Naphazoline

Identification

Summary

Naphazoline is a sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor used for the symptomatic relief of redness and itching of the eye, and nasal congestion.

Brand Names

Advanced Eye Relief Redness Instant Relief, Ak-con, Clear Eyes Complete, Clear Eyes Cooling Comfort, Clear Eyes Redness Relief Reformulated Nov 2011, Naphcon, Naphcon A, Opcon-A, Privine, Vasocon, Visine-A

Generic Name

Naphazoline

DrugBank Accession Number

DB06711

Background

Naphazoline is a rapid acting imidazoline sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor of ocular or nasal artierioles^6,7. It acts to decrease congestion and is found in many over the counter (OTC) eye drops and nasal preparations^6,7.

Naphazoline was first developed in 1942 as a nasal formulation for congestion⁴.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Investigational

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 210.2744
Monoisotopic: 210.115698458
Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₄N₂

Synonyms

Nafazolin
Nafazolina
Naphazoline

Pharmacology

Indication

Naphazoline is indicated for use as OTC eyedrops for ocular vasoconstriction or as a nasal preparation for nasal congestion^1,6,7.

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Associated Conditions

Associated Therapies

Ocular vasoconstriction therapy

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Naphazoline is a sympathomimetic alpha adrenergic agonist that acts to vasoconstrict nasal or ocular arterioles, resulting in reduced congestion at the site of administration^6,7.

Mechanism of action

Naphazoline is a vasoconstrictor that functions by stimulating alpha adrenergic receptors in arterioles leading to decreased congestion at the site of administration⁶.

Naphazoline causes the release of norepinephrine in sympathetic nerves³. Norepinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptors and causes vasoconstriction³. Naphazoline is also a mild beta adrenergic receptor agonist, which can cause rebound vasodilation after the alpha adrenergic stimulation has ended³. Naphazoline's release of norepinephrine also triggers a negative feedback loop which decreases production of norepinephrine, which can lead to rhinitis medicamentosa after long term use when naphazoline is stopped³.

Target	Actions	Organism
AAlpha-2A adrenergic receptor	agonist	Humans
AAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor	agonist	Humans

Absorption

Absorption data for naphazoline are scarce but imidazoline compounds in general are weakly basic and lipophilic, with high bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract⁵.

Volume of distribution

Distribution data for naphazoline are scarce but imidazoline compounds are distributed throughout the body, and can cross the blood-brain barrier⁵.

Protein binding

Protein binding data for naphazoline is unavailable¹².

Metabolism

Metabolism data for naphazoline are scarce. Imidazoline compounds undergo some hepatic metabolism but a large fraction of the dose may be excreted unchanged in the urine⁵.

Route of elimination

Imidazoline compounds undergo some hepatic metabolism but a large fraction of the dose may be excreted unchanged in the urine⁵. Urinary excretion is higher with more acidic urine⁵.

Half-life

Half life has not been determined but effects last for 4 to 8 hours⁷. Other imidazoline compounds have half lives varying from 2 to 12 hours⁵.

Clearance

Clearance data for naphazoline is unavailable¹².

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

In high doses or when ingested, naphazoline can lead to central nervous system depression (which can progress to coma and death), hypothermia, bradycardia, and death¹. This effect is especially pronounced in children under 6 years^1,2.

Long term use of naphazoline can lead to rhinitis medicamentosa once naphazoline is stopped³. This condition is a result of norepinephrine release by naphazoline triggering a negative feedback loop³.

Safety and effectiveness in children under 12 has not been established¹². Studies in elderly patients have yet to be performed¹². Risk in pregnancy, breast feeding, and on overall fertility have not been established, though pregnant and breast feeding patients should consider the risk and benefit before starting naphazoline treatment¹².

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Acebutolol	The therapeutic efficacy of Naphazoline can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol.
Aceclofenac	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Naphazoline is combined with Aceclofenac.
Acemetacin	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Naphazoline is combined with Acemetacin.
Acetyldigitoxin	The risk or severity of Cardiac Arrhythmia can be increased when Naphazoline is combined with Acetyldigitoxin.
Acetylsalicylic acid	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Naphazoline.
Aclidinium	The risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Naphazoline is combined with Aclidinium.
Adenosine	The risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Adenosine is combined with Naphazoline.
Alclofenac	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Naphazoline is combined with Alclofenac.
Alfentanil	Naphazoline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Alfentanil.
Alfuzosin	The therapeutic efficacy of Naphazoline can be decreased when used in combination with Alfuzosin.

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Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Naphazoline hydrochloride	MZ1131787D	550-99-2	DJDFFEBSKJCGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Naphazoline nitrate	SC99GR1T5S	5144-52-5	ZAHXYMFVNNUHCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Naphcon	Solution	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Alcon	2006-09-26	Not applicable
Vasocon	Solution	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Ciba Vision	2006-08-31	Not applicable

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
AK-Con	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2000-07-28	2012-06-30
AK-Con	Solution	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Rebel Distributors	1974-08-22	Not applicable
AK-Con	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Preferreed Pharmaceuticals Inc.	2005-03-24	2018-01-23
Albalon	Solution	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Allergan Inc.	1984-11-01	2008-10-21
Naphazoline	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	A-S Medication Solutions	1995-12-19	2017-09-30
Naphazoline	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	A S Medication Solutions	1995-12-19	Not applicable
Naphazoline	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Proficient Rx LP	1995-12-19	Not applicable
Naphazoline	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Akorn	1995-12-19	2017-09-30
Naphazoline	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2013-04-22	2018-12-19
Naphazoline Hydrochloride	Solution / drops	1 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	1994-05-25	2009-06-30

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Albalon	Solution / drops	.1 %	Ophthalmic	Abbvie	1970-12-31	Not applicable
Clear Eyes	Liquid	.012 %	Ophthalmic	Prestige Brands Inc	2004-03-24	Not applicable
Clear Eyes By Murine Eye Dps	Liquid	.012 %	Ophthalmic	Abbott	1970-12-31	2003-10-10
Diopticon Liq 0.1%	Solution	0.1 %	Ophthalmic	Pharma Stulln Inc.	1994-12-31	Not applicable
Nafasolina	Solution / drops	0.376 mg/100mg	Nasal	DUY DRUGS, INC	2021-02-15	Not applicable
Naphcon Forte	Solution	0.1 %	Ophthalmic	Alcon, Inc.	1977-12-31	2017-11-13
Nazal	Liquid	50 mg/100mL	Nasal	Sato Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	1990-06-11	Not applicable
Nazil Ofteno	Solution / drops	0.2 mg/1mL	Ophthalmic	LABORATORIOS SOPHIA, S.A. DE C.V.	2010-04-12	2015-04-29
Odan-naphazoline	Solution	.1 %	Ophthalmic	Odan Laboratories Ltd	1986-12-31	Not applicable
Opcon Oph Soln 0.1%	Solution / drops	.1 %	Ophthalmic	Bausch & Lomb Inc	1987-12-31	1996-09-09

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
7 Select Redness Relief	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.00012 mg/1mL) + Glycerin (0.0025 mg/1mL)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	7-Select, Inc	2017-03-28	Not applicable
Advanced Eye Relief/ Redness Instant Relief	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.1 mg/1mL) + Polyethylene glycol 300 (2 mg/1mL)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Bausch & Lomb Incorporated	2010-09-13	Not applicable
Advanced Eye Relief/ Redness Maximum Relief	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.3 mg/1mL) + Hypromellose (5 mg/1mL)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Preferreed Pharmaceuticals Inc.	2010-09-02	Not applicable
Advanced Eye Relief/ Redness Maximum Relief	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.3 mg/1mL) + Hypromellose (5 mg/1mL)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Bausch & Lomb Incorporated	2010-09-02	Not applicable
Albalon A	Naphazoline hydrochloride (.05 %) + Antazoline phosphate (.5 %)	Liquid	Ophthalmic	Allergan	1978-12-31	2017-07-26
ALL CLEAR EYE DROPS	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.012 %) + Polyethylene glycol 300 (0.2 %)	Solution	Ophthalmic	BAUSCH & LOMB (SINGAPORE) PRIVATE LIMITED	2003-01-16	Not applicable
Allergy Eye Drops	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.25 mg/1mL) + Pheniramine maleate (3 mg/1mL)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	CVS Health	2013-01-25	Not applicable
Allergy Eye Drops	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.25 mg/1mL) + Pheniramine maleate (3 mg/1mL)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Chain Drug Consortium	2014-01-10	Not applicable
Allergy Eye Drops	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.02675 % w/v) + Pheniramine maleate (0.315 % w/v)	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Bausch & Lomb Inc	2013-02-27	2017-08-03
Blue Collyrium	Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.5 mg / mL) + Methylene blue (0.2 mg / mL)	Liquid	Ophthalmic	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	1997-05-13	2019-08-01

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: H231GF11BV
CAS number: 835-31-4
InChI Key: CNIIGCLFLJGOGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C14H14N2/c1-2-7-13-11(4-1)5-3-6-12(13)10-14-15-8-9-16-14/h1-7H,8-10H2,(H,15,16)
IUPAC Name: 2-[(naphthalen-1-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole
SMILES: C(C1=NCCN1)C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12

References

Synthesis Reference

Roy W. Bryant, Ravi Parihar, Thomas Rowe, Susan Caballa, "Methods of Making and Using Stable Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising Ketotifen and Naphazoline." U.S. Patent US20110312998, issued December 22, 2011.

US20110312998

General References

Vitezic D, Rozmanic V, Franulovic J, Ahel V, Matesic D: Naphazoline nasal drops intoxication in children. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1994 Mar;45(1):25-9. [Article]
Mahieu LM, Rooman RP, Goossens E: Imidazoline intoxication in children. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Nov;152(11):944-6. [Article]
Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF: Rhinitis medicamentosa. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(3):148-55. [Article]
HAINSWORTH WC: Accidental poisoning with naphazoline (privine) hydrochloride. Am J Dis Child. 1948 Jan;75(1):76-80. [Article]
Dalefield, Rosalind (2015). 12. In Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand (pp. 170-171). Elsevier. [ISBN:978-0-12-420227-6]
Naphazoline Hydrochloride Solution/Drops [Link]
Toxnet: Naphazoline Hydrochloride [Link]
INVIMA Product Authorization: Osmocrom-N (sodium cromoglycate/naphazoline hydrochloride) ophthalmic drops [Link]
INVIMA Product Authorization: Ocunid (dexamethasone/naphazoline) ophthalmic solution [Link]
BASG Product Information: Coldistan (diphenhydramine hydrochloride/naphazoline hydrochloride) nasal drops [Link]
BASG Product Information: Coldistan (diphenhydramine hydrochloride/naphazoline hydrochloride) ophthalmic drops [Link]
New Zealand Data Sheet: Naphcon-A Eye Drops [File]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0015656
KEGG Drug: D08253
PubChem Compound: 4436
PubChem Substance: 99443263
ChemSpider: 4283
BindingDB: 50001922
RxNav: 7247
ChEBI: 93363
ChEMBL: CHEMBL761
ZINC: ZINC000000119717
PharmGKB: PA165958384
Wikipedia: Naphazoline

MSDS

Download (115 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Allergic Conjunctivitis (AC)	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Allergic Conjunctivitis (AC)	2
3	Completed	Treatment	Allergic Disorder of Respiratory System / Cold / Flu caused by Influenza	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Nasal Congestion	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Malignant Neoplasm	1
1	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Hyperemia Eye	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic
Solution	Ophthalmic	0.012 %
Solution / drops	Nasal	0.2 %
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	0.1 %
Spray	Nasal	0.2 %
Liquid	Ophthalmic	.012 %
Liquid	Ophthalmic
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	1 mg/ml
Solution / drops	Nasal	1 mg/ml
Spray	Nasal	1 mg/ml
Solution / drops; suspension / drops	Nasal
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	0.2 mg/ml
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic; Topical
Spray	Nasal
Solution / drops; suspension / drops	Ophthalmic	0.6 mg/m0.6mL
Solution	Nasal	0.01 g/10ml
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic
Spray	Nasal	3 mg/ml
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic
Solution / drops	Topical
Solution / drops	Conjunctival
Solution	Ophthalmic	0.001 g
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic	0.001 g
Solution / drops	Nasal	0.376 mg/100mg
Solution	Ophthalmic
Spray	Nasal
Solution	Ophthalmic	1 mg
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	1 mg/1mL
Solution	Ophthalmic	0.25 mg/ml
Liquid	Nasal	50 mg/100mL
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	0.2 mg/1mL
Solution	Ophthalmic	.1 %
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic	1 mg
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	.1 %
Solution	Ophthalmic	0.1 % w/v
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic	0.1 mg
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic	0.5 mg
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	1 mg/1
Solution / drops	Nasal	1 mg/1
Spray	Nasal	0.1 mL/20mL
Suspension / drops	Nasal	0.125 mL/25mL
Liquid	Ophthalmic	.1 %
Solution	Ophthalmic	0.1 %
Liquid	Nasal
Solution / drops; suspension / drops	Nasal	1 mg/ml
Solution / drops; suspension / drops	Nasal	1.05 mg/ml
Cream	Nasal
Solution / drops	Nasal
Solution / drops	Nasal
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	12 mg/100mL
Solution	Conjunctival; Ophthalmic	0.125 mg
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	0.012 % w/v
Solution / drops; suspension / drops	Ophthalmic	1 mg/mL
Solution	Ophthalmic	1 mg/1mL
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	1 mg / mL
Solution	Ophthalmic	1 mg
Solution	Ophthalmic
Spray	Nasal	100 mg/100ml
Liquid	Ophthalmic	1 mg/1ml

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
boiling point (°C)	440.466	http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4283.html
logP	3.881	http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4283.html

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.0381 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	3.44	ALOGPS
logP	2.19	Chemaxon
logS	-3.7	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)	10.19	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	1	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	24.39 Å²	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	Chemaxon
Refractivity	65.52 m³·mol^-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	23.77 Å³	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	3	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.9936
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.9693
Caco-2 permeable	-	0.6307
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.7448
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.8385
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.6449
Renal organic cation transporter	Inhibitor	0.8506
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8202
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Substrate	0.7094
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7297
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.92
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Inhibitor	0.8931
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9479
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9206
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.889
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.8156
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.9476
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	0.9961
Rat acute toxicity	2.6904 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.7043
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.5354

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-03di-0390000000-bf587920984867425a82

Targets

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Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Ki (nM)	20.89	N/A	N/A	A28266

Details1. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Thioesterase binding
Specific Function: Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazo...
Gene Name: ADRA2A
Uniprot ID: P08913
Uniprot Name: Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 48956.275 Da

References

Piletz JE, Zhu H, Chikkala DN: Comparison of ligand binding affinities at human I1-imidazoline binding sites and the high affinity state of alpha-2 adrenoceptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Nov;279(2):694-702. [Article]
Fukushima H, Norimoto K, Seki T, Nishiguchi T, Nakamura T, Konobu T, Nishio K, Okuchi K: Acute pulmonary edema associated with naphazoline ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008 Mar;46(3):254-6. [Article]
Ogidigben MJ, Chu TC, Potter DE: Naphazoline-induced suppression of aqueous humor pressure and flow: involvement of central and peripheral alpha(2)/I(1) receptors. Exp Eye Res. 2001 Mar;72(3):331-9. [Article]

Details2. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function: This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
Gene Name: ADRA1A
Uniprot ID: P35348
Uniprot Name: Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 51486.005 Da

References

Bogacka E: [Decongestants in treatment of nasal obstruction]. Otolaryngol Pol. 1999;53(3):347-52. [Article]
Leonardi A: Emerging drugs for ocular allergy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 Aug;10(3):505-20. [Article]
Piletz JE, Zhu H, Chikkala DN: Comparison of ligand binding affinities at human I1-imidazoline binding sites and the high affinity state of alpha-2 adrenoceptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Nov;279(2):694-702. [Article]
Hrometz SL, Edelmann SE, McCune DF, Olges JR, Hadley RW, Perez DM, Piascik MT: Expression of multiple alpha1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle: correlation with the regulation of contraction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Jul;290(1):452-63. [Article]
Kai T: [Effects of topical alpha 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulants on nasal nitric oxide level]. Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1999 Jul;102(7):898-906. [Article]
Ogidigben MJ, Chu TC, Potter DE: Naphazoline-induced suppression of aqueous humor pressure and flow: involvement of central and peripheral alpha(2)/I(1) receptors. Exp Eye Res. 2001 Mar;72(3):331-9. [Article]

Drug created at May 16, 2010 17:05 / Updated at June 05, 2023 06:28

Naphazoline

Identification

Structure for Naphazoline (DB06711)

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Targets

References

References