Belinostat
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Identification
- Summary
Belinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor used for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).
- Brand Names
- Beleodaq
- Generic Name
- Belinostat
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB05015
- Background
Belinostat is a novel agent that inhibits the enzyme histone deacetylase (HDAC) with a sulfonamide-hydroxamide structure. It was developed as an orphan drug to target hematological malignancies and solid tumors by TopoTarget. The safety and efficacy of belinostat is currently being evaluated for use in combination with traditional front-line therapies for the treatment of PTCL. Intravenous administration of the agent is available as Beleodaq as monotherapy and the dosing regimen involves a 21-day cycle. It was US-approved in July 2014 as a therapeutic agent for relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 318.35
Monoisotopic: 318.067428113 - Chemical Formula
- C15H14N2O4S
- Synonyms
- (2E)-N-HYDROXY-3-(3-(PHENYLSULFAMOYL)PHENYL)PROP-2-ENAMIDE
- 2-PROPENAMIDE, N-HYDROXY-3-(3-((PHENYLAMINO)SULFONYL)PHENYL)-
- 2-PROPENAMIDE, N-HYDROXY-3-(3-((PHENYLAMINO)SULFONYL)PHENYL)-, (2E)-
- Belinostat
- N-HYDROXY-3-(3-((PHENYLAMINO)SULFONYL)PHENYL)-2-PROPENAMIDE
- N-Hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide
- External IDs
- PX-105684
- PXD-101
- PXD101
Pharmacology
- Indication
Belinostat is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with manageable safety profile. It is a potential alternative therapy for patients who did not experience adequate response to first-line drugs for PTCL. It can be used in patients with baseline thrombocytopenia 2.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Refractory peripheral t-cell lymphoma •••••••••••• Treatment of Relapsed peripheral t-cell lymphoma •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Beleodaq is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that exhibits pan-HDAC inhibition and potent growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic activities in a variety of tumor cells, including PTCL cells, at nanomolar concentrations 2. None of the trials show any clinically relevant changes caused by Beleodaq on heart rate, PR duration or QRS duration as measures of autonomic state, atrio-ventricular conduction or depolarization; there were no cases of Torsades de Pointes.
- Mechanism of action
Belinostat inhibits the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) thus prevents the removal of acetyl groups from the lysine residues of histones and some non-histone proteins. In vitro, belinostat caused the accumulation of acetylated histones and other proteins, increased the expression of tumor-suppressor genes. It ultimately induces cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis and/or apoptosis of some transformed cells.
Target Actions Organism AHistone deacetylase inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution is 409 ± 76.7 L.
- Protein binding
92.9% and 95.8% of belinostat is bound to protein.
- Metabolism
Primarily metabolized by hepatic UGT1A1. Strong UGT1A1 inhibitors are expected to increase exposure to belinostat. Belinostat also undergoes hepatic metabolism by CYP2A6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 enzymes to form belinostat amide and belinostat acid. The enzymes responsible for the formation of methyl belinostat and 3-(anilinosulfonyl)-benzenecarboxylic acid, (3-ASBA) are not known
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- Route of elimination
Approximately 40% of the belinostat dose is excreted renally, primarily as metabolites and less than 2% of total dose recovered as unchanged parent drug.
- Half-life
Displays a three-compartment pharmacokinetic property with elimination half life of 1.1 hours
- Clearance
1240 mL/min
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Belinostat is genotoxic according to Ames test and may impair male fertility. Weekly complete blood count should be monitored during treatment to adjust the dosage as intravenous infusion of belinostat is frequently associated with hematologic toxicity such as leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Incidences of infections such as sepsis, hepatotoxicity, tumor lysis syndrome, gastrointestinal toxicity, and embryo-fetal toxicity may occur. No specific information is available on the treatment of overdosage of Beleodaq. There is no antidote for Beleodaq and it is not known if Beleodaq is dialyzable. If an overdose occurs, general supportive measures should be instituted as deemed necessary by the treating physician.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1*28 Not Available extra TA in promoter, homozygous ADR Directly Studied Patients who carry this genotype in UGT1A1 are at greater risk of experiencing dose-limiting toxicity from belinostat therapy. Details UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1*60 (C;C) A > C ADR Directly Studied Patients who carry this genotype in UGT1A1 may be at greater risk of experiencing dose-limiting toxicity from belinostat therapy. Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Abatacept is combined with Belinostat. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Belinostat. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Belinostat. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Belinostat can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. Acenocoumarol The metabolism of Acenocoumarol can be increased when combined with Belinostat. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Beleodaq Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 500 mg/10mL Intravenous CENEXI - BLA 2014-07-21 Not applicable US Beleodaq Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 500 mg/10mL Intravenous Acrotech Biopharma Inc 2014-07-21 Not applicable US Beleodaq Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 500 mg/10mL Intravenous Acrotech Biopharma Inc 2014-07-21 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01XH04 — Belinostat
- Drug Categories
- Amides
- Amines
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Hydroxy Acids
- Hydroxylamines
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Immunotherapy
- Myelosuppressive Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Sulfones
- Sulfur Compounds
- UGT1A1 Substrates
- UGT1A1 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cinnamic acids and derivatives. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene and a carboxylic acid group (or a derivative thereof) forming 3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
- Class
- Cinnamic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Cinnamic acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Sulfanilides / Benzenesulfonamides / Benzenesulfonyl compounds / Styrenes / Organosulfonamides / Aminosulfonyl compounds / Hydroxamic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides show 2 more
- Substituents
- Aminosulfonyl compound / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzenesulfonamide / Benzenesulfonyl group / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Cinnamic acid or derivatives / Hydrocarbon derivative / Hydroxamic acid show 14 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- sulfonamide, hydroxamic acid, olefinic compound (CHEBI:61076)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- F4H96P17NZ
- CAS number
- 866323-14-0
- InChI Key
- NCNRHFGMJRPRSK-MDZDMXLPSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C15H14N2O4S/c18-15(16-19)10-9-12-5-4-8-14(11-12)22(20,21)17-13-6-2-1-3-7-13/h1-11,17,19H,(H,16,18)/b10-9+
- IUPAC Name
- (2E)-N-hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide
- SMILES
- ONC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC(=C1)S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1
References
- General References
- Moskowitz AJ, Horwitz SM: Targeting histone deacetylases in T-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017 Jun;58(6):1306-1319. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1247956. Epub 2016 Nov 4. [Article]
- Hood K, Shah A: Belinostat for Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2016 Mar;7(2):209-218. Epub 2016 Mar 1. [Article]
- Wang LZ, Ramirez J, Yeo W, Chan MY, Thuya WL, Lau JY, Wan SC, Wong AL, Zee YK, Lim R, Lee SC, Ho PC, Lee HS, Chan A, Ansher S, Ratain MJ, Goh BC: Glucuronidation by UGT1A1 is the dominant pathway of the metabolic disposition of belinostat in liver cancer patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054522. Epub 2013 Jan 30. [Article]
- Valiuliene G, Stirblyte I, Cicenaite D, Kaupinis A, Valius M, Navakauskiene R: Belinostat, a potent HDACi, exerts antileukaemic effect in human acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells via chromatin remodelling. J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Jul;19(7):1742-55. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12550. Epub 2015 Apr 11. [Article]
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 6918638
- PubChem Substance
- 347827703
- ChemSpider
- 5293831
- BindingDB
- 25150
- 1543543
- ChEBI
- 61076
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL408513
- ZINC
- ZINC000003818726
- PDBe Ligand
- 5OG
- Wikipedia
- Belinostat
- PDB Entries
- 5een
- FDA label
- Download (308 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous 500 mg/10mL - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6888027 No 2005-05-03 2021-09-27 US US8835501 No 2014-09-16 2027-10-27 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility 0.14 mg/mL FDA Label pKa 7.87 and 8.71 by potentiometry FDA LABEL - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0285 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1.83 ALOGPS logP 1.81 Chemaxon logS -4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 7.82 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -5.1 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 95.5 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 4 Chemaxon Refractivity 83.48 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 30.99 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 195.365164 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 170.64265 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M-H]- 195.365164 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 170.64265 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 197.046664 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 173.00066 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 197.046664 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 173.00066 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 194.908964 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 180.05736 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 194.908964 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 180.05736 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056, PubMed:28497810). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (PubMed:16762839, PubMed:17704056). Acts as a component of the histone deacetylase NuRD complex which participates in the remodeling of chromatin (PubMed:16428440, PubMed:28977666). As part of the SIN3B complex is recruited downstream of the constitutively active genes transcriptional start sites through interaction with histones and mitigates histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II progression within transcribed regions contributing to the regulation of transcription (PubMed:21041482). Also functions as a deacetylase for non-histone targets, such as NR1D2, RELA, SP1, SP3, STAT3 and TSHZ3 (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16285960, PubMed:16478997, PubMed:17996965, PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates SP proteins, SP1 and SP3, and regulates their function (PubMed:12837748, PubMed:16478997). Component of the BRG1-RB1-HDAC1 complex, which negatively regulates the CREST-mediated transcription in resting neurons (PubMed:19081374). Upon calcium stimulation, HDAC1 is released from the complex and CREBBP is recruited, which facilitates transcriptional activation (PubMed:19081374). Deacetylates TSHZ3 and regulates its transcriptional repressor activity (PubMed:19343227). Deacetylates 'Lys-310' in RELA and thereby inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B (PubMed:17000776). Deacetylates NR1D2 and abrogates the effect of KAT5-mediated relieving of NR1D2 transcription repression activity (PubMed:17996965). Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex that suppresses, via histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment, a number of genes implicated in multilineage blood cell development (By similarity). Involved in CIART-mediated transcriptional repression of the circadian transcriptional activator: CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex or CRY1 through histone deacetylation (By similarity). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones (PubMed:28497810)
- Specific Function
- core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
Components:
References
- Hood K, Shah A: Belinostat for Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2016 Mar;7(2):209-218. Epub 2016 Mar 1. [Article]
- Curreli F, Ahmed S, Victor SMB, Debnath AK: Identification of Combinations of Protein Kinase C Activators and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors That Potently Reactivate Latent HIV. Viruses. 2020 Jun 3;12(6). pii: v12060609. doi: 10.3390/v12060609. [Article]
- FDA Label [Link]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) that catalyzes phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase the metabolite's water solubility, thereby facilitating excretion into either the urine or bile (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:23288867). Essential for the elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:18004212). Catalyzes the glucuronidation of endogenous estrogen hormones such as estradiol, estrone and estriol (PubMed:15472229, PubMed:18719240, PubMed:23288867). Involved in the glucuronidation of bilirubin, a degradation product occurring in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates (PubMed:17187418, PubMed:18004206, PubMed:19830808, PubMed:24525562). Also catalyzes the glucuronidation the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A and prunetin, which are phytoestrogens with anticancer and cardiovascular properties (PubMed:18052087, PubMed:19545173). Involved in the glucuronidation of the AGTR1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan, a drug which can inhibit the effect of angiotensin II (PubMed:18674515). Involved in the biotransformation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), the pharmacologically active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan (PubMed:12181437, PubMed:18004212, PubMed:20610558)
- Specific Function
- enzyme binding
- Gene Name
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P22309
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 59590.91 Da
References
- Wang LZ, Ramirez J, Yeo W, Chan MY, Thuya WL, Lau JY, Wan SC, Wong AL, Zee YK, Lim R, Lee SC, Ho PC, Lee HS, Chan A, Ansher S, Ratain MJ, Goh BC: Glucuronidation by UGT1A1 is the dominant pathway of the metabolic disposition of belinostat in liver cancer patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054522. Epub 2013 Jan 30. [Article]
- Beleodaq (Belinostat) FDA Label [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:11093772, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes all trans-retinoic acid toward its 4-hydroxylated form (PubMed:11093772). Displays 16-alpha hydroxylase activity toward estrogen steroid hormones, 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) (PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol) (PubMed:26427316)
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:15766564, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:7574697, PubMed:9866708). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). Exhibits low catalytic activity for the formation of catechol estrogens from 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:12865317). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and hydroxylation with double-bond migration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160, PubMed:9866708). Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limonene to produce carveol and perillyl alcohol (PubMed:11950794). Contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan (PubMed:25994031)
- Specific Function
- (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2 (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317). Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21576599). May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid (PubMed:10681376). Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer (PubMed:19965576). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA (PubMed:9435160). May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) (PubMed:21068195). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin (PubMed:14725854). Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation (Probable)
- Specific Function
- aromatase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58406.915 Da
References
- Yu J, Ritchie TK, Zhou Z, Ragueneau-Majlessi I: Key Findings from Preclinical and Clinical Drug Interaction Studies Presented in New Drug and Biological License Applications Approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2014. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Jan;44(1):83-101. doi: 10.1124/dmd.115.066720. Epub 2015 Sep 30. [Article]
- FDA Cross discipline team leader review [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:8898203, PubMed:9038218). Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins (PubMed:8898203). Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells (PubMed:2897240, PubMed:35970996, PubMed:9038218)
- Specific Function
- ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
Drug created at October 21, 2007 22:23 / Updated at October 29, 2024 18:06