Methysergide

Overview

Description
A medication used to prevent migraines and other types of headaches.
Description
A medication used to prevent migraines and other types of headaches.
DrugBank ID
DB00247
Type
Small Molecule
US Approved
YES
Other Approved
YES
Clinical Trials
Phase 0
0
Phase 1
0
Phase 2
0
Phase 3
0
Phase 4
0

Identification

Summary

Methysergide is an ergot alkaloid used for the prophylaxis of migraine and cluster headaches.

Generic Name
Methysergide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00247
Background

An ergot derivative that is a congener of lysergic acid diethylamide. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 353.458
Monoisotopic: 353.210327123
Chemical Formula
C21H27N3O2
Synonyms
  • (+)-9,10-Didehydro-N-(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)-1,6-dimethylergoline-8β-carboxamide
  • (+)-N-(1-(Hydroxymethyl)propyl)-1-methyl-D-lysergamide
  • 1-Methyl-D-lysergic acid butanolamide
  • 1-Methyl-dextro-lysergic acid (+)-1-hydroxy-2-butylamide
  • 1-Methyllysergic acid butanolamide
  • 1-Methylmethylergonovine
  • 9,10-Didehydro-N-(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)-1,6-dimethylergoline-8-carboxamide
  • Méthysergide
  • Methysergide
  • Methysergidum
  • Metisergida
  • Metisergido
  • N-(1-(Hydroxymethyl)propyl)-1-methyl-dextro-(+)-lysergamide

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of vascular headache

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Methysergide has been shown, in vitro and in vivo, to inhibit or block the effects of serotonin, a substance which may be involved in the mechanism of vascular headaches. Serotonin has been variously described as a central neurohumoral agent or chemical mediator, as a "headache substance" acting directly or indirectly to lower pain threshold, as an intrinsic "motor hormone" of the gastrointestinal tract, and as a "hormone" involved in connective tissue reparative processes.

Mechanism of action

Methysergide is serotonin antagonists acts on central nervous system (CNS), which directly stimulates the smooth muscle leading to vasoconstriction. Some alpha-adrenergic blocking activity has been reported. Suggestions have been made by investigators as to the mechanism whereby Methysergide produces its clinical effects, but this has not been finally established, although it may be related to the antiserotonin effect.

TargetActionsOrganism
A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B
antagonist
Humans
A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
antagonist
Humans
A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
antagonist
Humans
A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
agonist
Humans
A5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7
antagonist
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
binder
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F
binder
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E
binder
Humans
Absorption

Rapid

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Few cases of acute methysergide intoxication have been reported. The possible symptom complex is therefore not fully known. The following symptoms are based on these few case reports. Euphoria, hyperactivity, tachycardia, dilated pupils, and dizziness have been reported in a child with a dose of 20-24 mg of methysergide. In adults, peripheral vasospasm, with diminished or absent pulses, coldness, mottling and cyanosis, has been observed at a dose of 200 mg. Ischemic tissue damage has not been reported in acute overdosage with methysergide.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Methysergide is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Methysergide can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Methysergide can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Methysergide.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be decreased when combined with Methysergide.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food. Food reduces irritation.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Methysergide maleate2U7H1466GH129-49-7LWYXFDXUMVEZKS-ZVFOLQIPSA-N
International/Other Brands
Deseril / Desernil
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
SansertTablet, coated2 mg/1OralNovartis1962-02-122008-09-17US flag
SansertTablet2 mgOralNovartis1962-12-312009-02-16Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N02CA04 — Methysergide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as lysergamides. These are amides of Lysergic acids.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Alkaloids and derivatives
Class
Ergoline and derivatives
Sub Class
Lysergic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Lysergamides
Alternative Parents
Indoloquinolines / Benzoquinolines / Quinoline-3-carboxamides / Pyrroloquinolines / 3-alkylindoles / N-alkylindoles / Isoindoles and derivatives / Aralkylamines / N-methylpyrroles / Benzenoids
show 10 more
Substituents
3-alkylindole / Alcohol / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzoquinoline / Carbonyl group
show 27 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
monocarboxylic acid amide, ergot alkaloid (CHEBI:584020)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
XZA9HY6Z98
CAS number
361-37-5
InChI Key
KPJZHOPZRAFDTN-NQUBZZJWSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H27N3O2/c1-4-15(12-25)22-21(26)14-8-17-16-6-5-7-18-20(16)13(10-23(18)2)9-19(17)24(3)11-14/h5-8,10,14-15,19,25H,4,9,11-12H2,1-3H3,(H,22,26)/t14-,15?,19-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(4R,7R)-N-(1-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-6,11-dimethyl-6,11-diazatetracyclo[7.6.1.0^{2,7}.0^{12,16}]hexadeca-1(15),2,9,12(16),13-pentaene-4-carboxamide
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC3=CN(C)C4=C3C(=CC=C4)C1=C[C@H](CN2C)C(=O)NC(CC)CO

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014392
KEGG Drug
D02357
KEGG Compound
C07199
PubChem Compound
6540428
PubChem Substance
46506117
ChemSpider
5022813
BindingDB
50469883
RxNav
6911
ChEBI
584020
ChEMBL
CHEMBL485253
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000366
PharmGKB
PA164743265
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Wikipedia
Methysergide

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
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PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCountStart DateWhy Stopped100+ additional columns

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
Packagers
  • Novartis AG
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Professional Co.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Pill
TabletOral2 mg
Tablet, coatedOral2 mg/1
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Methysergide maleate 100% powder2580.0USD g
Desyrel 100 mg tablet4.26USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)195 °CPhysProp
logP1.5Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.224 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.22ALOGPS
logP1.82Chemaxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)15Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)7.83Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area57.5 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity104.47 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability40.41 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+1.0
Blood Brain Barrier+0.7015
Caco-2 permeable-0.8064
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8396
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8782
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.7515
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8129
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8536
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8474
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.6889
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.791
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8931
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8867
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9161
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.5241
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8906
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.8144
Rat acute toxicity3.3039 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9569
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.6274
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-03di-4495000000-d0cc0e065ac2a249f139
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0009000000-3f8b0a51b89e695199ed
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0009000000-56f6a0ae2b06486162d2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0f79-2169000000-921200129ebf28aa17a6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0g4i-0029000000-1eb5849e4e37bfacfd4e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0191000000-e43373dc398777716f13
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0bt9-7097000000-dfe71a524543c0d9f61d
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-198.6628904
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-188.41646
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+198.7523904
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+190.77446
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+198.8060904
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+197.20827
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:7926008, PubMed:8078486, PubMed:8143856, PubMed:8882600). Also functions as a receptor for various ergot alkaloid derivatives and psychoactive substances (PubMed:12970106, PubMed:18703043, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:24357322, PubMed:28129538, PubMed:30127358, PubMed:36087581, PubMed:7926008, PubMed:8078486, PubMed:8143856). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:23519215, PubMed:28129538, PubMed:8078486, PubMed:8143856, PubMed:8882600). HTR2B is coupled to G(q)/G(11) G alpha proteins and activates phospholipase C-beta, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) second messengers that modulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promote the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores, respectively (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:28129538, PubMed:30127358, PubMed:36087581, PubMed:8078486, PubMed:8143856, PubMed:8882600). Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:23519215, PubMed:28129538, PubMed:30127358, PubMed:36087581). Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release, 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and in the regulation of extracellular dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels, and thereby affects neural activity. May play a role in the perception of pain (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of behavior, including impulsive behavior (PubMed:21179162). Required for normal proliferation of embryonic cardiac myocytes and normal heart development (By similarity). Protects cardiomyocytes against apoptosis (By similarity). Plays a role in the adaptation of pulmonary arteries to chronic hypoxia (By similarity). Plays a role in vasoconstriction (By similarity). Required for normal osteoblast function and proliferation, and for maintaining normal bone density (By similarity). Required for normal proliferation of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the intestine (By similarity)
Specific Function
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Gene Name
HTR2B
Uniprot ID
P41595
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B
Molecular Weight
54297.41 Da
References
  1. Schmuck K, Ullmer C, Kalkman HO, Probst A, Lubbert H: Activation of meningeal 5-HT2B receptors: an early step in the generation of migraine headache? Eur J Neurosci. 1996 May;8(5):959-67. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:12970106, PubMed:18703043, PubMed:19057895, PubMed:29398112, PubMed:7895773). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including ergot alkaloid derivatives, 1-2,5,-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:19057895, PubMed:29398112). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:29398112). HTR2C is coupled to G(q)/G(11) G alpha proteins and activates phospholipase C-beta, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) second messengers that modulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promote the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores, respectively (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:29398112). Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:29398112). Regulates neuronal activity via the activation of short transient receptor potential calcium channels in the brain, and thereby modulates the activation of pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and the release of CRH that then regulates the release of corticosterone (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of appetite and eating behavior, responses to anxiogenic stimuli and stress (By similarity). Plays a role in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis (By similarity)
Specific Function
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding
Gene Name
HTR2C
Uniprot ID
P28335
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
Molecular Weight
51804.645 Da
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  2. Johnson MP, Lea RA, Curtain RP, MacMillan JC, Griffiths LR: An investigation of the 5-HT2C receptor gene as a migraine candidate gene. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2003 Feb;117B(1):86-9. [Article]
  3. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:1330647, PubMed:18703043, PubMed:19057895, PubMed:21645528, PubMed:22300836, PubMed:35084960, PubMed:38552625). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including mescaline, psilocybin, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). HTR2A is coupled to G(q)/G(11) G alpha proteins and activates phospholipase C-beta, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) second messengers that modulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promote the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores, respectively (PubMed:18703043, PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:28129538, PubMed:35084960). Affects neural activity, perception, cognition and mood (PubMed:18297054). Plays a role in the regulation of behavior, including responses to anxiogenic situations and psychoactive substances. Plays a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, and may play a role in arterial vasoconstriction (By similarity)
Specific Function
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding
Gene Name
HTR2A
Uniprot ID
P28223
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
Molecular Weight
52602.58 Da
References
  1. Castilho VM, Avanzi V, Brandao ML: Antinociception elicited by aversive stimulation of the inferior colliculus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Mar;62(3):425-31. [Article]
  2. Geerts IS, Matthys KE, Herman AG, Bult H: Involvement of 5-HT1B receptors in collar-induced hypersensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine of the rabbit carotid artery. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;127(6):1327-36. [Article]
  3. Shaw AM, Brown C, Irvine J, Bunton DC, MacDonald A: Role of the 5-HT(2A)receptor and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor in the contractile response of rat pulmonary artery to 5-HT in the presence and absence of nitric oxide. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2000;13(6):277-85. [Article]
  4. Prins NH, Akkermans LM, Lefebvre RA, Schuurkes JA: Characterization of the receptors involved in the 5-HT-induced excitation of canine antral longitudinal muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov;134(6):1351-9. [Article]
  5. Connor JD, Rasheed H, Gilani AH, Cheema M, Rizvi Z, Saeed SA: Second messengers in platelet aggregation evoked by serotonin and A23187, a calcium ionophore. Life Sci. 2001 Oct 26;69(23):2759-64. [Article]
  6. Robert A. Davidoff (2002). Migraine : Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management (pp. 438). Oxford University Press. [ISBN:0198031351]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:37935376, PubMed:37935377, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:38552625, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:22957663, PubMed:3138543, PubMed:33762731, PubMed:8138923, PubMed:8393041). HTR1A is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission: signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores (PubMed:33762731, PubMed:35610220). Beta-arrestin family members regulate signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968). Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20363322, PubMed:20945968)
Specific Function
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Gene Name
HTR1A
Uniprot ID
P08908
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
Molecular Weight
46106.335 Da
References
  1. Scrogin KE, Johnson AK, Brooks VL: Methysergide delays the decompensatory responses to severe hemorrhage by activating 5-HT(1A) receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000 Nov;279(5):R1776-86. [Article]
  2. Sugimoto Y, Inoue K, Yamada J: The tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine increases plasma glucose levels of mice. J Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Sep;93(1):74-9. [Article]
  3. Sugimoto Y, Inoue K, Yamada J: Involvement of 5-HT(2) receptor in imipramine-induced hyperglycemia in mice. Horm Metab Res. 2003 Sep;35(9):511-6. [Article]
  4. Skyba DA, Radhakrishnan R, Rohlwing JJ, Wright A, Sluka KA: Joint manipulation reduces hyperalgesia by activation of monoamine receptors but not opioid or GABA receptors in the spinal cord. Pain. 2003 Nov;106(1-2):159-68. [Article]
  5. Pranzatelli MR, Balletti J: Characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A-like binding sites in human ganglioneuroblastoma. Neurosci Lett. 1991 Oct 28;132(1):117-20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone and a mitogen (PubMed:35714614, PubMed:8226867). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors (PubMed:35714614, PubMed:8226867). HTR7 is coupled to G(s) G alpha proteins and mediates activation of adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:35714614)
Specific Function
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Gene Name
HTR7
Uniprot ID
P34969
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7
Molecular Weight
53554.43 Da
References
  1. Sugimoto Y, Inoue K, Yamada J: The tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine increases plasma glucose levels of mice. J Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Sep;93(1):74-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1315531, PubMed:1328844, PubMed:1348246, PubMed:1351684, PubMed:1559993, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1610347, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951, PubMed:8218242). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:10452531, PubMed:1315531, PubMed:1328844, PubMed:1348246, PubMed:1351684, PubMed:1559993, PubMed:1565658, PubMed:1610347, PubMed:23519210, PubMed:23519215, PubMed:29925951, PubMed:8218242). HTR1B is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:29925951, PubMed:35610220). Arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways (PubMed:29925951). Regulates the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, nociceptive processing, pain perception, mood and behavior (PubMed:18476671, PubMed:20945968). Besides, plays a role in vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries (PubMed:15853772)
Specific Function
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Gene Name
HTR1B
Uniprot ID
P28222
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
Molecular Weight
43567.535 Da
References
  1. Matsumoto I, Combs MR, Jones DJ: Characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors in rat spinal cord via [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding and inhibition of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Feb;260(2):614-26. [Article]
  2. Saxena PR, Tfel-Hansen P (2005). Triptans, 5-HT 1B/1D receptor agonists in the acute treatment of migraines. In Headaches (3rd ed., pp. 469-503, 459-467). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [ISBN:978-0781754002]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:21422162, PubMed:34239069, PubMed:8380639, PubMed:8384716). Also functions as a receptor for various alkaloids and psychoactive substances (PubMed:21422162, PubMed:8380639, PubMed:8384716). Receptor for lasmiditan, a drug for the treatment of acute migraine (PubMed:34239069). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:34239069). HTR1F is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:34239069, PubMed:35610220)
Specific Function
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity
Gene Name
HTR1F
Uniprot ID
P30939
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F
Molecular Weight
41708.505 Da
References
  1. Adham N, Kao HT, Schecter LE, Bard J, Olsen M, Urquhart D, Durkin M, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA: Cloning of another human serotonin receptor (5-HT1F): a fifth 5-HT1 receptor subtype coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jan 15;90(2):408-12. [Article]
  2. Saxena PR, Tfel-Hansen P (2005). Triptans, 5-HT 1B/1D receptor agonists in the acute treatment of migraines. In Headaches (3rd ed., pp. 469-503, 459-467). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [ISBN:978-0781754002]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (PubMed:14744596, PubMed:1513320, PubMed:1608964, PubMed:1733778, PubMed:21422162, PubMed:33762731). Also functions as a receptor for various alkaloids and psychoactive substances (PubMed:14744596, PubMed:1513320, PubMed:1608964, PubMed:1733778, PubMed:21422162, PubMed:33762731). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (PubMed:14744596, PubMed:1513320, PubMed:1608964, PubMed:1733778, PubMed:21422162, PubMed:33762731). HTR1E is coupled to G(i)/G(o) G alpha proteins and mediates inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:33762731, PubMed:35610220)
Specific Function
G protein-coupled receptor activity
Gene Name
HTR1E
Uniprot ID
P28566
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E
Molecular Weight
41681.57 Da
References
  1. Adham N, Kao HT, Schecter LE, Bard J, Olsen M, Urquhart D, Durkin M, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA: Cloning of another human serotonin receptor (5-HT1F): a fifth 5-HT1 receptor subtype coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jan 15;90(2):408-12. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
Specific Function
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Marcucci C., Hutchens M., Wittwer E., Weingarten T., Sprung J., Nicholson W., Lalwani K., Metro D., Dull R., Swide C., Seagull F., Kirsch J. and Sandson N. (2015). A case approach to perioperative drug-drug interactions. Springer. [ISBN:978-1-4614-7495-1]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at November 09, 2024 06:16