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Identification
- Generic Name
- Acepromazine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01614
- Background
Acepromazine is one of the phenothiazine derivative psychotropic drugs, used little in humans, however frequently in animals as a sedative and antiemetic.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for Acepromazine (DB01614)
- Weight
- Average: 326.456
Monoisotopic: 326.145284026 - Chemical Formula
- C19H22N2OS
- Synonyms
- 1-[10-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl]-ethanone
- 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazin-3-yl methyl ketone
- 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine-3-ethylone
- Acepromazina
- Acepromazine
- Acepromazinum
- Acetazine
- Acetopromazine
- Acetylpromazine
- External IDs
- 1522 CB
- AY-57,062
- SV-1522
- WY-1172
Pharmacology
- Indication
Acepromazine was first used in humans in the 1950s as an antipsychotic agent. It is now rarely used in humans. Acepromazine is frequently used in animals as a sedative and antiemetic. Its principal value is in quietening and calming anxious animals.
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Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Acepromazine is one of the phenothiazine derivative psychotropic drugs. Acepromazine has actions at all levels of the central nervous system-primarily at subcortical levels-as well as on multiple organ systems. Acepromazine has strong antiadrenergic and weaker peripheral anticholinergic activity; ganglionic blocking action is relatively slight. It also possesses slight antihistaminic and antiserotonin activity.
- Mechanism of action
Acepromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-receptors (subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4 - different antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms), on serotonergic-receptors (5-HT1 and 5-HT2, with anxiolytic, antidepressive and antiaggressive properties as well as an attenuation of extrapypramidal side-effects, but also leading to weight gain, fall in blood pressure, sedation and ejaculation difficulties), on histaminergic-receptors (H1-receptors, sedation, antiemesis, vertigo, fall in blood pressure and weight gain), alpha1/alpha2-receptors (antisympathomimetic properties, lowering of blood pressure, reflex tachycardia, vertigo, sedation, hypersalivation and incontinence as well as sexual dysfunction, but may also attenuate pseudoparkinsonism - controversial) and finally on muscarinic (cholinergic) M1/M2-receptors (causing anticholinergic symptoms like dry mouth, blurred vision, obstipation, difficulty/inability to urinate, sinus tachycardia, ECG-changes and loss of memory, but the anticholinergic action may attenuate extrapyramidal side-effects).
Target Actions Organism AD(2) dopamine receptor antagonistHumans AD(1A) dopamine receptor antagonistHumans A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A antagonistHumans A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A antagonistHumans UAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor antagonistHumans UAlpha-1B adrenergic receptor antagonistHumans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
3 hours in horses.
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Agitation, coma, convulsions, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, extreme sleepiness, fever, intestinal blockage, irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, restlessness
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Acepromazine is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Acebutolol The serum concentration of Acebutolol can be increased when it is combined with Acepromazine. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Acepromazine is combined with Aceclofenac. Acemetacin The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Acepromazine is combined with Acemetacin. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acepromazine is combined with Acenocoumarol. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol.
- Take with food. Food reduces irritation.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Acepromazine maleate 37862HP2OM 3598-37-6 FQRHOOHLUYHMGG-BTJKTKAUSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Concentrat vo34
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N05AA04 — Acepromazine
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists
- Adrenergic Antagonists
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Antidepressive Agents
- Antipsychotic Agents
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Dopamine Agents
- Dopamine Antagonists
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Nervous System
- Neurotoxic agents
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Phenothiazines
- Phenothiazines With Aliphatic Side-Chain
- Psycholeptics
- Psychotropic Drugs
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin Agents
- Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
- Sulfur Compounds
- Tranquilizing Agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenothiazines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a phenothiazine moiety, which is a linear tricyclic system that consists of a two benzene rings joined by a para-thiazine ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Benzothiazines
- Sub Class
- Phenothiazines
- Direct Parent
- Phenothiazines
- Alternative Parents
- Alkyldiarylamines / Diarylthioethers / Acetophenones / Aryl alkyl ketones / 1,4-thiazines / Trialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Acetophenone / Alkyldiarylamine / Amine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl alkyl ketone / Aryl ketone / Aryl thioether / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Diarylthioether
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- phenothiazines, tertiary amino compound, methyl ketone, aromatic ketone (CHEBI:44932)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 54EJ303F0R
- CAS number
- 61-00-7
- InChI Key
- NOSIYYJFMPDDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C19H22N2OS/c1-14(22)15-9-10-19-17(13-15)21(12-6-11-20(2)3)16-7-4-5-8-18(16)23-19/h4-5,7-10,13H,6,11-12H2,1-3H3
- IUPAC Name
- 1-{10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl}ethan-1-one
- SMILES
- CN(C)CCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2SC2=C1C=C(C=C2)C(C)=O
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015552
- KEGG Drug
- D07065
- PubChem Compound
- 6077
- PubChem Substance
- 46508205
- ChemSpider
- 5852
- BindingDB
- 50131719
- 155
- ChEBI
- 44932
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL39560
- ZINC
- ZINC000000057198
- PharmGKB
- PA164783999
- PDBe Ligand
- PMZ
- Wikipedia
- Acepromazine
- PDB Entries
- 1lvj
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
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Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution / drops 30 ml - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) < 25 °C PhysProp boiling point (°C) 230 °C at 5.00E-01 mm Hg PhysProp - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0098 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.32 ALOGPS logP 3.49 Chemaxon logS -4.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 16.06 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.11 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 0 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 23.55 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 99.35 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 37.17 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9852 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9844 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8203 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8092 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8563 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.857 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.7087 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7438 CYP450 2D6 substrate Substrate 0.8618 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6468 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.9106 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9319 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.9115 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9105 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7333 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.849 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9292 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9829 Rat acute toxicity 2.7963 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9537 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.7813
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (7.84 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 192.2058346 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 191.3617346 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 168.54204 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 192.8947346 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 192.0705346 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 170.90004 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 192.5033346 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 192.0649346 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 176.99318 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase (PubMed:21645528). Positively regulates postnatal regression of retinal hyaloid vessels via suppression of VEGFR2/KDR activity, downstream of OPN5 (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- dopamine binding
- Gene Name
- DRD2
- Uniprot ID
- P14416
- Uniprot Name
- D(2) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50618.91 Da
References
- Oades RD, Rao ML, Bender S, Sartory G, Muller BW: Neuropsychological and conditioned blocking performance in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of the contribution of neuroleptic dose, serum levels and dopamine D2-receptor occupancy. Behav Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;11(3-4):317-30. [Article]
- Seeman P: Atypical antipsychotics: mechanism of action. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;47(1):27-38. [Article]
- Wu S, Xing Q, Gao R, Li X, Gu N, Feng G, He L: Response to chlorpromazine treatment may be associated with polymorphisms of the DRD2 gene in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 7;376(1):1-4. Epub 2004 Dec 2. [Article]
- Wu SN, Gao R, Xing QH, Li HF, Shen YF, Gu NF, Feng GY, He L: Association of DRD2 polymorphisms and chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal syndrome in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006 Aug;27(8):966-70. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Seeman P: Dopamine D2 receptors as treatment targets in schizophrenia. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2010 Apr;4(1):56-73. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.4.1.5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase
- Specific Function
- arrestin family protein binding
- Gene Name
- DRD1
- Uniprot ID
- P21728
- Uniprot Name
- D(1A) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49292.765 Da
References
- Kanba S, Suzuki E, Nomura S, Nakaki T, Yagi G, Asai M, Richelson E: Affinity of neuroleptics for D1 receptor of human brain striatum. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1994 Jul;19(4):265-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:1330647, PubMed:18703043, PubMed:19057895, PubMed:21645528, PubMed:22300836, PubMed:35084960, PubMed:38552625). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including mescaline, psilocybin, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). HTR2A is coupled to G(q)/G(11) G alpha proteins and activates phospholipase C-beta, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) second messengers that modulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promote the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores, respectively (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Affects neural activity, perception, cognition and mood (PubMed:18297054). Plays a role in the regulation of behavior, including responses to anxiogenic situations and psychoactive substances. Plays a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, and may play a role in arterial vasoconstriction (By similarity)
- Specific Function
- 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding
- Gene Name
- HTR2A
- Uniprot ID
- P28223
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
- Molecular Weight
- 52602.58 Da
References
- Kusumi I, Takahashi Y, Suzuki K, Kameda K, Koyama T: Differential effects of subchronic treatments with atypical antipsychotic drugs on dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the rat brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2000;107(3):295-302. [Article]
- Yamada J, Sugimoto Y, Horisaka K: Serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) inhibits chlorpromazine- and haloperidol-induced hypothermia in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Nov;18(11):1580-3. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:37935376, PubMed:37935377, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:38552625, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). HTR1A is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission: signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores (PubMed:33762731, PubMed:35610220). Beta-arrestin family members regulate signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968)
- Specific Function
- G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
- Gene Name
- HTR1A
- Uniprot ID
- P08908
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
- Molecular Weight
- 46106.335 Da
References
- Cosi C, Koek W: Agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist properties of antipsychotics at human recombinant 5-HT(1A) receptors expressed in HeLa cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Dec 14;433(1):55-62. [Article]
- Newman-Tancredi A, Gavaudan S, Conte C, Chaput C, Touzard M, Verriele L, Audinot V, Millan MJ: Agonist and antagonist actions of antipsychotic agents at 5-HT1A receptors: a [35S]GTPgammaS binding study. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Aug 21;355(2-3):245-56. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine(PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes
- Specific Function
- alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Gene Name
- ADRA1A
- Uniprot ID
- P35348
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51486.005 Da
References
- Cahir M, King DJ: Antipsychotics lack alpha 1A/B adrenoceptor subtype selectivity in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Mar;15(2):231-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes
- Specific Function
- alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Gene Name
- ADRA1B
- Uniprot ID
- P35368
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 56835.375 Da
References
- Cahir M, King DJ: Antipsychotics lack alpha 1A/B adrenoceptor subtype selectivity in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Mar;15(2):231-4. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (PubMed:19021548). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (PubMed:6234017). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (PubMed:6234017)
- Specific Function
- antioxidant activity
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Kitamura K, Omran AA, Nagata C, Kamijima Y, Tanaka R, Takegami S, Kitade T: Effects of inorganic ions on the binding of triflupromazine and chlorpromazine to bovine serum albumin studied by spectrometric methods. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2006 Jul;54(7):972-6. [Article]
- Rukhadze MD, Bezarashvili GS, Sidamonidze NS, Tsagareli SK: Investigation of binding process of chlorpromazine to bovine serum albumin by means of passive and active experiments. Biomed Chromatogr. 2001 Oct;15(6):365-73. [Article]
- Silva D, Cortez CM, Louro SR: Quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of bovine serum albumin by chlorpromazine and hemin. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004 Jul;37(7):963-8. Epub 2004 Jun 22. [Article]
Drug created at August 29, 2007 20:12 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:51