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Identification
- Summary
Pimecrolimus is a topical calcineurin inhibitor used in the treatment of mild-moderate atopic dermatitis who are not candidates for other types of therapy due to previous lack of response or other reasons.
- Brand Names
- Elidel
- Generic Name
- Pimecrolimus
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00337
- Background
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent that was first marketed by Novartis under the trade name Elidel. It is now promoted in Canada by Galderma since early 2007. It is currently available as a topic cream used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema).
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Pimecrolimus (DB00337)
- Weight
- Average: 810.46
Monoisotopic: 809.4480897 - Chemical Formula
- C43H68ClNO11
- Synonyms
- 33-Epi-chloro-33-desoxyascomycin
- Pimecrolimus
- Pimecrolimusum
- External IDs
- ASM 981
- SDZ ASM 981
- SDZ ASM-981
Pharmacology
- Indication
For treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Vitiligo ••• ••••• Management of Intertriginous psoriasis ••• ••••• Management of Mild atopic dermatitis •••••••••••• •••••• •••• •••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• Management of Moderate atopic dermatitis •••••••••••• •••••• •••• •••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Pimecrolimus is a chemical that is used to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition characterized by redness, itching, scaling and inflammation of the skin. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known; however, scientists believe that it may be due to activation of the immune system by various environmental or emotional triggers. Scientists do not know exactly how pimecrolimus reduces the manifestations of atopic dermatitis, but pimecrolimus reduces the action of T-cells and mast cells which are part of the immune system and contribute to responses of the immune system. Pimecrolimus prevents the activation of T-cells by blocking the effects of chemicals (cytokines) released by the body that stimulate T-cells. Pimecrolimus also reduces the ability of mast cells to release chemicals that promote inflammation.
- Mechanism of action
Pimecrolimus binds with high affinity to macrophilin-12 (FKBP-12) and inhibits the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. As a consequence, it inhibits T cell activation by blocking the transcription of early cytokines. In particular, pimecrolimus inhibits at nanomolar concentrations Interleukin-2 and interferon gamma (Th1-type) and Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 (Th2-type) cytokine synthesis in human T cells. Also, pimecrolimus prevents the release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators from mast cells in vitro after stimulation by antigen/lgE.
Target Actions Organism AProtein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha inhibitorHumans ASerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR potentiatorHumans UPeptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A potentiatorHumans - Absorption
Because of the low systemic absorption of pimecrolimus following topical application the calculation of standard pharmacokinetic measures such as AUC, Cmax, half-life, etc. cannot be reliably done.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
74%-87% (in vitro, bound to plasma proteins)
- Metabolism
No drug metabolism was observed in human skin in vitro. Oral administration yielded metabolites produced from O-demethylation and oxygenation reactions.
- Route of elimination
80% of the drug is excreted in the feces.
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Side effects include burning sensation, irritation, pruritus, erythema, and skin infections, at the application site.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Pimecrolimus can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Abatacept. Adalimumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Adalimumab. Aldesleukin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Aldesleukin. Alefacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Alefacept. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- Aregen (Meda Pharm) / Rizan (Esteve)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Elidel Cream 10 mg/1g Topical Bausch Health US, LLC 2001-12-02 Not applicable US 
Elidel Cream 10 mg/1g Topical Novartis 2001-12-02 2013-04-30 US Elidel Cream 1 % w/w Topical Bausch Health, Canada Inc. 2003-03-24 Not applicable Canada 
Elidel Cream 10 mg/1g Topical Bausch Health US, LLC 2001-12-02 Not applicable US Elidel Cream 10 mg/1g Topical Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2003-10-30 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Pimecrolimus Cream 10 mg/1g Topical bryant ranch prepack 2018-11-26 Not applicable US Pimecrolimus Cream 10 mg/1g Topical Oceanside Pharmaceuticals 2018-11-26 Not applicable US Pimecrolimus Cream 10 mg/1g Topical Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA 2019-08-29 Not applicable US Pimecrolimus Cream 10 mg/1g Topical bryant ranch prepack 2018-11-26 Not applicable US Pimecrolimus Cream 10 mg/1g Topical Oceanside Pharmaceuticals 2018-11-26 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- D11AH02 — Pimecrolimus
- Drug Categories
- Agents for Dermatitis, Excluding Corticosteroids
- Analgesics
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Calcineurin Inhibitor Immunosuppressant
- Calcineurin Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Dermatologicals
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Immunologic Factors
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Lactones
- Misc. Skin and Mucous Membrane Agents
- Peptidylprolyl Isomerase, antagonists & inhibitors
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Sensory System Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as macrolide lactams. These are cyclic polyketides containing both a cyclic amide and a cyclic ester group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
- Class
- Macrolide lactams
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Macrolide lactams
- Alternative Parents
- Alpha amino acid esters / Macrolides and analogues / Cyclohexyl halides / Oxanes / Piperidines / Tertiary carboxylic acid amides / Carboxylic acid esters / Cyclic ketones / Hemiacetals / Lactams show 12 more
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound / Alkyl chloride / Alkyl halide / Alpha-amino acid ester / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Azacycle / Carbonyl group / Carboxamide group / Carboxylic acid derivative show 27 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 7KYV510875
- CAS number
- 137071-32-0
- InChI Key
- KASDHRXLYQOAKZ-XDSKOBMDSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C43H68ClNO11/c1-10-30-18-24(2)17-25(3)19-36(53-8)39-37(54-9)21-27(5)43(51,56-39)40(48)41(49)45-16-12-11-13-32(45)42(50)55-38(28(6)33(46)23-34(30)47)26(4)20-29-14-15-31(44)35(22-29)52-7/h18,20,25,27-33,35-39,46,51H,10-17,19,21-23H2,1-9H3/b24-18+,26-20+/t25-,27+,28+,29-,30+,31-,32-,33-,35+,36-,37-,38+,39+,43+/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (1R,9S,12S,13R,14S,17R,18E,21S,23S,24R,25S,27R)-12-[(1E)-1-[(1R,3R,4S)-4-chloro-3-methoxycyclohexyl]prop-1-en-2-yl]-17-ethyl-1,14-dihydroxy-23,25-dimethoxy-13,19,21,27-tetramethyl-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[22.3.1.0⁴,⁹]octacos-18-ene-2,3,10,16-tetrone
- SMILES
- [H][C@]1(CC[C@H](Cl)[C@@H](C1)OC)\C=C(/C)[C@@]1([H])OC(=O)[C@]2([H])CCCCN2C(=O)C(=O)[C@]2(O)O[C@@]([H])([C@H](C[C@H]2C)OC)[C@H](C[C@@H](C)C\C(C)=C\[C@@H](CC)C(=O)C[C@H](O)[C@H]1C)OC
References
- Synthesis Reference
Viktor Gyollai, Csaba Szabo, "Methods of preparing pimecrolimus." U.S. Patent US20060142564, issued June 29, 2006.
US20060142564- General References
- Grassberger M, Baumruker T, Enz A, Hiestand P, Hultsch T, Kalthoff F, Schuler W, Schulz M, Werner FJ, Winiski A, Wolff B, Zenke G: A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases: in vitro pharmacology. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Aug;141(2):264-73. [Article]
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 6509979
- PubChem Substance
- 46505748
- ChemSpider
- 21111755
- BindingDB
- 50248356
- 321952
- ChEBI
- 135888
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1200686
- ZINC
- ZINC000085536990
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000594
- PharmGKB
- PA164783790
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Pimecrolimus
- FDA label
- Download (230 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Atopic Dermatitis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Atopic Dermatitis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Not Yet Recruiting Not Available Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Packagers
- Novartis AG
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Cream Cutaneous 1.000 g Cream Cutaneous 1 mg/g Cream Topical 1 % Cream Topical 1 % w/w Cream Topical 1.000 g Cream Topical 10 mg/1g Cream 1 % Cream 1 %w/w Cream Cutaneous Cream Topical Cream Topical 10 mg/g Cream Topical 1 g Cream - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Elidel 100 Gram Tube 1% 100 gm Tube 315.76USD tube Elidel 60 Gram Tube 1% 60 gm Tube 200.05USD tube Elidel 30 Gram Tube 1% 30 gm Tube 101.44USD tube Elidel 1% cream 3.21USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region CA2200966 No 2006-12-19 2015-10-26 Canada US5912238 Yes 1999-06-15 2016-12-15 US US6352998 Yes 2002-03-05 2016-04-26 US US6423722 Yes 2002-07-23 2018-12-26 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source logP 4.4 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00152 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.36 ALOGPS logP 6.81 Chemaxon logS -5.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 9.96 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -2.9 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 10 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 158.13 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 Chemaxon Refractivity 214.03 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 87.79 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.6208 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9554 Caco-2 permeable - 0.5764 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8064 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8064 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.7014 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8556 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.9117 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8856 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.7519 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8678 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8671 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8248 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8672 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9326 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.6495 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9183 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9937 Rat acute toxicity 2.6919 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9787 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.6886
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 272.08328 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 273.807 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 280.18326 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase which plays an essential role in the transduction of intracellular Ca(2+)-mediated signals (PubMed:15671020, PubMed:18838687, PubMed:19154138, PubMed:23468591, PubMed:30254215). Many of the substrates contain a PxIxIT motif and/or a LxVP motif (PubMed:17498738, PubMed:17502104, PubMed:22343722, PubMed:23468591, PubMed:27974827). In response to increased Ca(2+) levels, dephosphorylates and activates phosphatase SSH1 which results in cofilin dephosphorylation (PubMed:15671020). In response to increased Ca(2+) levels following mitochondrial depolarization, dephosphorylates DNM1L inducing DNM1L translocation to the mitochondrion (PubMed:18838687). Positively regulates the CACNA1B/CAV2.2-mediated Ca(2+) release probability at hippocampal neuronal soma and synaptic terminals (By similarity). Dephosphorylates heat shock protein HSPB1 (By similarity). Dephosphorylates and activates transcription factor NFATC1 (PubMed:19154138). In response to increased Ca(2+) levels, regulates NFAT-mediated transcription probably by dephosphorylating NFAT and promoting its nuclear translocation (PubMed:26248042). Dephosphorylates and inactivates transcription factor ELK1 (PubMed:19154138). Dephosphorylates DARPP32 (PubMed:19154138). May dephosphorylate CRTC2 at 'Ser-171' resulting in CRTC2 dissociation from 14-3-3 proteins (PubMed:30611118). Dephosphorylates transcription factor TFEB at 'Ser-211' following Coxsackievirus B3 infection, promoting nuclear translocation (PubMed:33691586). Required for postnatal development of the nephrogenic zone and superficial glomeruli in the kidneys, cell cycle homeostasis in the nephrogenic zone, and ultimately normal kidney function (By similarity). Plays a role in intracellular AQP2 processing and localization to the apical membrane in the kidney, may thereby be required for efficient kidney filtration (By similarity). Required for secretion of salivary enzymes amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme and sialic acid via formation of secretory vesicles in the submandibular glands (By similarity). Required for calcineurin activity and homosynaptic depotentiation in the hippocampus (By similarity). Required for normal differentiation and survival of keratinocytes and therefore required for epidermis superstructure formation (By similarity). Positively regulates osteoblastic bone formation, via promotion of osteoblast differentiation (By similarity). Positively regulates osteoclast differentiation, potentially via NFATC1 signaling (By similarity). May play a role in skeletal muscle fiber type specification, potentially via NFATC1 signaling (By similarity). Negatively regulates MAP3K14/NIK signaling via inhibition of nuclear translocation of the transcription factors RELA and RELB (By similarity). Required for antigen-specific T-cell proliferation response (By similarity). Dephosphorylates KLHL3, promoting the interaction between KLHL3 and WNK4 and subsequent degradation of WNK4 (PubMed:30718414). Negatively regulates SLC9A1 activity (PubMed:31375679)
- Specific Function
- Atpase binding
- Gene Name
- PPP3CA
- Uniprot ID
- Q08209
- Uniprot Name
- Protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 58687.27 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Potentiator
- General Function
- Serine/threonine protein kinase which is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth and survival in response to hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals (PubMed:12087098, PubMed:12150925, PubMed:12150926, PubMed:12231510, PubMed:12718876, PubMed:14651849, PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:15545625, PubMed:15718470, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18762023, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:20537536, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429703, PubMed:23429704, PubMed:25799227, PubMed:26018084, PubMed:29150432, PubMed:29236692, PubMed:31112131, PubMed:31601708, PubMed:32561715, PubMed:34519269, PubMed:37751742). MTOR directly or indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of at least 800 proteins (PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:17517883, PubMed:18372248, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:21576368, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429704, PubMed:29236692, PubMed:37751742). Functions as part of 2 structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 1 and 2) (PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:21576368, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429704). In response to nutrients, growth factors or amino acids, mTORC1 is recruited to the lysosome membrane and promotes protein, lipid and nucleotide synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis (PubMed:12087098, PubMed:12150925, PubMed:12150926, PubMed:12231510, PubMed:12718876, PubMed:14651849, PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718, PubMed:15545625, PubMed:15718470, PubMed:18497260, PubMed:18762023, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:20516213, PubMed:20537536, PubMed:21659604, PubMed:23429703, PubMed:23429704, PubMed:25799227, PubMed:26018084, PubMed:29150432, PubMed:29236692, PubMed:31112131, PubMed:34519269). This includes phosphorylation of EIF4EBP1 and release of its inhibition toward the elongation initiation factor 4E (eiF4E) (PubMed:24403073, PubMed:29236692). Moreover, phosphorylates and activates RPS6KB1 and RPS6KB2 that promote protein synthesis by modulating the activity of their downstream targets including ribosomal protein S6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor EIF4B, and the inhibitor of translation initiation PDCD4 (PubMed:12087098, PubMed:12150925, PubMed:18925875, PubMed:29150432, PubMed:29236692). Stimulates the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, both by acute regulation through RPS6KB1-mediated phosphorylation of the biosynthetic enzyme CAD, and delayed regulation, through transcriptional enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway which produces 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), an allosteric activator of CAD at a later step in synthesis, this function is dependent on the mTORC1 complex (PubMed:23429703, PubMed:23429704). Regulates ribosome synthesis by activating RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription through phosphorylation and inhibition of MAF1 an RNA polymerase III-repressor (PubMed:20516213). Activates dormant ribosomes by mediating phosphorylation of SERBP1, leading to SERBP1 inactivation and reactivation of translation (PubMed:36691768). In parallel to protein synthesis, also regulates lipid synthesis through SREBF1/SREBP1 and LPIN1 (PubMed:23426360). To maintain energy homeostasis mTORC1 may also regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through regulation of PPARGC1A (By similarity). In the same time, mTORC1 inhibits catabolic pathways: negatively regulates autophagy through phosphorylation of ULK1 (PubMed:32561715). Under nutrient sufficiency, phosphorylates ULK1 at 'Ser-758', disrupting the interaction with AMPK and preventing activation of ULK1 (PubMed:32561715). Also prevents autophagy through phosphorylation of the autophagy inhibitor DAP (PubMed:20537536). Also prevents autophagy by phosphorylating RUBCNL/Pacer under nutrient-rich conditions (PubMed:30704899). Prevents autophagy by mediating phosphorylation of AMBRA1, thereby inhibiting AMBRA1 ability to mediate ubiquitination of ULK1 and interaction between AMBRA1 and PPP2CA (PubMed:23524951, PubMed:25438055). mTORC1 exerts a feedback control on upstream growth factor signaling that includes phosphorylation and activation of GRB10 a INSR-dependent signaling suppressor (PubMed:21659604). Among other potential targets mTORC1 may phosphorylate CLIP1 and regulate microtubules (PubMed:12231510). The mTORC1 complex is inhibited in response to starvation and amino acid depletion (PubMed:12150925, PubMed:12150926, PubMed:24403073, PubMed:31695197). The non-canonical mTORC1 complex, which acts independently of RHEB, specifically mediates phosphorylation of MiT/TFE factors MITF, TFEB and TFE3 in the presence of nutrients, promoting their cytosolic retention and inactivation (PubMed:22343943, PubMed:22576015, PubMed:22692423, PubMed:24448649, PubMed:32612235, PubMed:36608670, PubMed:36697823). Upon starvation or lysosomal stress, inhibition of mTORC1 induces dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3, promoting their transcription factor activity (PubMed:22343943, PubMed:22576015, PubMed:22692423, PubMed:24448649, PubMed:32612235, PubMed:36608670). The mTORC1 complex regulates pyroptosis in macrophages by promoting GSDMD oligomerization (PubMed:34289345). MTOR phosphorylates RPTOR which in turn inhibits mTORC1 (By similarity). As part of the mTORC2 complex MTOR may regulate other cellular processes including survival and organization of the cytoskeleton (PubMed:15268862, PubMed:15467718). mTORC2 plays a critical role in the phosphorylation at 'Ser-473' of AKT1, a pro-survival effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, facilitating its activation by PDK1 (PubMed:15718470). mTORC2 may regulate the actin cytoskeleton, through phosphorylation of PRKCA, PXN and activation of the Rho-type guanine nucleotide exchange factors RHOA and RAC1A or RAC1B (PubMed:15268862). mTORC2 also regulates the phosphorylation of SGK1 at 'Ser-422' (PubMed:18925875). Regulates osteoclastogenesis by adjusting the expression of CEBPB isoforms (By similarity). Plays an important regulatory role in the circadian clock function; regulates period length and rhythm amplitude of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and liver clocks (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- MTOR
- Uniprot ID
- P42345
- Uniprot Name
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR
- Molecular Weight
- 288889.05 Da
References
- Reitamo S, Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Saarikko J: Topical noncorticosteroid immunomodulation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(6):381-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Potentiator
- General Function
- Keeps in an inactive conformation TGFBR1, the TGF-beta type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, preventing TGF-beta receptor activation in absence of ligand. Recruits SMAD7 to ACVR1B which prevents the association of SMAD2 and SMAD3 with the activin receptor complex, thereby blocking the activin signal. May modulate the RYR1 calcium channel activity. PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides
- Specific Function
- Activin receptor binding
- Gene Name
- FKBP1A
- Uniprot ID
- P62942
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A
- Molecular Weight
- 11950.665 Da
References
- Reitamo S, Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Saarikko J: Topical noncorticosteroid immunomodulation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(6):381-8. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Zollinger M, Waldmeier F, Hartmann S, Zenke G, Zimmerlin AG, Glaenzel U, Baldeck JP, Schweitzer A, Berthier S, Moenius T, Grassberger MA: Pimecrolimus: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose and supplementary investigations in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 May;34(5):765-74. Epub 2006 Feb 7. [Article]
- Kuper JI, D'Aprile M: Drug-Drug interactions of clinical significance in the treatment of patients with Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Sep;39(3):203-14. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200039030-00003. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 16, 2024 01:03