Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Summary
Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic with variable activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Typically reserved for the treatment of UTIs due to accumulation in the urine.
- Generic Name
- Norfloxacin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01059
- Background
A synthetic fluoroquinolone (fluoroquinolones) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Norfloxacin (DB01059)
- Weight
- Average: 319.3308
Monoisotopic: 319.133219662 - Chemical Formula
- C16H18FN3O3
- Synonyms
- 1-Ethyl-6-fluor-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-chinolincarbonsäure
- 1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
- 1,4-Dihydro-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
- NFLX
- Norfloxacin
- Norfloxacine
- Norfloxacino
- Norfloxacinum
- External IDs
- MK-366
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of urinary tract infection
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Cystitis •••••••••••• Treatment of Gonococcal cervicitis •••••••••••• Treatment of Infectious diarrhea ••• ••••• Treatment of Pyelitis •••••••••••• Treatment of Pyelonephritis •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Norfloxacin is a quinolone/fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase, which allows the untwisting required to replicate one DNA double helix into two. Notably the drug has 100 times higher affinity for bacterial DNA gyrase than for mammalian.
- Mechanism of action
The bactericidal action of Norfloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic agent that is shown to be effective against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. The fluorine atom at the 6 position increases potency against gram-negative organisms, and the piperazine moiety at the 7 position is responsible for anti-pseudomonal activity
Target Actions Organism ADNA gyrase subunit A inhibitorHaemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd) ADNA gyrase subunit B modulatorStaphylococcus aureus ADNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A inhibitorHaemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd) UDNA topoisomerase 2-alpha inhibitorHumans UDNA gyrase subunit A inhibitorStaphylococcus aureus UDNA topoisomerase 2 inhibitorHumans UDNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A inhibitorStaphylococcus aureus - Absorption
Rapid
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
10 and 15% (Serum protein binding)
- Metabolism
Via liver and kidney
- Route of elimination
Norfloxacin is eliminated through metabolism, biliary excretion, and renal excretion. It is expected to undergo both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion during renal excretion, as shown by its high renal clearance rate of approximately 275 mL/min.
- Half-life
3-4 hours
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcamprosate The excretion of Acamprosate can be decreased when combined with Norfloxacin. Acarbose The therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be increased when used in combination with Norfloxacin. Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may increase the neuroexcitatory activities of Norfloxacin. Acemetacin Acemetacin may increase the neuroexcitatory activities of Norfloxacin. Acenocoumarol The serum concentration of Acenocoumarol can be increased when it is combined with Norfloxacin. - Food Interactions
- Drink plenty of fluids.
- Limit caffeine intake.
- Take on an empty stomach.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- Chibroxin
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Co Norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Cobalt Laboratories 2006-07-18 2018-05-18 Canada 
Norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Cobalt Laboratories Not applicable Not applicable Canada Norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Pharmel Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Aa Pharma Inc 1998-07-20 Not applicable Canada Norfloxacine-400 Tablet 400 mg / tab Oral Pro Doc Limitee 1999-08-23 2010-07-13 Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Ava-norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Avanstra Inc 2011-11-23 2014-08-21 Canada Ntp-norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral TEVA Canada Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada PMS-norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Pharmascience Inc 2002-09-26 2017-09-30 Canada Riva-norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Laboratoire Riva Inc 2008-06-13 2013-07-31 Canada Riva-norfloxacin Tablet 400 mg Oral Laboratoire Riva Inc 2000-01-31 2013-07-31 Canada - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image เอ็น-ฟล๊อกซ่า 100 Tablet, coated 100 mg Oral บริษัท ซีฟาม จำกัด จำกัด 1999-02-08 Not applicable Thailand 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- J01RA14 — Norfloxacin and metronidazole
- J01RA — Combinations of antibacterials
- J01R — COMBINATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIALS
- J01 — ANTIBACTERIALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- J — ANTIINFECTIVES FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- J01RA — Combinations of antibacterials
- J01R — COMBINATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIALS
- J01 — ANTIBACTERIALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- J — ANTIINFECTIVES FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- Drug Categories
- Agents Causing Muscle Toxicity
- Anti-Bacterial Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Antibacterials for Systemic Use
- Antiinfectives for Systemic Use
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Fluoroquinolones
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- OAT1/SLC22A6 inhibitors
- Ophthalmologicals
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Quinolines
- Quinolone Antimicrobial
- Quinolones
- Sensory Organs
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinoline carboxylic acids. These are quinolines in which the quinoline ring system is substituted by a carboxyl group at one or more positions.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Quinolines and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Quinoline carboxylic acids
- Direct Parent
- Quinoline carboxylic acids
- Alternative Parents
- Fluoroquinolones / N-arylpiperazines / Haloquinolines / Hydroquinolones / Aminoquinolines and derivatives / Hydroquinolines / Pyridinecarboxylic acids / Dialkylarylamines / Benzenoids / Aryl fluorides show 12 more
- Substituents
- 1,4-diazinane / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminoquinoline / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl fluoride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenoid show 29 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- N-arylpiperazine, quinolone antibiotic, fluoroquinolone antibiotic, quinolone, quinolinemonocarboxylic acid (CHEBI:100246) / Fluoroquinolones (C06687)
- Affected organisms
- Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- N0F8P22L1P
- CAS number
- 70458-96-7
- InChI Key
- OGJPXUAPXNRGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C16H18FN3O3/c1-2-19-9-11(16(22)23)15(21)10-7-12(17)14(8-13(10)19)20-5-3-18-4-6-20/h7-9,18H,2-6H2,1H3,(H,22,23)
- IUPAC Name
- 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- SMILES
- CCN1C=C(C(O)=O)C(=O)C2=CC(F)=C(C=C12)N1CCNCC1
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US4146719
- General References
- Goldstein EJ: Norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Classification, mechanism of action, and in vitro activity. Am J Med. 1987 Jun 26;82(6B):3-17. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015192
- KEGG Drug
- D00210
- KEGG Compound
- C06687
- PubChem Compound
- 4539
- PubChem Substance
- 46508634
- ChemSpider
- 4380
- BindingDB
- 50045000
- 7517
- ChEBI
- 100246
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL9
- ZINC
- ZINC000000003742
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000654
- PharmGKB
- PA450654
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Norfloxacin
- FDA label
- Download (599 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (42.5 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample dataNot Available Completed Not Available Antibiotic Resistant Infection / Bacterial Infections / Surgical Site Infections 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Completed Treatment Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide Not Available Unknown Status Treatment Portal Hypertension 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 4 Completed Prevention Adverse Reaction to Other Drugs and Medicines 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Merck & Co.
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Shire Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral Solution Oral Ointment Conjunctival; Ophthalmic 0.3 g Solution Conjunctival; Ophthalmic 0.3 g Solution Conjunctival; Ophthalmic 3 mg Suspension Oral Tablet Oral 420.001 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg / tab Tablet Oral 408 mg Tablet, coated Oral 40000000 mg Solution Ophthalmic 3 mg / mL Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg/1 Tablet Oral 400.000 mg Tablet, coated Oral Tablet Oral Capsule, coated Oral 400 mg Solution / drops Ophthalmic Tablet, coated Oral 400 mg Capsule Oral 400 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg Capsule Oral 200 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg Tablet, coated Oral 200 mg Tablet, coated Oral 100 mg Tablet Oral 400 mg Tablet Oral 200 mg Capsule Oral 100 mg Tablet Oral 100 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Noroxin 400 mg tablet 4.21USD tablet Apo-Norflox 400 mg Tablet 1.44USD tablet Co Norfloxacin 400 mg Tablet 1.28USD tablet Novo-Norfloxacin 400 mg Tablet 1.28USD tablet Pms-Norfloxacin 400 mg Tablet 1.28USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 227-228 °C PhysProp water solubility 1.78E+005 mg/L Not Available logP -1.03 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 1.01 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.47 ALOGPS logP -0.97 Chemaxon logS -2.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 5.58 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 8.77 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 72.88 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 85.48 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 32.26 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9916 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9824 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8683 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8554 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.849 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8657 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.7588 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8301 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7558 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9046 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9268 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9148 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8988 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.5702 Ames test AMES toxic 0.9108 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.7923 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 1.8785 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.7034 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.5292
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 186.7078468 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 167.04971 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M-H]- 186.7078468 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 167.04971 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 187.2273468 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 169.4077 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 187.2273468 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 169.4077 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 186.5449468 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 176.37462 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 186.5449468 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 176.37462 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
- Specific Function
- DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, inc...
- Gene Name
- gyrA
- Uniprot ID
- P43700
- Uniprot Name
- DNA gyrase subunit A
- Molecular Weight
- 97817.145 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Hombrouck C, Capmau ML, Moreau N: Overexpression, purification and photoaffinity labeling with a 3H-analogue of norfloxacin, of the GyrA and GyrB subunits of the DNA gyrase. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1999 May;45(3):347-52. [Article]
- Hooper DC: Quinolone mode of action--new aspects. Drugs. 1993;45 Suppl 3:8-14. [Article]
- Fukuda H, Hori S, Hiramatsu K: Antibacterial activity of gatifloxacin (AM-1155, CG5501, BMS-206584), a newly developed fluoroquinolone, against sequentially acquired quinolone-resistant mutants and the norA transformant of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Aug;42(8):1917-22. [Article]
- Drlica K, Zhao X: DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Sep;61(3):377-92. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Magnesium ion binding
- Specific Function
- DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, inc...
- Gene Name
- gyrB
- Uniprot ID
- P0A0K8
- Uniprot Name
- DNA gyrase subunit B
- Molecular Weight
- 72539.365 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
- Specific Function
- Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation. It relaxes supercoiled DNA. Performs the decatenation events required during the replication of a circular DNA molecule.
- Gene Name
- parC
- Uniprot ID
- P43702
- Uniprot Name
- DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A
- Molecular Weight
- 83366.24 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS: Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):488-92. [Article]
- Vila J, Sanchez-Cespedes J, Sierra JM, Piqueras M, Nicolas E, Freixas J, Giralt E: Antibacterial evaluation of a collection of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin derivatives against multiresistant bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006 Jul;28(1):19-24. Epub 2006 Jun 14. [Article]
- Oyamada Y, Ito H, Fujimoto K, Asada R, Niga T, Okamoto R, Inoue M, Yamagishi J: Combination of known and unknown mechanisms confers high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Enterococcus faecium. J Med Microbiol. 2006 Jun;55(Pt 6):729-36. [Article]
- Drlica K, Zhao X: DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Sep;61(3):377-92. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Key decatenating enzyme that alters DNA topology by binding to two double-stranded DNA molecules, generating a double-stranded break in one of the strands, passing the intact strand through the broken strand, and religating the broken strand (PubMed:17567603, PubMed:18790802, PubMed:22013166, PubMed:22323612). May play a role in regulating the period length of BMAL1 transcriptional oscillation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- TOP2A
- Uniprot ID
- P11388
- Uniprot Name
- DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 174383.88 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
- Specific Function
- DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, inc...
- Gene Name
- gyrA
- Uniprot ID
- P20831
- Uniprot Name
- DNA gyrase subunit A
- Molecular Weight
- 99620.34 Da
References
- Pachanon R, Koide K, Kongsoi S, Nakajima C, Kapalamula TF, Suthienkul O, Suzuki Y: Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein QnrB19 with Salmonella Typhimurium DNA gyrase. J Infect Chemother. 2020 Nov;26(11):1139-1145. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.06.002. Epub 2020 Jul 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Key decatenating enzyme that alters DNA topology by binding to two double-stranded DNA molecules, generating a double-stranded break in one of the strands, passing the intact strand through the broken strand, and religating the broken strand (PubMed:17567603, PubMed:18790802, PubMed:22013166, PubMed:22323612). May play a role in regulating the period length of BMAL1 transcriptional oscillation (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
Components:
References
- Alkorta I, Park C, Kong J, Garbisu C, Alberti M, Pon N, Hearst JE: Rhodobacter capsulatus DNA topoisomerase I purification and characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999 Feb 1;362(1):123-30. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1998.1023. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
- Specific Function
- Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation. It relaxes supercoiled DNA. Performs the decatenation events required during the replication of a circular DNA molecule.
- Gene Name
- parC
- Uniprot ID
- P0C1U9
- Uniprot Name
- DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A
- Molecular Weight
- 91040.465 Da
References
- Fournier B, Zhao X, Lu T, Drlica K, Hooper DC: Selective targeting of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase in Staphylococcus aureus: different patterns of quinolone-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Aug;44(8):2160-5. doi: 10.1128/AAC.44.8.2160-2165.2000. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- This drug is a fluoroquinolone, and these agents are known to inhibit CYP1A2.
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- Aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Zhang L, Wei MJ, Zhao CY, Qi HM: Determination of the inhibitory potential of 6 fluoroquinolones on CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 in human liver microsomes. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2008 Dec;29(12):1507-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00908.x. [Article]
- English BA, Dortch M, Ereshefsky L, Jhee S: Clinically significant psychotropic drug-drug interactions in the primary care setting. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012 Aug;14(4):376-90. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0284-9. [Article]
- Shahzadi A, Javed I, Aslam B, Muhammad F, Asi MR, Ashraf MY, Zia-ur-Rahman: Therapeutic effects of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in healthy adult male volunteers. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2011 Jan;24(1):63-8. [Article]
- Fuhr U, Anders EM, Mahr G, Sorgel F, Staib AH: Inhibitory potency of quinolone antibacterial agents against cytochrome P450IA2 activity in vivo and in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 May;36(5):942-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15041462, PubMed:15805301, PubMed:18577768, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C15-alpha and C16-alpha positions (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15805301). Displays different regioselectivities for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) hydroxylation (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA (PubMed:15041462, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20972997). Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system (PubMed:20972997). Displays an absolute stereoselectivity in the epoxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) producing the 17(R),18(S) enantiomer (PubMed:15041462). May play an important role in all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195)
- Specific Function
- Arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P04798
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 58164.815 Da
References
- McLellan RA, Drobitch RK, Monshouwer M, Renton KW: Fluoroquinolone antibiotics inhibit cytochrome P450-mediated microsomal drug metabolism in rat and human. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Oct;24(10):1134-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- McLellan RA, Drobitch RK, Monshouwer M, Renton KW: Fluoroquinolone antibiotics inhibit cytochrome P450-mediated microsomal drug metabolism in rat and human. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Oct;24(10):1134-8. [Article]
- Liang X, Wang L, Ou R, Nie X, Yang Y, Wang F, Li K: Effects of norfloxacin on hepatic genes expression of P450 isoforms (CYP1A and CYP3A), GST and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Swordtail fish (Xiphophorus Helleri). Ecotoxicology. 2015 Oct;24(7-8):1566-73. doi: 10.1007/s10646-015-1457-1. Epub 2015 Apr 19. [Article]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamins during embryogenesis (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA), a precursor in the biosynthesis of androgen and estrogen steroid hormones (PubMed:17178770, PubMed:9555064). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1), particularly D-ring hydroxylated estrone at the C16-alpha position (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Mainly hydroxylates all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in atRA clearance during fetal development (PubMed:11093772). Also involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics including anticonvulsants (PubMed:9555064)
- Specific Function
- All-trans retinoic acid 18-hydroxylase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A7
- Uniprot ID
- P24462
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A7
- Molecular Weight
- 57469.95 Da
References
- Liang X, Wang L, Ou R, Nie X, Yang Y, Wang F, Li K: Effects of norfloxacin on hepatic genes expression of P450 isoforms (CYP1A and CYP3A), GST and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Swordtail fish (Xiphophorus Helleri). Ecotoxicology. 2015 Oct;24(7-8):1566-73. doi: 10.1007/s10646-015-1457-1. Epub 2015 Apr 19. [Article]
- McLellan RA, Drobitch RK, Monshouwer M, Renton KW: Fluoroquinolone antibiotics inhibit cytochrome P450-mediated microsomal drug metabolism in rat and human. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Oct;24(10):1134-8. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938, PubMed:17509700, PubMed:20722056, PubMed:33124720). Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 (PubMed:10454528, PubMed:10525100, PubMed:10966938). In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from Bacillus Subtilis wich induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis (PubMed:18005709). May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
- Specific Function
- (r)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Secondary active transporter that functions as a Na(+)-independent organic anion (OA)/dicarboxylate antiporter where the uptake of one molecule of OA into the cell is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of intracellular dicarboxylate such as 2-oxoglutarate or glutarate (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:11907186, PubMed:14675047, PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370, PubMed:28534121, PubMed:9950961). Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine (PubMed:9887087). Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins (PubMed:28534121). Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion (PubMed:11907186). Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP (PubMed:26377792). Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain (PubMed:22108572, PubMed:23832370). May transport glutamate (PubMed:26377792). Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (PubMed:11669456, PubMed:14675047). Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate (PubMed:14675047, PubMed:26377792). Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) (PubMed:11669456). May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (PubMed:35307651)
- Specific Function
- Alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- Jariyawat S, Sekine T, Takeda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, Sophasan S, Endou H: The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Aug;290(2):672-7. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 15, 2024 21:55