Beta carotene
Identification
- Summary
Beta carotene is a vitamin A precursor found in various nutritional supplements and health products.
- Brand Names
- Pregvit
- Generic Name
- Beta carotene
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB06755
- Background
Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors.8 It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits.4 Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS).11
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Beta carotene (DB06755)
- Weight
- Average: 536.888
Monoisotopic: 536.438201803 - Chemical Formula
- C40H56
- Synonyms
- all-trans-β-carotene
- Beta carotene
- beta-carotene
- Betacarotene
- β-Karotin
- External IDs
- C.I.-40800
- CI 75130
- NSC-62794
Pharmacology
- Indication
Beta-carotene is FDA approved to be used as a nutrient supplement and to be even added in infant formula as a source of vitamin A.11 It is also approved to be used as a color additive for food products,12 drugs (with the label of "only as a color additive")13 and cosmetics.14
It is used commonly for the reduction of photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases.1
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- Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug eventsImprove clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support.- Pharmacodynamics
Oral administration of beta-carotene increases the serum concentration of beta-carotene by 60% but it does not change the concentration found in the heart, liver or kidneys.5 In vitro studies in hepatocytes have shown that beta-carotene ameliorates oxidative stress, enhances antioxidant activity and decreases apoptosis.7
Other than the antioxidant activities, some other actions have been correlated to beta-carotene. It is thought to have detoxifying properties, as well as to help increase resistance to inflammation and infection and increase immune response and enhance RNA production.15
- Mechanism of action
Beta-carotene is an antioxidant that presents significant efficacy against the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen.5 Beta-carotene acts as a scavenger of lipophilic radicals within the membranes of every cell compartments. It also presents an oxidative modification of LDL.6 The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds is responsible for its antioxidative properties by allowing beta-carotene to chelate oxygen-free radicals and dissipate their energy.8 The chelation of free radicals inhibits the peroxidation of lipids.9
The effect of beta-carotene in the immune response is thought to be related to the direct effect on the thymus which increases the production of immune cells.15
Target Actions Organism AFree radicals binderHumans - Absorption
After administration of beta-carotene, some of the administered dose is absorbed into the circulatory system unchanged and stored in the fat tissue. The coadministration of beta-carotene and a high-fat content diet is correlated to a better absorption of beta-carotene. The absorption is also dependent on the isomeric form of the molecule where the cis conformation seems to present a higher bioavailability. The absorption of beta-carotene is thought to be performed in 6-7 hours.15
The reported AUC of beta-carotene when administered orally from 0 to 440 hours after initial administration was reported to be 26.3 mcg.h/L. The maximal concentration of beta-carotene is attained in a dual pharmacokinetic profile after 6 hours and again after 32 hours with a concentration of 0.58 micromol/L.3
- Volume of distribution
No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed regarding the volume of distribution of beta-carotene.
- Protein binding
Beta-carotene is thought to be highly bound to plasma proteins. It is registered to be retained by the chylomicron and transported in VLDL. After absorption, beta-carotene is rapidly transformed to retinol which is highly bound to a high number of plasma proteins.10
- Metabolism
Beta-carotene is broken down in the mucosa of the small intestine and liver by beta-carotene dioxygenase to retinal which is a form of vitamin A.4 The function of this enzyme is vital as it decides if the beta-carotene is transformed to vitamin A or if it circulates in the plasma as beta-carotene.6 Less than a quarter of the ingested beta-carotene from root vegetables and about half of the beta-carotene from leafy green vegetables are converted to vitamin A.15
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- Route of elimination
The unabsorbed carotene is excreted in feces.15 It is also excreted in feces and urine as metabolites.16 The consumption of dietary fiber can increase the fecal excretion of fats and other fat-soluble compounds such as beta-carotene.17
- Half-life
The apparent half-life of beta-carotene is of 6-11 days after initial administration.2
- Clearance
The clearance rate of beta-carotene administered orally is 0.68 nmol/L each hour.3
- Adverse Effects
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Beta-carotene is not toxic but the high and constant administration of this substance can translate into skin yellow coloration.6 Some reports have indicated that administration of high and periodic doses of beta-carotene are correlated to the increase in cancer incidence. This risk seems to be very elevated in the case of smokers.15 The registered LD50 of beta-carotene is >5000 mg/kg.MSDS
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareOrlistat Orlistat can cause a decrease in the absorption of Beta carotene resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. 
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- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Vitamin A unknown G2SH0XKK91 68-26-8 FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N - Product Images
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Absorbene Capsule 30000 unit Oral Au Naturel, Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada 
Beta A 10000 Cap Capsule 10000 unit / cap Oral Vita Health Products Inc 1987-12-31 2002-07-31 Canada Beta Carotene Capsule 10000 unit / cap Oral Quantofill Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada Beta Carotene Liquid 10000 unit / .04 mL Oral Seroyal International Inc. 1982-12-31 2001-08-09 Canada Beta Carotene - Capsule 25000 Iu Capsule 25000 unit / tab Oral Sisu Inc. 1995-12-31 2003-09-12 Canada Beta Carotene - Tab 25000iu Tablet 25000 unit / tab Oral Natures Sunshine Products, Inc. 1996-10-10 2000-07-14 Canada Beta Carotene 10 000 - Tab 10000I.U. Tablet 10000 unit Oral Nu Life Nutrition Ltd. 1997-08-15 2005-03-15 Canada Beta Carotene 10 000 Iu Tablet 10000 unit Oral Gfr Pharma Ltd. 2002-10-10 2008-07-17 Canada Beta Carotene 10,000 Iu Tablet 10000 unit / tab Oral Wn Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 1999-11-23 2006-08-08 Canada Beta Carotene 10000 I.U. - Capsule Capsule 10000 unit / cap Oral Health Wise Nutrition Inc. 1997-08-15 1998-08-25 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 24 Multivitamins + Minerals Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg) Tablet Oral Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc. 1997-04-30 2002-07-31 Canada A.B.C. Formula #1 Beta carotene (1000 unit / tab) + Zinc (4 mg / tab) Tablet Oral Vallee Import/Export 1997-01-01 1999-06-28 Canada A.C.E.S. Capsules Beta carotene (10000 unit / cap) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Selenium (.025 mg / cap) + Vitamin E (400 unit / cap) Capsule Oral Bioforce Canada Inc. 1994-12-31 1997-04-04 Canada A/o-26 - Caplet Beta carotene (7500 unit) + Calcium (75 mg) + Calcium ascorbate (250 mg) + Copper (1 mg) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (100 unit) + Folic acid (.4 mg) + Manganese (2.5 mg) + Racemethionine (50 mg) + Selenium (100 mcg) + Zinc (7.5 mg) Tablet Oral Enviro Tech International Canada 1996-12-19 1999-07-26 Canada ACE PLUS SELENYUM YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET Beta carotene (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Selenium (50 mg) + Vitamin E (200 mg) Capsule Oral KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey 
ACECAP YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET Beta carotene (20 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Vitamin E (200 mg) Capsule Oral KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey Aces Caplet Beta carotene (15000 unit) + Calcium ascorbate (350 mg) + Chromium (25 mcg) + Selenium (100 mcg) + Vitamin E (200 unit) + Zinc (25 mg) Tablet Oral Nu Life Nutrition Ltd. 1997-08-15 2005-03-15 Canada Aces Formula/formule A A S Beta carotene (3333 unit / cap) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Selenium (25 mcg / cap) + Vitamin E (400 unit / cap) Capsule Oral Quantofill Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada ACESCAP YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET Beta carotene (20 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Vitamin E (200 mg) Capsule Oral KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey Acti-carotene + Zn Caplet Beta carotene (25000 unit) + Zinc (10 mg) Tablet Oral Acti Form Ltd. 1991-12-31 2005-03-21 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Active FE Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Iron (75 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1) Tablet Oral Gm Pharmaceuticals 2013-11-11 Not applicable US 
Bal-Care DHA Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (430 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) Kit Oral Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals 2012-05-01 Not applicable US Bal-Care DHA Essential Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (374 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) Kit Oral Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals 2012-05-01 Not applicable US Cavan Alpha Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (220 ug/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) Kit Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-07-01 2013-09-30 US Cavan Folate DHA Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) Kit Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-06-04 2012-03-31 US Cavan Folate DHA Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) Kit Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-06-04 2012-03-31 US Cavan Folate OB Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) Tablet Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-08-23 2012-05-31 US Cavan-EC SOD DHA Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (26 mg/1) Kit Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2010-08-24 2013-01-15 US Cavan-EC SOD DHA Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Calcium (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 mg/1) + Zinc (26 mg/1) Kit Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-01-10 2014-07-15 US Choice OB DHA Beta carotene (1700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (5 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (29 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (15 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 mg/1) Kit Oral Acella Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2013-05-17 2015-07-31 US 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A11CA02 — Betacarotene
- A11CA — Vitamin A, plain
- A11C — VITAMIN A AND D, INCL. COMBINATIONS OF THE TWO
- A11 — VITAMINS
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- Drug Categories
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- Alkenes
- Biological Factors
- Carotenoids
- Cyclohexanes
- Cyclohexenes
- Cycloparaffins
- Dermatologicals
- Diet, Food, and Nutrition
- Emollients and Protectives
- Food
- Growth Substances
- Hydrocarbons, Acyclic
- Micronutrients
- Physiological Phenomena
- Pigments, Biological
- Polyenes
- Protectives Against UV-Radiation
- Protectives Against UV-Radiation for Systemic Use
- Provitamins
- Terpenes
- Vitamin A
- Vitamins
- Vitamins (Fat Soluble)
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Prenol lipids
- Sub Class
- Tetraterpenoids
- Direct Parent
- Carotenes
- Alternative Parents
- Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons / Cycloalkenes / Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
- Substituents
- Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon / Carotene / Cyclic olefin / Cycloalkene / Hydrocarbon / Olefin / Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon / Unsaturated hydrocarbon
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- cyclic carotene (CHEBI:17579) / C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes), Carotenoids (C02094) / C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes) (LMPR01070000)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 01YAE03M7J
- CAS number
- 7235-40-7
- InChI Key
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+
- IUPAC Name
- 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene
- SMILES
- C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C
References
- General References
- Mathews-Roth MM, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Harber LH, Kass EH: Beta carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1977 Sep;113(9):1229-32. [Article]
- Thurmann PA, Steffen J, Zwernemann C, Aebischer CP, Cohn W, Wendt G, Schalch W: Plasma concentration response to drinks containing beta-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Oct;41(5):228-35. doi: 10.1007/s00394-002-0381-3. [Article]
- Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA: Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;62(3):604-10. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/62.3.604. [Article]
- Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.
- Lustgarten M., Muller F. and Van Remmen H. (2011). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (7th ed.). Academic press.
- Dasgupta A. and Klein K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements. Elsevier.
- Ramachandrayya A., Venkatesh S., Bhat H., Palatty P. and Shrinath M. (2015). Foods and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of disease in older adults. Academic press.
- Flora G., Mittal M. and Flora S. (2015). Handbook of arsenic toxicology. Academic press.
- Abrahao E., Ambrosano L., Lage R., Zugaib B. and Costa A. (2017). Nutrition and functional foods for healthy aging. Academic press.
- Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
- FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
- FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
- FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
- FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
- UCSD lecture [Link]
- AHFS [Link]
- Meeting the vitamin A requirements [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000561
- KEGG Drug
- D03101
- KEGG Compound
- C02094
- PubChem Compound
- 5280489
- PubChem Substance
- 347827791
- ChemSpider
- 4444129
- BindingDB
- 54988
- 19143
- ChEBI
- 17579
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1293
- ZINC
- ZINC000006845076
- PDBe Ligand
- BCR
- Wikipedia
- Beta-Carotene
- PDB Entries
- 1izl / 1jb0 / 1q90 / 1s5l / 1vf5 / 1w5c / 2axt / 2d2c / 2e74 / 2e75 … show 160 more
- MSDS
- Download (129 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Basic Science Premature Births 1 4 Completed Prevention Lung Cancers 1 4 Completed Treatment Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Morning Sickness / Nausea / Pregnant State / Vomiting 1 4 Completed Treatment Pregnant State 1 3 Completed Treatment Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Diabetes Mellitus / Vascular Diseases 1 3 Unknown Status Prevention Cataracts / Macular Degeneration 1 3 Unknown Status Prevention Crohn's Disease (CD) 1 3 Unknown Status Prevention Macular Degeneration 1 2 Completed Prevention Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Coronary Arteriosclerosis / Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) / Myocardial Infarction / Myocardial Ischemia 1 2 Completed Prevention Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral 30000 unit Solution / drops Oral Liquid Oral 10000 unit / .04 mL Capsule Oral 25000 unit / tab Tablet Oral 25000 unit / tab Capsule Oral 25000 unit Tablet Oral 30000 unit / tab Capsule Oral 10000 unit Capsule Oral 25000 unit / cap Capsule Oral 30000 unit / cap Tablet Oral 25000 unit / unit Capsule Oral 10000 unit / cap Tablet Oral 2500 unit / tab Tablet Oral 10000 unit / tab Tablet Oral 10000 unit Tablet Oral 25000 unit Tablet Oral 30000 unit Capsule, liquid filled Oral 15 mg Capsule, liquid filled Oral 6 mg Capsule Oral 5712.96 unit / cap Capsule Oral 924 unit / cap Capsule Oral 5.9 mg / cap Capsule Oral Tablet Oral 5000 unit Tablet Oral 12500 unit Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, film coated Tablet Oral Liquid Oral Capsule Oral Capsule Oral 6 mg / cap Syrup Oral Tablet, effervescent Oral Capsule, liquid filled Oral Capsule, coated Oral Capsule Oral 15 mg Capsule, coated Oral 15 mg Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Powder, for solution Oral Tablet, coated Oral Kit Oral Powder Oral Capsule Oral 6 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 176-184ºC 'MSDS' boiling point (°C) 633-577ºC UCSD water solubility 0.0006 g/l at 25ºC 'MSDS' logP 17.62 US EPA - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.000391 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 9.72 ALOGPS logP 11.12 ChemAxon logS -6.1 ALOGPS Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 0 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 10 ChemAxon Refractivity 191.61 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 71.84 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 2 ChemAxon Bioavailability 0 ChemAxon Rule of Five No ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule Yes ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Targets
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1. Free radicals
Yes
Binder
References
- Dasgupta A. and Klein K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements. Elsevier.
- Lustgarten M., Muller F. and Van Remmen H. (2011). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (7th ed.). Academic press.
- Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symmetrically cleaves beta-carotene into two molecules of retinal using a dioxygenase mechanism.
- Specific Function
- Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- BCO1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HAY6
- Uniprot Name
- Beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 62636.69 Da
References
- Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Binds VLDL and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. Binding to Reelin induces tyrosine p...
- Gene Name
- VLDLR
- Uniprot ID
- P98155
- Uniprot Name
- Very low-density lipoprotein receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 96097.45 Da
References
- Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Intracellular transport of retinol.
- Gene Name
- RBP1
- Uniprot ID
- P09455
- Uniprot Name
- Retinol-binding protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 15850.13 Da
References
- Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Intracellular transport of retinol.
- Gene Name
- RBP2
- Uniprot ID
- P50120
- Uniprot Name
- Retinol-binding protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 15706.595 Da
References
- Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Serine-type peptidase activity
- Specific Function
- IRBP shuttles 11-cis and all trans retinoids between the retinol isomerase in the pigment epithelium and the visual pigments in the photoreceptor cells of the retina.
- Gene Name
- RBP3
- Uniprot ID
- P10745
- Uniprot Name
- Retinol-binding protein 3
- Molecular Weight
- 135361.46 Da
References
- Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Retinol transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, this prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.
- Gene Name
- RBP4
- Uniprot ID
- P02753
- Uniprot Name
- Retinol-binding protein 4
- Molecular Weight
- 23009.8 Da
References
- Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Intracellular transport of retinol.
- Gene Name
- RBP5
- Uniprot ID
- P82980
- Uniprot Name
- Retinol-binding protein 5
- Molecular Weight
- 15931.17 Da
References
- Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
Drug created on September 14, 2010 16:20 / Updated on September 28, 2021 07:54