)N(C)C1=O)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014673
KEGG Drug
D00375
PubChem Compound
4060
PubChem Substance
46508677
ChemSpider
3920
BindingDB
50103593
RxNav
6757
ChEBI
6757
ChEMBL
CHEMBL861
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000508
PharmGKB
PA450373
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Mephenytoin
MSDS
Download (73.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns
Not AvailableUnknown StatusOtherHealthy Volunteers (HV)1somestatusstop reasonjust information to hide

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
Packagers
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral100 mg/1
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)135 °CPhysProp
water solubility1270 mg/LNot Available
logP1.69SANGSTER (1994)
pKa8.51TOMLINSON,E & HAFKENSCHEID,TL (1986)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.97 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.64ALOGPS
logP1.67Chemaxon
logS-2.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)11.09Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-8.1Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area49.41 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity59.54 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability22.67 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+1.0
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9771
Caco-2 permeable+0.6007
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.5353
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8782
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8593
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9017
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7827
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9117
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6645
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9232
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8812
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9185
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8301
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7739
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9654
Rat acute toxicity2.3788 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9518
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8827
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.17 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0ue9-1900000000-76ba03e4694ef29def3b
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-0f79-2900000000-af8712fc36e2b911e9a8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-3901000000-d726d8591f6fd6b87a0a
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-3901000000-d726d8591f6fd6b87a0a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0290000000-a5411dbaee8ecd429302
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-2690000000-2933827dc62a4c0c3739
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-2910000000-81e99be957bb7c5609bd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014l-7970000000-8987328c0b6f0a57eed5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-006x-9700000000-4ae2b9176e1e52d208bf
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0gc3-2900000000-7e244ab00e7d96fa908f
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-156.0324268
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-152.1886
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+157.0989268
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+154.54659
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+156.4676268
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+160.63972
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient (PubMed:1309946, PubMed:21447824, PubMed:23085483, PubMed:23420830, PubMed:25370050, PubMed:26279430, PubMed:26392562, PubMed:26776555). It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform (PubMed:1309946). This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential. Channel inactivation is regulated by intracellular calcium levels (PubMed:19074138). Required for normal electrical conduction including formation of the infranodal ventricular conduction system and normal action potential configuration, as a result of its interaction with XIRP2 (By similarity)
Specific Function
Ankyrin binding
Gene Name
SCN5A
Uniprot ID
Q14524
Uniprot Name
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
226937.475 Da
References
  1. Lenkowski PW, Ko SH, Anderson JD, Brown ML, Patel MK: Block of human NaV1.5 sodium channels by novel alpha-hydroxyphenylamide analogues of phenytoin. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Apr;21(5):635-44. [Article]
  2. Swadron SP, Rudis MI, Azimian K, Beringer P, Fort D, Orlinsky M: A comparison of phenytoin-loading techniques in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2004 Mar;11(3):244-52. [Article]
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Activator
General Function
Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes
Specific Function
Dna-binding transcription activator activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
Gene Name
NR1I2
Uniprot ID
O75469
Uniprot Name
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
Molecular Weight
49761.245 Da
References
  1. Kobayashi K, Yamagami S, Higuchi T, Hosokawa M, Chiba K: Key structural features of ligands for activation of human pregnane X receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Apr;32(4):468-72. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position (PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine. Hydroxylates fenbendazole at the 4' position (PubMed:23959307)
Specific Function
(r)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55944.565 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Zhang T, Zhu Y, Gunaratna C: Rapid and quantitative determination of metabolites from multiple cytochrome P450 probe substrates by gradient liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Nov 25;780(2):371-9. [Article]
  3. Ghahramani P, Ellis SW, Lennard MS, Ramsay LE, Tucker GT: Cytochromes P450 mediating the N-demethylation of amitriptyline. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Feb;43(2):137-44. [Article]
  4. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:21289075). Hydroxylates steroid hormones, including testosterone at C-16 and estrogens at C-2 (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:21289075). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including plant lipids and drugs (PubMed:11695850, PubMed:22909231). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850)
Specific Function
Anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
Gene Name
CYP2B6
Uniprot ID
P20813
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2B6
Molecular Weight
56277.81 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Lewis DF, Modi S, Dickins M: Structure-activity relationship for human cytochrome P450 substrates and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):69-82. [Article]
  3. Heyn H, White RB, Stevens JC: Catalytic role of cytochrome P4502B6 in the N-demethylation of S-mephenytoin. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Sep;24(9):948-54. [Article]
  4. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
  5. Source [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
Specific Function
Aromatase activity
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58406.915 Da
References
  1. Coller JK, Somogyi AA, Bochner F: Comparison of (S)-mephenytoin and proguanil oxidation in vitro: contribution of several CYP isoforms. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Aug;48(2):158-67. [Article]
  2. Koyama E, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T: Reappraisal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation: a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recombinant human CYPs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun;281(3):1199-210. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, steroids and retinoids (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997, PubMed:21289075, PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:18698000, PubMed:21289075). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes the oxidative transformations of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal, a precursor for the active form all-trans-retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants
Specific Function
Anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Koyama E, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T: Reappraisal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation: a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recombinant human CYPs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun;281(3):1199-210. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
Specific Function
Arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Winter HR, Wang Y, Unadkat JD: CYP2C8/9 mediate dapsone N-hydroxylation at clinical concentrations of dapsone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Aug;28(8):865-8. [Article]
  2. NCBI Cytochrome P450 CYP2C8 Profile [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
Specific Function
(r)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum
Specific Function
Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Gene Name
SERPINA7
Uniprot ID
P05543
Uniprot Name
Thyroxine-binding globulin
Molecular Weight
46324.12 Da
References
  1. CYTOMEL (liothyronine) FDA label [File]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 07, 2024 17:28