Identification
- Summary
Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat mild to moderate dementia in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
- Brand Names
- Exelon, Nimvastid, Prometax
- Generic Name
- Rivastigmine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00989
- Background
Rivastigmine is a parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agent for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that inhibits both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Rivastigmine (DB00989)
- Weight
- Average: 250.3367
Monoisotopic: 250.168127958 - Chemical Formula
- C14H22N2O2
- Synonyms
- (S)-3-(1-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)phenyl ethylmethylcarbamate
- m-((S)-1-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)phenyl ethylmethylcarbamate
- Rivastigmina
- Rivastigmine
- External IDs
- ENA-713D
- ONO-2540
- SDZ-212-713
- SDZ-212713
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of mild to moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease or of the Alzheimer's type.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Rivastigmine is a parasympathomimetic and a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. An early pathophysiological feature of Alzheimer's disease that is associated with memory loss and cognitive deficits is a deficiency of acetylcholine as a result of selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the cerebral cortex, nucleus basalis, and hippocampus. Tacrine is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function. While the precise mechanism of rivastigmine's action is unknown, it is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function. This is accomplished by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by cholinesterase. If this proposed mechanism is correct, rivastigmine's effect may lessen as the disease progresses and fewer cholinergic neurons remain functionally intact.
- Mechanism of action
Rivastigmine is a carbamate derivative that is structurally related to physostigmine, but not to donepezil and tacrine. The precise mechanism of rivastigmine has not been fully determined, but it is suggested that rivastigmine binds reversibly with and inactivates chlolinesterase (eg. acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase), preventing the hydrolysis of acetycholine, and thus leading to an increased concentration of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. The anticholinesterase activity of rivastigmine is relatively specific for brain acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase compared with those in peripheral tissues.
Target Actions Organism AAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorHumans ACholinesterase inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
- 1.8 to 2.7 L/kg
- Protein binding
40%
- Metabolism
Rivastigmine is rapidly metabolized by cholinesterase-mediated hydrolysis.
- Route of elimination
Rivastigmine is extensively metabolized primarily via cholinesterase-mediated hydrolysis to the decarbamylated metabolite NAP226-90. Renal excretion of the metabolites is the major route of elimination. Less than 1% of the administered dose is excreted in the feces.
- Half-life
1.5 hours
- Clearance
- renal cl=2.1-2.8 L/hr
- Adverse Effects
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Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcebutolol Acebutolol may increase the bradycardic activities of Rivastigmine. Acetylcholine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rivastigmine is combined with Acetylcholine. Aclidinium Rivastigmine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Aclidinium. Alfentanil Alfentanil may increase the bradycardic activities of Rivastigmine. Amantadine The therapeutic efficacy of Amantadine can be decreased when used in combination with Rivastigmine. Amifampridine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rivastigmine is combined with Amifampridine. Amiodarone Rivastigmine may increase the bradycardic activities of Amiodarone. Amitriptyline The therapeutic efficacy of Amitriptyline can be decreased when used in combination with Rivastigmine. Amlodipine Amlodipine may increase the bradycardic activities of Rivastigmine. Amobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Amobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Rivastigmine. 
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- Take with food. Administering rivastigmine capsules with food delays absorption but increases the AUC.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Rivastigmine tartrate 9IY2357JPE 129101-54-8 GWHQHAUAXRMMOT-MBANBULQSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Exelon Patch
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Act Rivastigmine Patch 10 Patch 18 mg / 10 sq cm Transdermal Actavis Pharma Company Not applicable Not applicable Canada 
Act Rivastigmine Patch 5 Patch 9 mg / 5 sq cm Transdermal Actavis Pharma Company Not applicable Not applicable Canada Exelon Patch 4.6 mg/24hours Transdermal Novartis Europharm Limited 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU 
Exelon Capsule 1.5 mg Oral Novartis Europharm Limited 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Exelon Capsule 6 mg/1 Oral Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation 2000-04-30 Not applicable US 
Exelon Patch 13.3 mg/24hours Transdermal Novartis Europharm Limited 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU Exelon Capsule 6 mg Oral Novartis Europharm Limited 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Exelon Solution 2 mg/ml Oral Novartis Europharm Limited 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Exelon Capsule 6 mg Oral Knight Therapeutics Inc. 2000-05-15 Not applicable Canada Exelon Patch 9.5 mg/24hours Transdermal Novartis Europharm Limited 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-rivastigmine Capsule 4.5 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2010-04-07 Not applicable Canada Apo-rivastigmine Capsule 3 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2010-04-07 Not applicable Canada Apo-rivastigmine Capsule 6 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2010-04-07 Not applicable Canada Apo-rivastigmine Capsule 1.5 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2010-04-07 Not applicable Canada Auro-rivastigmine Capsule 1.5 mg Oral Auro Pharma Inc 2016-04-12 Not applicable Canada Auro-rivastigmine Capsule 4.5 mg Oral Auro Pharma Inc 2016-04-12 Not applicable Canada Auro-rivastigmine Capsule 3 mg Oral Auro Pharma Inc 2016-04-12 Not applicable Canada Auro-rivastigmine Capsule 6 mg Oral Auro Pharma Inc 2016-04-12 Not applicable Canada Dom-rivastigmine Capsule 3.0 mg Oral Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Dom-rivastigmine Capsule 6.0 mg Oral Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N06DA03 — Rivastigmine
- Drug Categories
- Acids, Acyclic
- Anti-Dementia Drugs
- Bradycardia-Causing Agents
- Carbamates
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Cholinergic Agents
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors
- Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Nervous System
- Neuroprotective Agents
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Parasympathomemetic (Cholinergic) Agents
- Phenylcarbamates
- Protective Agents
- Psychoanaleptics
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenoxy compounds. These are aromatic compounds contaning a phenoxy group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Phenoxy compounds
- Direct Parent
- Phenoxy compounds
- Alternative Parents
- Aralkylamines / Carbamate esters / Trialkylamines / Organic carbonic acids and derivatives / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Carbamic acid ester / Carbonic acid derivative / Carbonyl group / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- carbamate ester, tertiary amino compound (CHEBI:8874)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- PKI06M3IW0
- CAS number
- 123441-03-2
- InChI Key
- XSVMFMHYUFZWBK-NSHDSACASA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C14H22N2O2/c1-6-16(5)14(17)18-13-9-7-8-12(10-13)11(2)15(3)4/h7-11H,6H2,1-5H3/t11-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 3-[(1S)-1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenyl N-ethyl-N-methylcarbamate
- SMILES
- CCN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC(=C1)[C@H](C)N(C)C
References
- Synthesis Reference
Venkata Naga Brahmeswara Rao Mandava, Venkata Reddy Vajrala, Ganesh Varanasi, Vijay Kumar Adla, Mukund Reddy Jambula, Vijaypal Reddy Kanumathi Reddy, "PREPARATION OF RIVASTIGMINE AND ITS SALTS." U.S. Patent US20080255383, issued October 16, 2008.
US20080255383- General References
- Camps P, Munoz-Torrero D: Cholinergic drugs in pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2002 Feb;2(1):11-25. [Article]
- Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, Stahelin HB, Hartman R, Gharabawi M: Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1999 Mar 6;318(7184):633-8. [Article]
- Finkel SI: Effects of rivastigmine on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Ther. 2004 Jul;26(7):980-90. [Article]
- Rosler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Dennler HJ: Effects of two-year treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Neurol. 1998;11(4):211-216. [Article]
- Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne EJ, Deuschl G, De Deyn PP, Durif F, Kulisevsky J, van Laar T, Lees A, Poewe W, Robillard A, Rosa MM, Wolters E, Quarg P, Tekin S, Lane R: Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 9;351(24):2509-18. [Article]
- Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M, Holt FE: Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD001191. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001191.pub2. [Article]
- Naik RS, Hartmann J, Kiewert C, Duysen EG, Lockridge O, Klein J: Effects of rivastigmine and donepezil on brain acetylcholine levels in acetylcholinesterase-deficient mice. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12(1):79-85. [Article]
- Farlow MR: Update on rivastigmine. Neurologist. 2003 Sep;9(5):230-4. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015124
- KEGG Drug
- D03822
- KEGG Compound
- C11766
- PubChem Compound
- 77991
- PubChem Substance
- 46507452
- ChemSpider
- 70377
- BindingDB
- 10620
- 183379
- ChEBI
- 8874
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL636
- ZINC
- ZINC000000004413
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000149
- PharmGKB
- PA451262
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Rivastigmine
- FDA label
- Download (74 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Not Available Traumatic Brain Injury With Persistent Cognitive Deficits 1 4 Completed Other Alzheimer's Disease (AD) 1 4 Completed Prevention Delirium 1 4 Completed Prevention Delirium / POCD - Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction 1 4 Completed Treatment Alzheimer's Disease (AD) 13 4 Completed Treatment Alzheimer's Disease (AD) / Stroke 1 4 Completed Treatment Cognitive Impairment (CI) 1 4 Completed Treatment Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type 1 4 Completed Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections / Neurocognitive Disturbance 1 4 Completed Treatment Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) / Parkinson's Disease (PD) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Dr reddys laboratories inc
- Sun pharmaceutical industries ltd
- Watson laboratories inc
- Packagers
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Cardinal Health
- Doctor Reddys Laboratories Ltd.
- LTS Lohmann Therapy Systems Corp.
- Novartis AG
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Sandoz
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Patch Transdermal 18 mg / 10 sq cm Patch Transdermal 9 mg / 5 sq cm Patch Transdermal Drug delivery system Transdermal 18 mg Patch Transdermal 9.000 mg Capsule Oral 6.0 mg Capsule Oral 1.5 mg/1 Capsule Oral 3 mg/1 Capsule Oral 4.5 mg/1 Patch Transdermal 13.3 MG/24ORE Patch Transdermal 13.3 mg/24hours Patch Transdermal 4.6 MG/24ORE Patch Transdermal 4.6 mg/24hours Patch Transdermal 9.000 mg Patch Transdermal 9.5 mg/24hours Patch Transdermal 9.5 MG/24ORE Patch, extended release Transdermal 13.3 MG/24hr Patch, extended release Transdermal 4.6 mg/24[USP'U] Patch, extended release Transdermal 4.6 MG/24hr Patch, extended release Transdermal 9.5 mg/24[USP'U] Patch, extended release Transdermal 9.5 MG/24hr Solution Oral 2 mg / mL Solution Oral 2 mg/1mL Plaster Cutaneous 13.3 MG Capsule Oral 4.5 mg Plaster Cutaneous 4.6 MG Capsule Oral 6 mg Plaster Cutaneous 9.5 MG Syrup Oral 2 mg/1ml Solution Oral 2 mg/ml Patch Transdermal 9.5 mg / 24 hour Patch, extended release Transdermal 18.00 mg/10cm2 Patch Transdermal 13.3 mg / 24 hour Patch, extended release Transdermal 27.000 mg Patch Transdermal 4.6 mg / 24 hour Patch, extended release Transdermal 9 mg/5cm2 Tablet, effervescent Capsule, coated Oral 3 mg Capsule, coated Oral 4.5 mg Capsule, coated Oral 6 mg Patch Transdermal 18 mg Patch Transdermal 9 mg Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 1.5 MG Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 3 MG Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 4.5 MG Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral 6 MG Capsule Oral 3.0 mg Plaster Transdermal 13.3 mg/24h Plaster Transdermal 4.6 mg/24h Plaster Transdermal 9.5 mg/24h Capsule, coated Oral 1.5 mg Plaster Transdermal 13.3 mg/24stunde Plaster Transdermal 4.6 mg/24stunde Plaster Transdermal 9.5 mg/24stunde Plaster Transdermal Capsule Oral Patch Topical; Transdermal 13.3 mg Patch Transdermal 4.6 mg/24hr Patch Transdermal 9.5 mg/24hr Patch Transdermal 13.3 mg/24h Patch Transdermal 4.6 mg/24h Patch Transdermal 9.5 mg/24h Patch, extended release Transdermal 13.3 mg/24h Patch, extended release Transdermal 4.6 mg/24h Patch, extended release Transdermal 9.5 mg/24h Capsule Oral 6 mg/1 Patch, extended release Transdermal 13.3 mg/1 Patch, extended release Transdermal 4.6 mg/1 Patch, extended release Transdermal 9.5 mg/1 Capsule Oral 1.5 mg Capsule Oral 3 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Exelon 30 4.6 mg/24hr Patches Box 252.18USD box Exelon 30 9.5 mg/24hr Patches Box 252.18USD box Exelon 4.6 mg/24hr patch 8.08USD patch Exelon 9.5 mg/24hr patch 8.08USD patch Exelon 1.5 mg capsule 4.81USD capsule Exelon 3 mg capsule 4.81USD capsule Exelon 4.5 mg capsule 4.81USD capsule Exelon 6 mg capsule 4.81USD capsule DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US4948807 No 1990-08-14 2012-08-14 US CA2315784 No 2006-06-27 2019-01-08 Canada US6335031 No 2002-01-01 2019-01-08 US US6316023 No 2001-11-13 2019-01-08 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source logP 2.3 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 2.04 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.45 ALOGPS logP 2.41 Chemaxon logS -2.1 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Basic) 8.8 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 32.78 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 73.37 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 28.56 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 1.0 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9853 Caco-2 permeable + 0.7001 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6571 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.7919 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8756 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8406 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7993 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.6659 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5932 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.609 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8928 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8384 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8734 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9545 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8062 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.5279 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.5858 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9463 Rat acute toxicity 3.4167 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9355 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8986
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serine hydrolase activity
- Specific Function
- Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.
- Gene Name
- ACHE
- Uniprot ID
- P22303
- Uniprot Name
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Molecular Weight
- 67795.525 Da
References
- Kennedy JS, Polinsky RJ, Johnson B, Loosen P, Enz A, Laplanche R, Schmidt D, Mancione LC, Parris WC, Ebert MH: Preferential cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase inhibition by rivastigmine in humans. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Dec;19(6):513-21. [Article]
- Goldblum D, Garweg JG, Bohnke M: Topical rivastigmine, a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Feb;16(1):29-35. [Article]
- Grossberg GT, Stahelin HB, Messina JC, Anand R, Veach J: Lack of adverse pharmacodynamic drug interactions with rivastigmine and twenty-two classes of medications. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;15(3):242-7. [Article]
- Stahl SM: The new cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease, Part 1: their similarities are different. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;61(10):710-1. [Article]
- Gottwald MD, Rozanski RI: Rivastigmine, a brain-region selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease: review and current status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1999 Oct;8(10):1673-1682. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M, Holt FE: Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD001191. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001191.pub2. [Article]
- Naik RS, Hartmann J, Kiewert C, Duysen EG, Lockridge O, Klein J: Effects of rivastigmine and donepezil on brain acetylcholine levels in acetylcholinesterase-deficient mice. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12(1):79-85. [Article]
- Lalli S, Albanese A: Rivastigmine in Parkinson's disease dementia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Aug;8(8):1181-8. doi: 10.1586/14737175.8.8.1181. [Article]
- Onor ML, Trevisiol M, Aguglia E: Rivastigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an update. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2(1):17-32. [Article]
- Farlow MR: Update on rivastigmine. Neurologist. 2003 Sep;9(5):230-4. [Article]
- Greig NH, Lahiri DK, Sambamurti K: Butyrylcholinesterase: an important new target in Alzheimer's disease therapy. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002;14 Suppl 1:77-91. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Identical protein binding
- Specific Function
- Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
- Gene Name
- BCHE
- Uniprot ID
- P06276
- Uniprot Name
- Cholinesterase
- Molecular Weight
- 68417.575 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Stahl SM: The new cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease, Part 1: their similarities are different. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;61(10):710-1. [Article]
- Gottwald MD, Rozanski RI: Rivastigmine, a brain-region selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease: review and current status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1999 Oct;8(10):1673-1682. [Article]
- Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M, Holt FE: Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD001191. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001191.pub2. [Article]
- Birks J: Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD005593. [Article]
- Naik RS, Hartmann J, Kiewert C, Duysen EG, Lockridge O, Klein J: Effects of rivastigmine and donepezil on brain acetylcholine levels in acetylcholinesterase-deficient mice. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12(1):79-85. [Article]
- Smith DA: Treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the long-term-care setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009 May 15;66(10):899-907. doi: 10.2146/ajhp070622. [Article]
- Bassil N, Grossberg GT: Novel regimens and delivery systems in the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(4):293-307. [Article]
- Lalli S, Albanese A: Rivastigmine in Parkinson's disease dementia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Aug;8(8):1181-8. doi: 10.1586/14737175.8.8.1181. [Article]
- Onor ML, Trevisiol M, Aguglia E: Rivastigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an update. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2(1):17-32. [Article]
- Farlow MR: Update on rivastigmine. Neurologist. 2003 Sep;9(5):230-4. [Article]
- Greig NH, Lahiri DK, Sambamurti K: Butyrylcholinesterase: an important new target in Alzheimer's disease therapy. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002;14 Suppl 1:77-91. [Article]
- Li S, Li AJ, Travers J, Xu T, Sakamuru S, Klumpp-Thomas C, Huang R, Xia M: Identification of Compounds for Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition. SLAS Discov. 2021 Dec;26(10):1355-1364. doi: 10.1177/24725552211030897. Epub 2021 Jul 16. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 01, 2023 08:05