Beta carotene

Identification

Name

Beta carotene

Accession Number

DB06755

Description

Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors.⁸ It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits.⁴ Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS).¹¹

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Nutraceutical

Structure

3D

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MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI

Similar Structures

Structure for Beta carotene (DB06755)

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Weight

Average: 536.888
Monoisotopic: 536.438201803

Chemical Formula

C₄₀H₅₆

Synonyms

• all-trans-β-carotene
• Beta carotene
• beta-carotene
• Betacarotene
• β-Karotin

External IDs

• C.I.-40800
• CI 75130
• NSC-62794

Pharmacology

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Indication

Beta-carotene is FDA approved to be used as a nutrient supplement and to be even added in infant formula as a source of vitamin A.¹¹ It is also approved to be used as a color additive for food products,¹² drugs (with the label of "only as a color additive")¹³ and cosmetics.¹⁴

It is used commonly for the reduction of photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases.¹

Associated Conditions

• Deficiency, Vitamin A

Associated Therapies

• Nutritional supplementation

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Oral administration of beta-carotene increases the serum concentration of beta-carotene by 60% but it does not change the concentration found in the heart, liver or kidneys.⁵ In vitro studies in hepatocytes have shown that beta-carotene ameliorates oxidative stress, enhances antioxidant activity and decreases apoptosis.⁷

Other than the antioxidant activities, some other actions have been correlated to beta-carotene. It is thought to have detoxifying properties, as well as to help increase resistance to inflammation and infection and increase immune response and enhance RNA production.¹⁵

Mechanism of action

Beta-carotene is an antioxidant that presents significant efficacy against the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen.⁵ Beta-carotene acts as a scavenger of lipophilic radicals within the membranes of every cell compartments. It also presents an oxidative modification of LDL.⁶ The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds is responsible for its antioxidative properties by allowing beta-carotene to chelate oxygen-free radicals and dissipate their energy.⁸ The chelation of free radicals inhibits the peroxidation of lipids.⁹

The effect of beta-carotene in the immune response is thought to be related to the direct effect on the thymus which increases the production of immune cells.¹⁵

Target	Actions	Organism
AFree radicals	binder	Humans

Absorption

After administration of beta-carotene, some of the administered dose is absorbed into the circulatory system unchanged and stored in the fat tissue. The coadministration of beta-carotene and a high-fat content diet is correlated to a better absorption of beta-carotene. The absorption is also dependent on the isomeric form of the molecule where the cis conformation seems to present a higher bioavailability. The absorption of beta-carotene is thought to be performed in 6-7 hours.¹⁵

The reported AUC of beta-carotene when administered orally from 0 to 440 hours after initial administration was reported to be 26.3 mcg.h/L. The maximal concentration of beta-carotene is attained in a dual pharmacokinetic profile after 6 hours and again after 32 hours with a concentration of 0.58 micromol/L.³

Volume of distribution

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed regarding the volume of distribution of beta-carotene.

Protein binding

Beta-carotene is thought to be highly bound to plasma proteins. It is registered to be retained by the chylomicron and transported in VLDL. After absorption, beta-carotene is rapidly transformed to retinol which is highly bound to a high number of plasma proteins.¹⁰

Metabolism

Beta-carotene is broken down in the mucosa of the small intestine and liver by beta-carotene dioxygenase to retinal which is a form of vitamin A.⁴ The function of this enzyme is vital as it decides if the beta-carotene is transformed to vitamin A or if it circulates in the plasma as beta-carotene.⁶ Less than a quarter of the ingested beta-carotene from root vegetables and about half of the beta-carotene from leafy green vegetables are converted to vitamin A.¹⁵

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

• Beta carotene
  • Retinol
    • retinoic acid

Route of elimination

The unabsorbed carotene is excreted in feces.¹⁵ It is also excreted in feces and urine as metabolites.¹⁶ The consumption of dietary fiber can increase the fecal excretion of fats and other fat-soluble compounds such as beta-carotene.¹⁷

Half-life

The apparent half-life of beta-carotene is of 6-11 days after initial administration.²

Clearance

The clearance rate of beta-carotene administered orally is 0.68 nmol/L each hour.³

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Beta-carotene is not toxic but the high and constant administration of this substance can translate into skin yellow coloration.⁶ Some reports have indicated that administration of high and periodic doses of beta-carotene are correlated to the increase in cancer incidence. This risk seems to be very elevated in the case of smokers.¹⁵ The registered LD50 of beta-carotene is >5000 mg/kg.^MSDS

Affected organisms

• Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

• Approved
• Vet approved
• Nutraceutical
• Illicit
• Withdrawn
• Investigational
• Experimental
• All Drugs

Drug	Interaction
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Orlistat	Orlistat can cause a decrease in the absorption of Beta carotene resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

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Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Vitamin A	unknown	G2SH0XKK91	68-26-8	FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N

Product Images

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Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Absorbene	Capsule		Oral	Au Naturel, Inc.	Not applicable	Not applicable
Beta A 10000 Cap	Capsule		Oral	Vita Health Products Inc	1987-12-31	2002-07-31
Beta Carotene	Capsule		Oral	Quantofill Inc.	Not applicable	Not applicable
Beta Carotene	Liquid		Oral	Seroyal International Inc.	1982-12-31	2001-08-09
Beta Carotene - Capsule 25000 Iu	Capsule		Oral	Sisu Inc.	1995-12-31	2003-09-12
Beta Carotene - Tab 25000iu	Tablet		Oral	Natures Sunshine Products, Inc.	1996-10-10	2000-07-14
Beta Carotene 10 000 - Tab 10000I.U.	Tablet		Oral	Nu Life Nutrition Ltd.	1997-08-15	2005-03-15
Beta Carotene 10 000 Iu	Tablet		Oral	Gfr Pharma Ltd.	2002-10-10	2008-07-17
Beta Carotene 10,000 Iu	Tablet		Oral	Wn Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	1999-11-23	2006-08-08
Beta Carotene 10000 I.U. - Capsule	Capsule		Oral	Health Wise Nutrition Inc.	1997-08-15	1998-08-25

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
24 Multivitamins + Minerals	Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.	1997-04-30	2002-07-31
A.B.C. Formula #1	Beta carotene (1000 unit) + Zinc (4 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Vallee Import/Export	1997-01-01	1999-06-28
A.C.E.S. Capsules	Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg) + Selenium (.025 mg) + Vitamin E (400 unit)	Capsule	Oral	Bioforce Canada Inc.	1994-12-31	1997-04-04
A/o-26 - Caplet	Beta carotene (7500 unit) + Calcium (75 mg) + Calcium ascorbate (250 mg) + Copper (1 mg) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (100 unit) + Folic acid (.4 mg) + Manganese (2.5 mg) + Racemethionine (50 mg) + Selenium (100 mcg) + Zinc (7.5 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Enviro Tech International Canada	1996-12-19	1999-07-26
Aces Caplet	Beta carotene (15000 unit) + Calcium ascorbate (350 mg) + Chromium (25 mcg) + Selenium (100 mcg) + Vitamin E (200 unit) + Zinc (25 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Nu Life Nutrition Ltd.	1997-08-15	2005-03-15
Aces Formula/formule A A S	Beta carotene (3333 unit) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Vitamin E (400 unit)	Capsule	Oral	Quantofill Inc.	Not applicable	Not applicable
Acti-carotene + Zn Caplet	Beta carotene (25000 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Acti Form Ltd.	1991-12-31	2005-03-21
Acti-retinol & Zn Caplet	Beta carotene (20000 unit) + Vitamin A (3333 unit) + Zinc (7 mg) + Zinc (1 mg) + Zinc (1 mg) + Zinc (.5 mg) + Zinc (.5 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Acti Form Ltd.	1991-12-31	2005-03-03
Adeks - Dps	Beta carotene (1 mg) + Ascorbic acid (45 mg) + Biotin (15 mcg) + Cyanocobalamin (4 mcg) + Nicotinamide (6 mg) + Panthenol (3 mg) + Phylloquinone (0.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (0.6 mg) + Riboflavin (0.6 mg) + Thiamine (0.5 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (1500 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) + Vitamin E (40 unit) + Zinc (5 mg)	Solution / drops	Oral	Axcan Pharma	1995-12-31	2007-10-01
Adeks Tablets	Beta carotene (3 mg) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg) + Biotin (50 mcg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Cyanocobalamin (12 mcg) + Folic acid (0.2 mg) + Niacin (10 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg) + Phylloquinone (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine (1.5 mg) + Riboflavin (1.3 mg) + Thiamine (1.2 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (4000 unit) + Vitamin E (150 unit) + Zinc (7.5 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Axcan Pharma	1998-01-20	2011-04-20

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Active FE	Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Iron (75 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Gm Pharmaceuticals	2013-11-11	Not applicable
Bal-Care DHA	Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (430 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals	2012-05-01	Not applicable
Bal-Care DHA Essential	Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (374 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals	2012-05-01	Not applicable
Cavan Alpha	Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (220 ug/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-07-01	2013-09-30
Cavan Folate DHA	Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-06-04	2012-03-31
Cavan Folate DHA	Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-06-04	2012-03-31
Cavan Folate OB	Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-08-23	2012-05-31
Cavan-EC SOD DHA	Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Calcium (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 mg/1) + Zinc (26 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-01-10	2014-07-15
Cavan-EC SOD DHA	Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (26 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2010-08-24	2013-01-15
Choice OB DHA	Beta carotene (1700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (5 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (29 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (15 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Acella Pharmaceuticals, LLC	2013-05-17	2015-07-31

Categories

ATC Codes

A11CA02 — Betacarotene

• A11CA — Vitamin A, plain
• A11C — VITAMIN A AND D, INCL. COMBINATIONS OF THE TWO
• A11 — VITAMINS
• A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM

D02BB01 — Betacarotene

• D02BB — Protectives against UV-radiation for systemic use
• D02B — PROTECTIVES AGAINST UV-RADIATION
• D02 — EMOLLIENTS AND PROTECTIVES
• D — DERMATOLOGICALS

Drug Categories

• Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
• Alkenes
• Biological Factors
• Carotenoids
• Cyclohexanes
• Cyclohexenes
• Cycloparaffins
• Dermatologicals
• Diet, Food, and Nutrition
• Emollients and Protectives
• Food
• Growth Substances
• Hydrocarbons, Acyclic
• Micronutrients
• Physiological Phenomena
• Pigments, Biological
• Polyenes
• Protectives Against UV-Radiation
• Protectives Against UV-Radiation for Systemic Use
• Provitamins
• Terpenes
• Vitamin A
• Vitamins
• Vitamins (Fat Soluble)

Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire

Description

This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Prenol lipids

Sub Class

Tetraterpenoids

Direct Parent

Carotenes

Alternative Parents

Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons / Cycloalkenes / Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Substituents

Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon / Carotene / Cyclic olefin / Cycloalkene / Hydrocarbon / Olefin / Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon / Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

cyclic carotene (CHEBI:17579) / C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes), Carotenoids (C02094) / C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes) (LMPR01070000)

Chemical Identifiers

UNII

01YAE03M7J

CAS number

7235-40-7

InChI Key

OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+

IUPAC Name

1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene

SMILES

C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C

References

General References

1. Mathews-Roth MM, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Harber LH, Kass EH: Beta carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1977 Sep;113(9):1229-32. [PubMed:900968]
2. Thurmann PA, Steffen J, Zwernemann C, Aebischer CP, Cohn W, Wendt G, Schalch W: Plasma concentration response to drinks containing beta-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Oct;41(5):228-35. doi: 10.1007/s00394-002-0381-3. [PubMed:12395217]
3. Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA: Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;62(3):604-10. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/62.3.604. [PubMed:7661123]
4. Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.
5. Lustgarten M., Muller F. and Van Remmen H. (2011). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (7th ed.). Academic press.
6. Dasgupta A. and Klein K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements. Elsevier.
7. Ramachandrayya A., Venkatesh S., Bhat H., Palatty P. and Shrinath M. (2015). Foods and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of disease in older adults. Academic press.
8. Flora G., Mittal M. and Flora S. (2015). Handbook of arsenic toxicology. Academic press.
9. Abrahao E., Ambrosano L., Lage R., Zugaib B. and Costa A. (2017). Nutrition and functional foods for healthy aging. Academic press.
10. Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
11. FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
12. FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
13. FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
14. FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
15. UCSD lecture [Link]
16. AHFS [Link]
17. Meeting the vitamin A requirements [Link]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database

HMDB0000561

KEGG Drug

D03101

KEGG Compound

C02094

PubChem Compound

5280489

PubChem Substance

347827791

ChemSpider

4444129

BindingDB

54988

RxNav

19143

ChEBI

17579

ChEMBL

CHEMBL1293

ZINC

ZINC000006845076

PDBe Ligand

BCR

Wikipedia

Beta-Carotene

AHFS Codes

• 88:04.00 — Vitamin A

PDB Entries

1izl / 1jb0 / 1q90 / 1s5l / 1vf5 / 1w5c / 2axt / 2d2c / 2e74 / 2e75 …

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MSDS

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Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Basic Science	Premature Births	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Lung Cancers	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Morning Sickness / Nausea / Pregnant State / Vomiting	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Pregnant State	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Diabetes Mellitus / Vascular Diseases	1
3	Unknown Status	Prevention	Cataracts / Macular Degeneration	1
3	Unknown Status	Prevention	Crohn's Disease (CD)	1
3	Unknown Status	Prevention	Macular Degeneration	1
2	Completed	Prevention	Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Coronary Arteriosclerosis / Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) / Myocardial Infarction / Myocardial Ischemia	1
2	Completed	Prevention	Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet	Oral	3 mg
Capsule	Oral	630 IU
Capsule	Oral	200 mg
Capsule	Oral	20 mg
Solution / drops	Oral
Tablet, film coated	Oral	5000 IU
Tablet	Oral	9 mg
Liquid	Oral
Capsule	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	15 mg
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	6 mg
Tablet	Oral	20 mg
Capsule	Oral	320 mcg
Capsule	Oral	15 IU
Tablet, film coated	Oral	25 IU
Tablet	Oral	4 mcg
Capsule	Oral	6 mg/mL
Capsule	Oral	2 mcg
Capsule	Oral	25 mg
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Tablet, film coated		8000 IU
Tablet	Oral
Capsule	Oral	100 mg
Liquid	Oral
Capsule	Oral
Syrup	Oral
Tablet, effervescent	Oral
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	750 mcg
Capsule, coated	Oral	20 mg
Capsule	Oral	50 IU
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	7500 IU
Tablet	Oral	40 mcg
Capsule	Oral	70 mg
Capsule	Oral	15 mg
Capsule	Oral	6 MG
Tablet, chewable	Oral	200 mcg
Capsule, coated	Oral	15 mg
Capsule, gelatin coated	Oral
Capsule, coated	Oral	400 cg
Capsule	Oral	4.2 mg
Tablet, film coated	Oral
Tablet, chewable	Oral
Tablet, film coated	Oral	250 mg
Tablet	Oral	50 IU
Powder, for solution	Oral
Tablet, coated	Oral
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral
Capsule	Oral	300 mg
Kit	Oral
Powder	Oral
Tablet	Oral	15 mg
Tablet	Oral	200 mg
Tablet, film coated

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	176-184ºC	'MSDS'
boiling point (°C)	633-577ºC	UCSD
water solubility	0.0006 g/l at 25ºC	'MSDS'
logP	17.62	US EPA

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.000391 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	9.72	ALOGPS
logP	11.12	ChemAxon
logS	-6.1	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å2	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	10	ChemAxon
Refractivity	191.61 m3·mol-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	71.84 Å3	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	0	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	MS	splash10-05mx-9810010000-9a261fb8602890c2481e
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0016-2794670000-c5bc2a4dbcd0f12cbf7f
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-2687970000-782d048d873c21fc6b82
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-05ai-1009510000-585581456b10671692bd
MS/MS Spectrum - FAB-EBEB (JMS-HX/HX 110A, JEOL) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-05mx-2920010000-471219f3e66bafb29bee
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0144900000-2fa7b609c7300ff8aba3
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable

Targets

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1. Free radicals

Kind

Group

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Yes

Actions

Binder

References

1. Dasgupta A. and Klein K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements. Elsevier.
2. Lustgarten M., Muller F. and Van Remmen H. (2011). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (7th ed.). Academic press.
3. Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.

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Drug created on September 14, 2010 16:20 / Updated on March 04, 2021 11:02