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Identification
- Summary
Bosutinib is an antineoplastic agent used for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adults with inadequate clinical response to other treatments.
- Brand Names
- Bosulif
- Generic Name
- Bosutinib
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB06616
- Background
Bosutinib is a 7-alkoxy-3-quinolinecarbonitrile that functions as a potent, dual SRC and ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), specifically Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) CML. Philadelphia chromosome is a hallmark of CML due to the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in a BCR-ABL fusion protein.2,3,5 The first BCR-ABL inhibitor, imatinib, was introduced over a decade ago as a breakthrough in CML management; however, emerging resistance to imatinib poses challenges in achieving remission.4 Second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors like bosutinib inhibit most resistance-conferring BCR-ABL mutations except V299L and T315, thus providing more therapeutic options for patients.1,4
Bosutinib was first approved by the FDA in 2012 for the treatment of adult chronic, accelerated, or blast-phase Ph+ CML with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy.10 On September 26, 2023, bosutinib was also approved by the FDA for the treatment of pediatric CML that is newly diagnosed or resistant/intolerant to prior therapy. This approval was based on favorable results obtained from the open-label, randomized, multicenter trial BFORE that showed a significant improvement in major molecular response, defined as a ≤0.1% BCR ABL ratio on an international scale, with bosutinib treatment.11
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Bosutinib (DB06616)
- Weight
- Average: 530.446
Monoisotopic: 529.164745233 - Chemical Formula
- C26H29Cl2N5O3
- Synonyms
- 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile
- Bosutinib
- External IDs
- SK-606
- SKI 606
- SKI-606
Pharmacology
- Indication
Bosutinib is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older with chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia that is newly diagnosed or resistant or intolerant to prior therapy. It is also indicated for the treatment of adult patients with accelerated or blast phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia that is newly diagnosed or resistant or intolerant to prior therapy.6
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• •• ••••••••••• •• ••••• ••••••• •••••••• •••••• Treatment of Chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia •••••••••••• •••••• ••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• •••••••• •••••• Treatment of Chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia •••••••••••• •••••• ••••••••• •••••••••• •• ••••••••••• •• ••••• ••••••• •••••••• •••••• Treatment of Blast phase chronic myelocytic leukemia •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• •• ••••••••••• •• ••••• ••••••• •••••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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A greater likelihood of response and a greater likelihood of safety events were observed with higher bosutinib exposure in clinical studies. The time course of bosutinib pharmacodynamic response has not been fully characterized.6
At a single oral dose of 500 mg bosutinib with ketoconazole (a strong CYP3A inhibitor), bosutinib does not prolong the QT interval to any clinically relevant extent.6
- Mechanism of action
Bosutinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Bosutinib inhibits the BCR-ABL kinase that promotes CML; it is also an inhibitor of Src-family kinases including Src, Lyn, and Hck. Bosutinib inhibited 16 of 18 imatinib-resistant forms of BCR-ABL kinase expressed in murine myeloid cell lines. Bosutinib did not inhibit the T315I and V299L mutant cells.6
Target Actions Organism ATyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 inhibitorHumans ATyrosine-protein kinase Lyn inhibitorHumans AProto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src inhibitorHumans ADual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitorHumans ADual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 inhibitorHumans AMitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 inhibitorHumans ACalcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma inhibitorHumans ATyrosine-protein kinase Fgr inhibitorHumans ATyrosine-protein kinase HCK inhibitorHumans ATyrosine-protein kinase Tec inhibitorHumans ASTE20-like serine/threonine-protein kinase inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Bosutinib exhibits dose-proportional increases in Cmax and AUC over the oral dose range of 200 to 800 mg (0.33 to 1.3 times the maximum approved recommended dosage of 600 mg). Bosutinib steady-state Cmax was 127 ng/mL (31%), Ctrough was 68 ng/mL (39%) and AUC was 2370 ng•h/mL (34%) following multiple oral doses of bosutinib 400 mg. Bosutinib steady-state Cmax was 171 ng/mL (38%), Ctrough was 91 ng/mL (42%) and AUC was 3150 ng•h/mL (38%) following multiple oral doses of bosutinib 500 mg. No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of bosutinib were observed following administration of either the tablet or capsule dosage forms of bosutinib at the same dose, under fed conditions.6
The median bosutinib (minimum, maximum) tmax was 6.0 (6.0, 6.0) hours following oral administration of a single oral dose of bosutinib 500 mg with food. The absolute bioavailability was 34% in healthy subjects.6
Bosutinib Cmax increased 1.8-fold and AUC increased 1.7-fold when bosutinib tablets were given with a high-fat meal to healthy subjects compared to administration under fasted conditions. Bosutinib Cmax increased 1.6-fold and AUC increased 1.5-fold when bosutinib capsules were given with a high-fat meal to healthy subjects compared to administration under fasted conditions. The high-fat meal (800-1000 total calories) consisted of approximately 150 protein calories, 250 carbohydrate calories, and 500-600 fat calories.6
- Volume of distribution
The mean (SD) apparent bosutinib volume of distribution is 6080 ± 1230 L after an oral dose of 500 mg of bosutinib.6
- Protein binding
Bosutinib protein binding is 94% in vitro and 96% ex vivo and is independent of concentration.6
- Metabolism
Bosutinib is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. The major circulating metabolites identified in plasma are oxydechlorinated (M2) bosutinib (19% of parent exposure) and N-desmethylated (M5) bosutinib (25% of parent exposure), with bosutinib N-oxide (M6) as a minor circulating metabolite. All the metabolites were deemed inactive.
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- Route of elimination
Following a single oral dose of [14C] radiolabeled bosutinib without food, 91.3% of the dose was recovered in feces and 3.3% of the dose was recovered in urine.6
- Half-life
The mean (SD) bosutinib terminal phase elimination half-life (t1/2) was 22.5 ± 1.7 hours following a single oral dose of bosutinib.6
- Clearance
The mean (SD) apparent clearance was 189 ± 48 L/h following a single oral dose of bosutinib.6
- Adverse Effects
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In a rat fertility and early embryonic development study, bosutinib was administered orally to female rats for approximately 3 to 6 weeks, depending on the day of mating (2 weeks prior to cohabitation with untreated breeder males until gestation day [GD] 7). Increased embryonic resorptions occurred at greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg/day of bosutinib (1.6 and 1.2 times the human exposure at the recommended doses of 400 or 500 mg/day, respectively), and decreased implantations and reduced number of viable embryos at 30 mg/kg/day of bosutinib (3.4 and 2.5 times the human exposure at the recommended doses of 400 or 500 mg/day, respectively).6
In an embryo-fetal development study conducted in rabbits, bosutinib was administered orally to pregnant animals during organogenesis at doses of 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day. At the maternally-toxic dose of 30 mg/kg/day of bosutinib, there were fetal anomalies (fused sternebrae and 2 fetuses had various visceral observations), and an approximate 6% decrease in fetal body weight. The dose of 30 mg/kg/day resulted in exposures (AUC) approximately 5.1 and 3.8 times the human exposures at the recommended doses of 400 and 500 mg/day, respectively.6
Fetal exposure to bosutinib-derived radioactivity during pregnancy was demonstrated in a placental-transfer study in pregnant rats. In a rat pre-and postnatal development study, bosutinib was administered orally to pregnant animals during the period of organogenesis through lactation day 20 at doses of 10, 30, and 70 mg/kg/day. Reduced number of pups born occurred at greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg/day bosutinib (3.4 and 2.5 times the human exposure at the recommended doses of 400 or 500 mg/day, respectively), and increased incidence of total litter loss and decreased growth of offspring after birth occurred at 70 mg/kg/day bosutinib (6.9 and 5.1 times the human exposure at the recommended doses of 400 or 500 mg/day, respectively).6
Experience with bosutinib overdose in clinical studies was limited to isolated cases. There were no reports of any serious adverse events associated with the overdoses. Patients who take an overdose of BOSULIF should be observed and given appropriate supportive treatment.6
Bosutinib was not carcinogenic in rats or transgenic mice. The rat 2-year carcinogenicity study was conducted at bosutinib oral doses up to 25 mg/kg in males and 15 mg/kg in females. Exposures at these doses were approximately 1.5 times (males) and 3.1 times (females) the human exposure at the 400 mg dose and 1.2 times (males) and 2.4 times (females) exposure in humans at the 500 mg dose. The 6-month RasH2 transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was conducted at bosutinib oral doses up to 60 mg/kg.6
Bosutinib was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a battery of tests, including the bacteria reverse mutation assay (Ames Test), the in vitro assay using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and the micronucleus test in orally treated male mice.6
In a rat fertility study, drug-treated males were mated with untreated females or untreated males were mated with drug-treated females. Females were administered the drug from pre-mating through early embryonic development. The dose of 70 mg/kg/day of bosutinib resulted in reduced fertility in males as demonstrated by 16% reduction in the number of pregnancies. There were no lesions in the male reproductive organs at this dose. This dose of 70 mg/kg/day resulted in exposure (AUC) in male rats approximately 1.5 times and equal to human exposure at the recommended doses of 400 and 500 mg/day, respectively. Fertility (number of pregnancies) was not affected when female rats were treated with bosutinib. However, there were increased embryonic resorptions at greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg/day of bosutinib (1.6 and 1.2 times the human exposure at the recommended doses of 400 and 500 mg/day, respectively), and decreased implantations and reduced number of viable embryos at 30 mg/kg/day of bosutinib (3.4 and 2.5 times the human exposure at the recommended doses of 400 or 500 mg/day, respectively).6
- Pathways
Pathway Category Bosutinib Inhibition of BCR-ABL Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Bosutinib can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Bosutinib can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Bosutinib. Abemaciclib The metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Bosutinib. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Bosutinib can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. - Food Interactions
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism, which may increase the serum concentration of bosutinib.
- Avoid St. John's Wort. This herb induces CYP3A4 metabolism, which may reduce the serum concentration of bosutinib.
- Take with food. Coadministration with a high-fat meal may increase the AUC of bosutinib.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Bosutinib monohydrate 844ZJE6I55 918639-08-4 BXPOSPOKHGNMEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Bosulif Tablet, film coated 500 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2022-04-07 Not applicable EU 
Bosulif Capsule 100 mg/1 Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 2024-01-02 Not applicable US 
Bosulif Tablet 400 mg Oral Pfizer Canada Ulc Not applicable Not applicable Canada 
Bosulif Tablet, film coated 100 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2022-04-07 Not applicable EU Bosulif Tablet, film coated 100 mg Oral Pfizer Europe Ma Eeig 2022-04-07 Not applicable EU
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01EA04 — Bosutinib
- Drug Categories
- Amines
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Bcr-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Kinase Inhibitor
- Myelosuppressive Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 4-aminoquinolines. These are organic compounds containing an amino group attached to the 4-position of a quinoline ring system.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Quinolines and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Aminoquinolines and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- 4-aminoquinolines
- Alternative Parents
- Aminophenyl ethers / Methoxyanilines / Phenoxy compounds / Anisoles / Dichlorobenzenes / Methoxybenzenes / Alkyl aryl ethers / Aminopyridines and derivatives / N-methylpiperazines / Aryl chlorides show 8 more
- Substituents
- 1,3-dichlorobenzene / 1,4-diazinane / 4-aminoquinoline / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Aminophenyl ether / Aminopyridine / Aniline or substituted anilines / Anisole / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound show 30 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- tertiary amino compound, aromatic ether, nitrile, dichlorobenzene, aminoquinoline, N-methylpiperazine (CHEBI:39112)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 5018V4AEZ0
- CAS number
- 380843-75-4
- InChI Key
- UBPYILGKFZZVDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C26H29Cl2N5O3/c1-32-6-8-33(9-7-32)5-4-10-36-25-13-21-18(11-24(25)35-3)26(17(15-29)16-30-21)31-22-14-23(34-2)20(28)12-19(22)27/h11-14,16H,4-10H2,1-3H3,(H,30,31)
- IUPAC Name
- 4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6-methoxy-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline-3-carbonitrile
- SMILES
- COC1=CC(NC2=C(C=NC3=CC(OCCCN4CCN(C)CC4)=C(OC)C=C23)C#N)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl
References
- Synthesis Reference
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23674887
- General References
- Amsberg GK, Schafhausen P: Bosutinib in the management of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Biologics. 2013;7:115-22. doi: 10.2147/BTT.S30182. Epub 2013 May 6. [Article]
- Keller-V Amsberg G, Brummendorf TH: Novel aspects of therapy with the dual Src and Abl kinase inhibitor bosutinib in chronic myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012 Sep;12(9):1121-7. doi: 10.1586/era.12.84. [Article]
- Drexler HG, MacLeod RA, Uphoff CC: Leukemia cell lines: in vitro models for the study of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Leuk Res. 1999 Mar;23(3):207-15. doi: 10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00171-4. [Article]
- Amsberg GK, Koschmieder S: Profile of bosutinib and its clinical potential in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;6:99-106. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S19901. Epub 2013 Mar 4. [Article]
- Keller G, Schafhausen P, Brummendorf TH: Bosutinib. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010;184:119-27. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01222-8_9. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: BOSULIF® (bosutinib) tablets/capsules, for oral use (October 2023) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: BOSULIF (bosutinib) tablets, for oral use [Link]
- Bosutinib Pfizer MSDS [Link]
- Bosutinib Thermofisher Scientific MSDS [Link]
- FDA grants accelerated approval to bosutinib for treatment of newly-diagnosed PH+ CML [Link]
- FDA approves bosutinib for pediatric patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0240205
- KEGG Drug
- D03252
- PubChem Compound
- 5328940
- PubChem Substance
- 175427079
- ChemSpider
- 4486102
- BindingDB
- 4552
- 1307619
- ChEBI
- 39112
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL288441
- ZINC
- ZINC000022448983
- PDBe Ligand
- DB8
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Bosutinib
- PDB Entries
- 3soa / 3ue4 / 4mxo / 4mxx / 4mxy / 4mxz / 4qmn / 5ajq / 5i9x / 5vc3 … show 4 more
- FDA label
- Download (326 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (97.1 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Not Yet Recruiting Not Available Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Recruiting Treatment Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) / Philadelphia Chromosome Positive (Ph+) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Terminated Treatment Previously Treated PH + CML 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Philadelphia Chromosome Positive (Ph+) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral 100 mg/1 Capsule Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet Oral 100 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg Tablet Oral 500 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 400 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 500 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 500 MG Tablet, coated Oral 50000000 mg Tablet, coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, coated Oral 500 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6002008 No 1999-12-14 2018-03-27 US US7417148 Yes 2008-08-26 2026-06-11 US USRE42376 Yes 2011-05-17 2024-10-13 US US7767678 Yes 2010-08-03 2027-05-23 US US7919625 Yes 2011-04-05 2026-06-11 US US11103497 Yes 2021-08-31 2034-08-28 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 131 - 134 °C Thermofisher MSDS label logP 3.34 Pfizer MSDS label - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0095 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.87 ALOGPS logP 4.09 Chemaxon logS -4.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 15.48 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 8.03 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 8 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 82.88 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 9 Chemaxon Refractivity 142.12 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 56.02 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9823 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9272 Caco-2 permeable + 0.6542 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7601 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8409 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.9108 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.5663 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.854 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.6953 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6987 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.5606 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7372 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5136 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5725 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.5 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7021 Ames test AMES toxic 0.5922 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8869 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 2.4201 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Strong inhibitor 0.6147 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.7754
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 235.5973979 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 213.89542 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 236.7142979 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 216.25343 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 236.8075979 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 223.04863 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Inhibits both endogenous ABL and BCR-ABL fusion protein
- General Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility and adhesion, receptor endocytosis, autophagy, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Coordinates actin remodeling through tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics like WASF3 (involved in branch formation); ANXA1 (involved in membrane anchoring); DBN1, DBNL, CTTN, RAPH1 and ENAH (involved in signaling); or MAPT and PXN (microtubule-binding proteins). Phosphorylation of WASF3 is critical for the stimulation of lamellipodia formation and cell migration. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through phosphorylation of key regulators of these processes such as BCAR1, CRK, CRKL, DOK1, EFS or NEDD9 (PubMed:22810897). Phosphorylates multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and more particularly promotes endocytosis of EGFR, facilitates the formation of neuromuscular synapses through MUSK, inhibits PDGFRB-mediated chemotaxis and modulates the endocytosis of activated B-cell receptor complexes. Other substrates which are involved in endocytosis regulation are the caveolin (CAV1) and RIN1. Moreover, ABL1 regulates the CBL family of ubiquitin ligases that drive receptor down-regulation and actin remodeling. Phosphorylation of CBL leads to increased EGFR stability. Involved in late-stage autophagy by regulating positively the trafficking and function of lysosomal components. ABL1 targets to mitochondria in response to oxidative stress and thereby mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In response to oxidative stress, phosphorylates serine/threonine kinase PRKD2 at 'Tyr-717' (PubMed:28428613). ABL1 is also translocated in the nucleus where it has DNA-binding activity and is involved in DNA-damage response and apoptosis. Many substrates are known mediators of DNA repair: DDB1, DDB2, ERCC3, ERCC6, RAD9A, RAD51, RAD52 or WRN. Activates the proapoptotic pathway when the DNA damage is too severe to be repaired. Phosphorylates TP73, a primary regulator for this type of damage-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylates the caspase CASP9 on 'Tyr-153' and regulates its processing in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Phosphorylates PSMA7 that leads to an inhibition of proteasomal activity and cell cycle transition blocks. ABL1 acts also as a regulator of multiple pathological signaling cascades during infection. Several known tyrosine-phosphorylated microbial proteins have been identified as ABL1 substrates. This is the case of A36R of Vaccinia virus, Tir (translocated intimin receptor) of pathogenic E.coli and possibly Citrobacter, CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) of H.pylori, or AnkA (ankyrin repeat-containing protein A) of A.phagocytophilum. Pathogens can highjack ABL1 kinase signaling to reorganize the host actin cytoskeleton for multiple purposes, like facilitating intracellular movement and host cell exit. Finally, functions as its own regulator through autocatalytic activity as well as through phosphorylation of its inhibitor, ABI1. Regulates T-cell differentiation in a TBX21-dependent manner (By similarity). Positively regulates chemokine-mediated T-cell migration, polarization, and homing to lymph nodes and immune-challenged tissues, potentially via activation of NEDD9/HEF1 and RAP1 (By similarity). Phosphorylates TBX21 on tyrosine residues leading to an enhancement of its transcriptional activator activity (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Actin filament binding
- Gene Name
- ABL1
- Uniprot ID
- P00519
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1
- Molecular Weight
- 122871.435 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: BOSULIF® (bosutinib) tablets/capsules, for oral use (October 2023) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that transmits signals from cell surface receptors and plays an important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, hematopoiesis, responses to growth factors and cytokines, integrin signaling, but also responses to DNA damage and genotoxic agents. Functions primarily as negative regulator, but can also function as activator, depending on the context. Required for the initiation of the B-cell response, but also for its down-regulation and termination. Plays an important role in the regulation of B-cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis, and is important for immune self-tolerance. Acts downstream of several immune receptors, including the B-cell receptor, CD79A, CD79B, CD5, CD19, CD22, FCER1, FCGR2, FCGR1A, TLR2 and TLR4. Plays a role in the inflammatory response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Mediates the responses to cytokines and growth factors in hematopoietic progenitors, platelets, erythrocytes, and in mature myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells, neutrophils and eosinophils. Acts downstream of EPOR, KIT, MPL, the chemokine receptor CXCR4, as well as the receptors for IL3, IL5 and CSF2. Plays an important role in integrin signaling. Regulates cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, adhesion, degranulation, and cytokine release. Involved in the regulation of endothelial activation, neutrophil adhesion and transendothelial migration (PubMed:36932076). Down-regulates signaling pathways by phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), that then serve as binding sites for phosphatases, such as PTPN6/SHP-1, PTPN11/SHP-2 and INPP5D/SHIP-1, that modulate signaling by dephosphorylation of kinases and their substrates. Phosphorylates LIME1 in response to CD22 activation. Phosphorylates BTK, CBL, CD5, CD19, CD72, CD79A, CD79B, CSF2RB, DOK1, HCLS1, LILRB3/PIR-B, MS4A2/FCER1B, SYK and TEC. Promotes phosphorylation of SIRPA, PTPN6/SHP-1, PTPN11/SHP-2 and INPP5D/SHIP-1. Mediates phosphorylation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. Required for rapid phosphorylation of FER in response to FCER1 activation. Mediates KIT phosphorylation. Acts as an effector of EPOR (erythropoietin receptor) in controlling KIT expression and may play a role in erythroid differentiation during the switch between proliferation and maturation. Depending on the context, activates or inhibits several signaling cascades. Regulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and AKT1 activation. Regulates activation of the MAP kinase signaling cascade, including activation of MAP2K1/MEK1, MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1, MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK9/JNK2. Mediates activation of STAT5A and/or STAT5B. Phosphorylates LPXN on 'Tyr-72'. Kinase activity facilitates TLR4-TLR6 heterodimerization and signal initiation. Phosphorylates SCIMP on 'Tyr-107'; this enhances binding of SCIMP to TLR4, promoting the phosphorylation of TLR4, and a selective cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide in macrophages (By similarity). Phosphorylates CLNK (By similarity). Phosphorylates BCAR1/CAS and NEDD9/HEF1 (PubMed:9020138)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- LYN
- Uniprot ID
- P07948
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn
- Molecular Weight
- 58573.595 Da
References
- Berndt S, Gurevich VV, Iverson TM: Crystal structure of the SH3 domain of human Lyn non-receptor tyrosine kinase. PLoS One. 2019 Apr 10;14(4):e0215140. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215140. eCollection 2019. [Article]
- Amsberg GK, Koschmieder S: Profile of bosutinib and its clinical potential in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;6:99-106. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S19901. Epub 2013 Mar 4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redundancy between members of the SRC kinase family, identification of the specific role of each SRC kinase is very difficult. SRC appears to be one of the primary kinases activated following engagement of receptors and plays a role in the activation of other protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) families. Receptor clustering or dimerization leads to recruitment of SRC to the receptor complexes where it phosphorylates the tyrosine residues within the receptor cytoplasmic domains. Plays an important role in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization through phosphorylation of specific substrates such as AFAP1. Phosphorylation of AFAP1 allows the SRC SH2 domain to bind AFAP1 and to localize to actin filaments. Cytoskeletal reorganization is also controlled through the phosphorylation of cortactin (CTTN) (Probable). When cells adhere via focal adhesions to the extracellular matrix, signals are transmitted by integrins into the cell resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of focal adhesion proteins, including PTK2/FAK1 and paxillin (PXN) (PubMed:21411625). In addition to phosphorylating focal adhesion proteins, SRC is also active at the sites of cell-cell contact adherens junctions and phosphorylates substrates such as beta-catenin (CTNNB1), delta-catenin (CTNND1), and plakoglobin (JUP). Another type of cell-cell junction, the gap junction, is also a target for SRC, which phosphorylates connexin-43 (GJA1). SRC is implicated in regulation of pre-mRNA-processing and phosphorylates RNA-binding proteins such as KHDRBS1 (Probable). Phosphorylates PKP3 at 'Tyr-195' in response to reactive oxygen species, which may cause the release of PKP3 from desmosome cell junctions into the cytoplasm (PubMed:25501895). Also plays a role in PDGF-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT3, leading to increased DNA binding activity of these transcription factors (By similarity). Involved in the RAS pathway through phosphorylation of RASA1 and RASGRF1 (PubMed:11389730). Plays a role in EGF-mediated calcium-activated chloride channel activation (PubMed:18586953). Required for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization through phosphorylation of clathrin heavy chain (CLTC and CLTCL1) at 'Tyr-1477'. Involved in beta-arrestin (ARRB1 and ARRB2) desensitization through phosphorylation and activation of GRK2, leading to beta-arrestin phosphorylation and internalization. Has a critical role in the stimulation of the CDK20/MAPK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by epidermal growth factor (Probable). Might be involved not only in mediating the transduction of mitogenic signals at the level of the plasma membrane but also in controlling progression through the cell cycle via interaction with regulatory proteins in the nucleus (PubMed:7853507). Plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption in conjunction with PTK2B/PYK2. Both the formation of a SRC-PTK2B/PYK2 complex and SRC kinase activity are necessary for this function. Recruited to activated integrins by PTK2B/PYK2, thereby phosphorylating CBL, which in turn induces the activation and recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the cell membrane in a signaling pathway that is critical for osteoclast function (PubMed:14585963, PubMed:8755529). Promotes energy production in osteoclasts by activating mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (PubMed:12615910). Phosphorylates DDR2 on tyrosine residues, thereby promoting its subsequent autophosphorylation (PubMed:16186108). Phosphorylates RUNX3 and COX2 on tyrosine residues, TNK2 on 'Tyr-284' and CBL on 'Tyr-731' (PubMed:20100835, PubMed:21309750). Enhances RIGI-elicited antiviral signaling (PubMed:19419966). Phosphorylates PDPK1 at 'Tyr-9', 'Tyr-373' and 'Tyr-376' (PubMed:14585963). Phosphorylates BCAR1 at 'Tyr-128' (PubMed:22710723). Phosphorylates CBLC at multiple tyrosine residues, phosphorylation at 'Tyr-341' activates CBLC E3 activity (PubMed:20525694). Phosphorylates synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin (SYP) (By similarity). Involved in anchorage-independent cell growth (PubMed:19307596). Required for podosome formation (By similarity). Mediates IL6 signaling by activating YAP1-NOTCH pathway to induce inflammation-induced epithelial regeneration (PubMed:25731159). Phosphorylates OTUB1, promoting deubiquitination of RPTOR (PubMed:35927303). Phosphorylates caspase CASP8 at 'Tyr-380' which negatively regulates CASP8 processing and activation, down-regulating CASP8 proapoptotic function (PubMed:16619028)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- SRC
- Uniprot ID
- P12931
- Uniprot Name
- Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src
- Molecular Weight
- 59834.295 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: BOSULIF® (bosutinib) tablets/capsules, for oral use (October 2023) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates RAS and this initiates RAF1 activation. RAF1 then further activates the dual-specificity protein kinases MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. Both MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 function specifically in the MAPK/ERK cascade, and catalyze the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2, leading to their activation and further transduction of the signal within the MAPK/ERK cascade. Activates BRAF in a KSR1 or KSR2-dependent manner; by binding to KSR1 or KSR2 releases the inhibitory intramolecular interaction between KSR1 or KSR2 protein kinase and N-terminal domains which promotes KSR1 or KSR2-BRAF dimerization and BRAF activation (PubMed:29433126). Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation, predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements. One target of the MAPK/ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. MAP2K1/MEK1 has been shown to export PPARG from the nucleus. The MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC), as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- MAP2K1
- Uniprot ID
- Q02750
- Uniprot Name
- Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 43438.65 Da
References
- Remsing Rix LL, Rix U, Colinge J, Hantschel O, Bennett KL, Stranzl T, Muller A, Baumgartner C, Valent P, Augustin M, Till JH, Superti-Furga G: Global target profile of the kinase inhibitor bosutinib in primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2009 Mar;23(3):477-85. doi: 10.1038/leu.2008.334. Epub 2008 Nov 27. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in MAP kinases. Activates the ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases (By similarity). Activates BRAF in a KSR1 or KSR2-dependent manner; by binding to KSR1 or KSR2 releases the inhibitory intramolecular interaction between KSR1 or KSR2 protein kinase and N-terminal domains which promotes KSR1 or KSR2-BRAF dimerization and BRAF activation (PubMed:29433126)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- MAP2K2
- Uniprot ID
- P36507
- Uniprot Name
- Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 44423.735 Da
References
- Remsing Rix LL, Rix U, Colinge J, Hantschel O, Bennett KL, Stranzl T, Muller A, Baumgartner C, Valent P, Augustin M, Till JH, Superti-Furga G: Global target profile of the kinase inhibitor bosutinib in primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2009 Mar;23(3):477-85. doi: 10.1038/leu.2008.334. Epub 2008 Nov 27. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Component of a protein kinase signal transduction cascade. Regulates the JNK and ERK5 pathways by phosphorylating and activating MAP2K5 and MAP2K7 (By similarity). Plays a role in caveolae kiss-and-run dynamics
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- MAP3K2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y2U5
- Uniprot Name
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 69740.21 Da
References
- Ahmad S, Hughes MA, Johnson GL, Scott JE: Development and validation of a high-throughput intrinsic ATPase activity assay for the discovery of MEKK2 inhibitors. J Biomol Screen. 2013 Apr;18(4):388-99. doi: 10.1177/1087057112466430. Epub 2012 Nov 7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that functions autonomously after Ca(2+)/calmodulin-binding and autophosphorylation, and is involved in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) transport in skeletal muscle and may function in dendritic spine and synapse formation and neuronal plasticity (PubMed:16690701). In slow-twitch muscles, is involved in regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) transport and in fast-twitch muscle participates in the control of Ca(2+) release from the SR through phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor-coupling factor triadin (PubMed:16690701). In the central nervous system, it is involved in the regulation of neurite formation and arborization (PubMed:30184290). It may participate in the promotion of dendritic spine and synapse formation and maintenance of synaptic plasticity which enables long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampus-dependent learning. In response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) stimulation, catalyzes phosphorylation of STAT1, stimulating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- CAMK2G
- Uniprot ID
- Q13555
- Uniprot Name
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 62606.695 Da
References
- Amsberg GK, Koschmieder S: Profile of bosutinib and its clinical potential in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;6:99-106. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S19901. Epub 2013 Mar 4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that transmits signals from cell surface receptors devoid of kinase activity and contributes to the regulation of immune responses, including neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage and mast cell functions, cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, phagocytosis, cell adhesion and migration. Promotes mast cell degranulation, release of inflammatory cytokines and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Acts downstream of receptors that bind the Fc region of immunoglobulins, such as MS4A2/FCER1B, FCGR2A and/or FCGR2B. Acts downstream of ITGB1 and ITGB2, and regulates actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell spreading and adhesion. Depending on the context, activates or inhibits cellular responses. Functions as a negative regulator of ITGB2 signaling, phagocytosis and SYK activity in monocytes. Required for normal ITGB1 and ITGB2 signaling, normal cell spreading and adhesion in neutrophils and macrophages. Functions as a positive regulator of cell migration and regulates cytoskeleton reorganization via RAC1 activation. Phosphorylates SYK (in vitro) and promotes SYK-dependent activation of AKT1 and MAP kinase signaling. Phosphorylates PLD2 in antigen-stimulated mast cells, leading to PLD2 activation and the production of the signaling molecules lysophosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol. Promotes activation of PIK3R1. Phosphorylates FASLG, and thereby regulates its ubiquitination and subsequent internalization. Phosphorylates ABL1. Promotes phosphorylation of CBL, CTTN, PIK3R1, PTK2/FAK1, PTK2B/PYK2 and VAV2. Phosphorylates HCLS1 that has already been phosphorylated by SYK, but not unphosphorylated HCLS1. Together with CLNK, it acts as a negative regulator of natural killer cell-activating receptors and inhibits interferon-gamma production (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- FGR
- Uniprot ID
- P09769
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase Fgr
- Molecular Weight
- 59478.11 Da
References
- Amsberg GK, Koschmieder S: Profile of bosutinib and its clinical potential in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;6:99-106. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S19901. Epub 2013 Mar 4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase found in hematopoietic cells that transmits signals from cell surface receptors and plays an important role in the regulation of innate immune responses, including neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage and mast cell functions, phagocytosis, cell survival and proliferation, cell adhesion and migration. Acts downstream of receptors that bind the Fc region of immunoglobulins, such as FCGR1A and FCGR2A, but also CSF3R, PLAUR, the receptors for IFNG, IL2, IL6 and IL8, and integrins, such as ITGB1 and ITGB2. During the phagocytic process, mediates mobilization of secretory lysosomes, degranulation, and activation of NADPH oxidase to bring about the respiratory burst. Plays a role in the release of inflammatory molecules. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and actin polymerization, formation of podosomes and cell protrusions. Inhibits TP73-mediated transcription activation and TP73-mediated apoptosis. Phosphorylates CBL in response to activation of immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptors. Phosphorylates ADAM15, BCR, ELMO1, FCGR2A, GAB1, GAB2, RAPGEF1, STAT5B, TP73, VAV1 and WAS
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- HCK
- Uniprot ID
- P08631
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase HCK
- Molecular Weight
- 59599.355 Da
References
- Remsing Rix LL, Rix U, Colinge J, Hantschel O, Bennett KL, Stranzl T, Muller A, Baumgartner C, Valent P, Augustin M, Till JH, Superti-Furga G: Global target profile of the kinase inhibitor bosutinib in primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2009 Mar;23(3):477-85. doi: 10.1038/leu.2008.334. Epub 2008 Nov 27. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine kinase that contributes to signaling from many receptors and participates as a signal transducer in multiple downstream pathways, including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Plays a redundant role to ITK in regulation of the adaptive immune response. Regulates the development, function and differentiation of conventional T-cells and nonconventional NKT-cells. Required for TCR-dependent IL2 gene induction. Phosphorylates DOK1, one CD28-specific substrate, and contributes to CD28-signaling. Mediates signals that negatively regulate IL2RA expression induced by TCR cross-linking. Plays a redundant role to BTK in BCR-signaling for B-cell development and activation, especially by phosphorylating STAP1, a BCR-signaling protein. Required in mast cells for efficient cytokine production. Involved in both growth and differentiation mechanisms of myeloid cells through activation by the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor CSF3, a critical cytokine to promoting the growth, differentiation, and functional activation of myeloid cells. Participates in platelet signaling downstream of integrin activation. Cooperates with JAK2 through reciprocal phosphorylation to mediate cytokine-driven activation of FOS transcription. GRB10, a negative modifier of the FOS activation pathway, is another substrate of TEC. TEC is involved in G protein-coupled receptor- and integrin-mediated signalings in blood platelets. Plays a role in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration and is involved in HGF-induced ERK signaling pathway. TEC regulates also FGF2 unconventional secretion (endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-independent mechanism) under various physiological conditions through phosphorylation of FGF2 'Tyr-215'. May also be involved in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- TEC
- Uniprot ID
- P42680
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase Tec
- Molecular Weight
- 73580.73 Da
References
- Remsing Rix LL, Rix U, Colinge J, Hantschel O, Bennett KL, Stranzl T, Muller A, Baumgartner C, Valent P, Augustin M, Till JH, Superti-Furga G: Global target profile of the kinase inhibitor bosutinib in primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2009 Mar;23(3):477-85. doi: 10.1038/leu.2008.334. Epub 2008 Nov 27. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Mediates apoptosis and actin stress fiber dissolution
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- SLK
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H2G2
- Uniprot Name
- STE20-like serine/threonine-protein kinase
- Molecular Weight
- 142693.96 Da
References
- Remsing Rix LL, Rix U, Colinge J, Hantschel O, Bennett KL, Stranzl T, Muller A, Baumgartner C, Valent P, Augustin M, Till JH, Superti-Furga G: Global target profile of the kinase inhibitor bosutinib in primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2009 Mar;23(3):477-85. doi: 10.1038/leu.2008.334. Epub 2008 Nov 27. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Filppula AM, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: In vitro assessment of time-dependent inhibitory effects on CYP2C8 and CYP3A activity by fourteen protein kinase inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Jul;42(7):1202-9. doi: 10.1124/dmd.114.057695. Epub 2014 Apr 8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- Arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Filppula AM, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: In vitro assessment of time-dependent inhibitory effects on CYP2C8 and CYP3A activity by fourteen protein kinase inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Jul;42(7):1202-9. doi: 10.1124/dmd.114.057695. Epub 2014 Apr 8. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- Abc-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Skoglund K, Moreno SB, Baytar M, Jonsson JI, Green H: ABCB1 haplotypes do not influence transport or efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vitro. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2013 Aug 20;6:63-72. doi: 10.2147/PGPM.S45522. eCollection 2013. [Article]
Drug created at March 19, 2008 16:41 / Updated at November 24, 2023 04:34